Download miễn phí Luận văn A study on Evidential Modal Markers in English



 
As shown in Longman, Dictionary of English language and culture, 1999, “truth” is the state or quality of being true, or accepted for which proof exists. “Fact”, similarly, exposes “the reality”. The reason for gathering these two nouns in this sections for analysis is that they bear hardly difference in meaning, and they both carry the same weight in the speakers utterance. In other words, they make the listeners or readers show their confidence in what the speaker is saying. There seems no doubt in the propositions and no questions are needed for clearer evidence. Moreover, the source of information the speaker base upon when stating is somehow visible and well known.
 
(40a) The fact is that Manchester United has defeated Chelsea in this season.
(40b) It is the fact that Manchester United has defeated Chelsea in this season.
= Sự thật là đội Manchester United đã đánh bại đội Chelsea trong mùa giải này.
= Rõ ràng là đội Manchester United đã đánh bại đội Chelsea trong mùa giải này.
(41a) That Mary was re-married to a Chinese billionaire is the truth.
(41b) It is the truth that Mary was re-married to a Chinese.
= Chuyện Mary tái hôn với một nhà tỷ phú người Hoa là có thật đấy.
= Sự thật là Mary đã tái hôn với một nhà tỷ phú người Hoa.
(42) The truth of the matter is that John doesnt want to see you.
= Sự thực của vấn đề là John không muốn gặp cô nữa.
= Thực ra là John không muốn gặp cô nữa.
 
In (40a-b), the speaker is thought to deduce the Chelseas defeat by Manchester United from reality or from what he has watched. (41a-b) implies that the speaker has derived the information “Mary was re-married to a Chinese” from what he might be told by others or from his own experience. (42) manifests that John might tell the speaker his intention of not wanting to see the girl or the speaker may know about Johns intention by judging from Johns behavior or attitude to the girl.
 
 


http://s1.liketly.com/flash/edoc/jh2i1fkjb33wa7b577g9lou48iyvfkz6-swf-2013-10-26-luan_van_a_study_on_evidential_modal_markers_in_en.Mg6iXI4zuP.swf /tai-lieu/de-tai-ung-dung-tren-liketly-42312/
Để tải bản DOC Đầy Đủ xin Trả lời bài viết này, Mods sẽ gửi Link download cho bạn sớm nhất qua hòm tin nhắn.
Ai cần download tài liệu gì mà không tìm thấy ở đây, thì đăng yêu cầu down tại đây nhé:
Nhận download tài liệu miễn phí

Tóm tắt nội dung:

e changes” in (23a-b), “they have no experience in this work” in (24a-b), “he suddenly left home” in (25a-b), and “he told a lie” in (26a-b) that “P is well-understood and clearly seen or heard”. Observably, these assertions in (23a, 24a, 25a, 26a) dressed up with only Evidential modal adjectives are regarded as impersonalized, which signals that the speaker may avoid specifying who is responsible for the judgments though in an explicit orientation; that is, they prove objectively oriented. Whereas utterances in (23b, 24b, 25b, 26b) are turned into being personalized in the presence of “to me” and “to us”, making them sound a little bit more subjective.
2.1.1.2. SURE
Another adjective for Evidential modal qualification occurring so often in communication turns out to be “sure”. By Longman, Dictionary of English language and culture, 1999, “sure” is to express the speaker’s not doubting or seeming to doubt what he believes or knows, always attached to the person (pronoun) subjects. In fact, when the speaker makes “sure” of his/ her assertions, that means he feels confident in his/ her knowledge or the source of information for his utterance. Or that is to say, the utterance seems to be highly assured by the speaker in terms of certainty.
(27) I am sure that I have met her before somewhere.
= tui dám chắc rằng tui đã từng gặp cô ấy ở đâu đó rồi.
(28) I feel quite sure that Tom will pass the exam easily.
= tui tin chắc rằng nó sẽ vượt qua kỳ thi một cách dễ dàng thôi.
By means of two examples, “sure” can be said to be equivalent to “chắc là, tin chắc là, chắc chắn là, dám chắc là” in Vietnamese. As seen in (27-28), the speakers offer the high commitment to the propositions “I have met her before somewhere” or “Tom will pass the exam”. In order to make these statements, the speakers have to base upon what they have known or experienced. (27) indicates that the woman’s face appears familiar to the speaker, and from what he/she remembers he has drawn a conclusion that he/she has met her before somewhere. Similarly in (28), it is certain that the speaker knows well about Tom’s ability and Tom’s results at school; that is why he/she states with his strong belief that Tom are able to and will pass the exam easily. Therefore, the utterances’ proposition is strongly supported with a quite reliable source of information even though in such a subjective orientation.
2.1.1.3. DOUBTFUL
On the contrary to “clear, evident, obvious, apparent” and “sure”, “doubtful” functions as a Evidential modal markers of the low certainty. “Doubtful” bears itself the feature of being uncertain and unconfident of the fact. Or the proposition is not well committed to. When the speaker utters the statement using “doubtful”, from what has been seen or heard in reality, it proves that the proposition lacks the evidence or the speaker neither has enough evidence nor feels sure of the source of information. Moreover, “doubtful” is said to be open to question. Equivalently, in Vietnamese “đáng ngờ là, đáng nghi ngờ là” can translate its meaning.
(29) It is doubtful that John ever found out something about it.
= Thật là đáng ngờ về chuyện /không thể có chuyện John đã tìm ra cái gì đó liên quan đến sự việc ấy.
(30) I find it doubtful that John wrote this when he was ten.
= tui không chắc/ tui không tin/ tui hoàn toàn nghi ngờ về chuyện là John viết cái này ở tuổi lên mười.
The speakers in both (29-30) hold hardly any belief in propositions “John ever found out something about it” or “John wrote this when he was ten” which remain undependable. Or they cannot find out enough evidence to devote high commitment to such propositions. Thus, these propositions seem questionable, causing doubt to the hearer who is certain to know that the speaker cannot assure the source of information concerning John’s finding out something about it as in (29) and John’s writing it at the age of ten as in (30).
The chosen adjectives here, though different in the certainty level, have well exemplified the Evidential modal markers. As suggested by Bellert (1977), these modal adjectives can qualify the state of affairs to the utterance and are part of the complex proposition expressed by the utterance. They can be both impersonalized and personalized, or can be subjectively as well as objectively oriented, which really depends on not only the speaker’s attitudes and intentions, or the evidence he/she acquires, but the structures the speaker utilizes for the utterance as well.
2.1.2. EVIDENTIAL MODAL ADVERBS
Along with adjectives, a wide range of adverbs can be of Evidential modality. Some of them act as prominent markers which are taken into consideration in this section. They are composed of “clearly, obviously, evidently, surely, undoubtedly, apparently, seemingly”. Most of them are said to derive from the root of adjectives. They are tabulated in accordance with the certainty level in the table below:
The high certainty
The medium certainty
clearly, obviously, evidently, surely, undoubtedly
rõ ràng là, hiển nhiên là, chắc chắn là, không còn nghi ngờ gì nữa
seemingly, apparently
dường như là, hình như là
Table 2: Scale of Evidential modal adverbs’ certainty
2.1.2.1. CLEARLY, OBVIOUSLY, EVIDENTLY
These adverbs are all ly-adverbs whose roots are adjectives; thus, there is no denial that their meaning can be interpreted from the root-adjectives’. They imply that something is self-evident, i.e. it is no need of further argument. The speaker who is using “clearly, obviously, evidently” - the Vietnamese translations are “rõ ràng là, hiển nhiên là” - is expressing his/her very strong commitment in his/her proposition by either basing on visual, auditory evidence or logical inference.
(31) He was obviously at a loss for my name.
= Rõ ràng là anh ấy chịu không nhớ nổi tên tôi.
= Anh ấy rõ ràng không thể nhớ nổi tên tôi.
(32) Evidently, Kate is not well.
= Rõ ràng là Kate không khoẻ.
(33) You clearly don’t understand what I have explained.
= Rõ ràng là bạn không hiểu những gì tui vừa giải thích.
= Bạn rõ ràng không hiểu những gì tui vừa giải thích.
(31-33) reveal that the speakers have felt confident in their information which comes directly from their own experiencing, or witnessing. Detailedly, in (31) the speaker might report his/her talk with a man who appeared to have forgotten the speaker’s name. (32) refers to the situation in which the speaker utters “Kate is not well” at the sight of her pale face, or on hearing her cough. (33) sees that the speaker might have a conversation with someone who fails to understand what the speaker has explained.
2.1.2.2. SURELY
In Elizabethan English, “surely” meant what “certainly” does today, meaning “it is so” which implies no doubt. It is obvious that “surely” expresses a very high level of commitment in what the speaker is saying. “Surely” and its Vietnamese equivalents “hẳn là, chắc chắn là” show that the speaker is almost certain of what is stated.
(34) Surely that is a plain-clothes policeman.
= Chắc chắc đó là cảnh sát mặc thường phục.
= Chắc chắn anh ta là cảnh sát mắc thường phục.
(35) Surely I have met him before.
= Chắc chắn tui đã gặp anh ấy trước đó rồi.
In (34), there is a hint that the speaker might have recognized a policeman who was dressed in plain clothes; accordingly, he says so confidently and definitely. The same thing can be applied to (35). Here the speaker has found some familiarity with the man’s face, which reminds the speaker of the fact that the speaker has met the man somewhere before. That means the speaker attaching some weight to the utterance.
2.1.2.3. UNDOUBTEDLY
If “doubtful” can express the low certainty, then “undoubtedly” moves in opposite direction in terms of certainty scale. “Undoubtedly” is used for the affairs of the high certainty as to the source of information like “clearly, obviously, and evidently”. “Undoubtedly” is quite synonymous to “certainly” or “unquestionably” and equivalent to “không còn nghi ngờ gĩ nữa, đương nhiên là, rõ ràng là” in Vietnamese,
(36) Undoubtedly, Pat is very intelligent.
= Pat rất thông minh là chuyện quá rõ rồi.
= Không có gì nghi ngờ về chuyện Pat rất thông minh cả.
(37) John undoubtedly left home.
= Hẳn là John đã bỏ nhà ra đi rồi.
At the first sight of “undoubtedly” in English it is immediately inferre...

---