class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1"
class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1"
class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1"
A
JAPANESE
GRAMMAR,
class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1"
JAPANESE
GRAMMAR.
BY
J. J.
HOFFMANN,
MEMBER OF THE BOYAL ACADEMY OF
SCIENCES,
ETC. ETC.
SECOND
EDITION.
LEIDEN,
E.
J.
BRILL.
1876.
533
The work
is
published
in
Dutch
also
under

GOVERNOR
OP
DUTCH
EAST
INDIA,
MINISTER
FOR
THE
DEPARTMENT OP THE
COLONIES,
MINISTER
OP STATE
FOR
THE
LIBERAL
AND ENLIGHTENED
MANNER
IN
WHICH
HE
HAS PATRONIZED THE
STUDY
OF THE
CHINESE
AND
JAPANESE LANGUAGE
AND
LITERATURE.
class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1"
E

other works
of
that
stamp
at
present existing.
As
the
result of a
many
years'
study
of the
Japanese
literature,
it
describes
the written or
book
language,
as
it
really
exists in
its
ancient,
as
well
as
in its

opportunities,
which have
been the more
valuable
to
him,
in
as
much
as
that
they
brought
him in contact
with
people
belonging
to the most
civilized
and
the
most
learned,
as well as with
those
of the
inferior
classes of
Japanese
society.

written
language.
The author
is
convinced
that,
all he
has
quoted
from
Japanese
writings,
whatever
their
character,
is
genuine:
he
relies
upon
it
himself,
and
trusts
that
the
experience
of
others,
unprejudiced,

spirit
of
this
language, simple
and
natural,
and,
his
daily
experience
confirms
this,
thoroughly
practical.
PREFACE.
This
method of
his,
was made
known
in
general
outline ten
years
ago,
when
he
published
the
Proeve eener

conversational
sentences and
dialogues
in
English
and
Japanese,
not
only
founded his
Introductory
remarks
on the
Grammar,
on the
Author's
method,
but with
a
few
exceptions,
followed it
in
its whole extent.
The
Grammar,
now
published,
to
lay

language,
the
student
may,
with
profit,
make
use of
the
Japanese-Dutch-English
Dictionary,
for the
publi-
cation
of which the
author has
prepared
all the materials
necessary,
and
by
so
doing
he
will
have
at
his
disposal
the

the
publisher
E.
J.
BRILL,
being
now
proprietor
of the Chinese
types, acquired by
order of
the
Dutch
Government,
has
resolved on
a re-issue.
The
Author has found
no inducement
to
alter or
modify
the
matter of
this
work;
only
a
few

Calendar,
and
page
172
some
words about
the
new
Gold-currency.
PREFACE.
Some
other additions are
to
be found
in the
ADDENDA
to the
book. The
paging
of both
editions
is
the
same;
the
second,
however,
is
accompanied by
a REGISTER

being
now
engaged
in
printing
the
Japanese-Dutch
and
Japa-
nese-English
Dictionary
mentioned
in
the Preface to the
first
edition,
is
happy
in
recommending
to the student
the
valuable
Japanese-English
Dictionary
of
J. C.
HEPBURN,
Shang-hai
1872,

to the
study
of the
Japanese,
that of the Chinese
language
1.
2. On
the
writing
of
the
Japanese
2.
3.
Introduction
of
the written and the
spoken
language
of China into
Japan
3.
4.
Application
of
the
Chinese
writing,
to the

Japanese
Kdna-
signs
7.
B. The Irova in Chinese characters and in
Kdta-kdtia
signs
9.
7.
Repetition
of
syllables. Stenographic
signs.
Stops
11.
8.
Remarks on the
Japanese
system
of
sounds,
and the
expression
of it with our
letters . . 12.
9.
Doubling
of
consonants
by

Exclusively
Chinese
29.
Chinese
dialects in
Japan
30.
Chinese
text with
Japanese
translation. .
82.
B.
Books
written in the
Japanese language.
34.
C.
Style,
a. Old
Japanese
85.
6. New
Japanese
38.
13.
Language
spoken.
General
conversational

$
1. The root
49.
2.
Radical or
primitive
word
49.
;j.
Radical
in
composition
49,
CONTENTS.
Page.
A.
Coordination
50.
B. Subordination
50.
I. Genitive
subordination
50.
II.
Objective
subordination.
1. direct
50.
2. indirect
50.

Ono and Meno. 52.
3.
By
Ko and
Me,
old-Japanese
Ki
and
Mi
52.
C.
Application
of the ideas of
male
and
fe-
male to
objects
without sex
53.
D. Chinese
expressions
for the distinction
of sex 53.
$
5.
Number
53.
A.
Singular

as
Ra,
Tomo
(domo),
Gara,
Sara, Nami, Tatti, Siu,
Gat
a
and
Nado,
used as suffixes
56.
IV. Plural
expressed
by
adverbs,
which
unite the idea of multitude to the
pre-
dicate
verb, Mina, Nokordzu,
Koto-
gotoku
59.
$
6.
Isolating
of the noun
by
the suffix

IV.
Dative
and Terminative. The
suffix
Ve
(ye).
67.
The
suffix,
Ni,
as
sign
of
the
a.
Dative or
Ablative.
.
. .
68.
l-
.;.
b.
Local
68,
c. Modal 69.
(1.
Casual
and Instrumental
69.

Qualifying
nouns,
which
serve as
pro-
nouns
74.
A.
For ,,I"
74.
B.
For the
person
spoken
to
74.
Particular names of
human relations to
distinguish
the
person
concerned
77.
II.
Pronouns
proper
,
formed
from
the adverbs

possessive,
formed from
ra-
dical words
indicating
place,
by
suf-
fixing
No
83.
II.
e. Substantive
pronouns
,
formed from ad-
verbs
of
place,
by
suffixing
Re .
.
.
. 85.
1) Ware,
2)
Are, Ore,
3)
Kare,

nese:
1.
Sin,
2.
Zi-sin,
3.
Zi-bwi,
4. Zi-zen
93.
IV.
Expressions
of
reciprocity:
Tagaini,
Ai. 95.
V. Pronouns
indefinite:
Tito,
Aru-fito,
Mo-
no.
Dare
mo and Nanimo
followed
by
a
verb
negative
95.
VI. Relative

Arrangement
of
the
personal pronouns
in
the
conversational
language
102.
CHAPTER
III.
THE ADJECTIVE.
9.
Distinction
between the attributive and
pre-
dicate
forms
.'
105.
I.
The
adjective
in the
written
lan-
guage.
A. Joined to a noun substantive
105.
B.

adjective
,
as
pre-
dicate
106.
b. As
such,
superseded
by
Kari
. .
107.
4.
Sa,
forming
nouns abstract
107.
5.
List
of
adjectives
in ki
107.
6.
Examples
showing
the use of the forms
cited
110.

116.
$
14.
,
.
yaka
117.
15.
H
keki or
koki.
. . 119.
16. ,
nki
119.
17.
kd-nki
124.
18.
//
,> ni-siki
12B.
$
19.
.
.
beki
127.
20.
naki

$
26.
27.
28.
Page.
Definition of
adjectives
by
adverbs
,
which
denote the
presence
of a
quality
in a
higher degree.
Absolute
comparative
. . 130.
The relative or real
comparative.
1.
Attribution
of a
quality
in
equal
de-
gree

36.
< 37.
40.
$41-
42.
$43.
44.
$45.
46.
$47.
$
48.
,<
U)
$
50.
$51.
CHAPTER
IV.
NUMERALS.
The ancient
Japanese
cardinal
numbers .
137.
The Chinese
cardinal
numbers
141.
The ordinal numerals

154.
Chronological
notation of
years
155.
1.
after the
cycle
155.
2. after the
years
of
governments
156.
Enumeration of
years by year-names.
. .
157.
Introduction of the
Western
Calendar in
Japan
157.
Division of
the
solar
year
158.
Enumeration of months
159.

Silver coins
171.
Gold coins
172.
The
new
Japanese
currency
172.
CONTENTS.
Page.
CHAPTER V.
52.
$
53.
$
54.
$
55.
$
56.
$
57.
$
58.
59.
I.
Adverbs
proper
173.

space
177.
time
178.
// // manner
181.
connecting
propositions
182.
Alphabetical
synopsis
of the adverbs cited. 182.
CHAPTER VI.
WORDS
EXPRESSIVE
OF
RELATION.
(POSTPOSITIONS.)
$
60.
Retrospect
of the inflexions 185.
61.
Distinction
of the words
expressive
of re-
lation
185.
62.

treated. . . 195.
CHAPTER
VII.
$
64.
Voices of the
verb
197.
65. Moods
197.
$
66.
Tenses
198.
67.
Person
and number
198.
68. The verbal root 198.
$
69.
The
imperative
mood 199.
70.
Closing-form
of the
verb 200.
71.
The

the Local
(subjunc-
tive
form).
. .
205.
74.
The
concessive form
expressed
by
mo
or
tomo
206.
expressed
by
domo or
iddomo 208.
$
75.
The form of the
Future
208.
.
I. The
simple
Future
208.
Etymology

.
. 213.
3.
.
.
aranan
=
arinan
213.
4. . .
swran
213.
5. . . mast
213.
B. The
periphrastic
Future of the
spo-
ken
language
214.
76.
The
suppositive
form
215.
77.
The
continuative verbal
form

$
80.
. .
eri,
. .
esi,
. .
eru,
. .
ereba
222.
81. . .
ki,
. .
si,
. .
ken
224.
82. . .
ken,
.
.
kesi,
. .
keru,
.
. keran
227.
83.
.

Synopsis
of the inflected
forms
233.
87.
Causative or
Factive verbs
in
si
or
se. . 234.
88. Causative
verbs
in sime
238.
The
passive
form.
89.
Its
derivation
and
signification
240.
I.
Passive
verbs of the first class. . . . 240.
II.
i. second . . .
241.

Derivation
247.
Examples
of the
formation
of
nega-
Jive
verbs
248.
II. Inflection of the
negative
verbs. . .
. 249.
92. Continuative form of
the
negative
verb.
.
250.
93.
Form of the
forbidding
Imperative.
. . . 251.
94. Forms of the
negative
preterit
252.
95. Forms of the

to be in
264.
99.
Conjugation
of
nondeflecting
verbs in i. .
265.
Synopsis
of
nondeflecting
verbs
in i. .
. . 265.
$
100.
I.
Ni,
Nite, Nan,
to
be. . .
269.
II.
Nar)i,
u,
to be
270.
III.
Nar)e,
u,

to do
279.
I. Use of
the
root-form
si
279.
II.
Si,
acting
as
verb
280.
Synopsis
of the
conjugational
forms
of
si
281.
Compounds
with
si
282.
III. On the
government
of
S)i, u,
uru,
to do

2.
Atavdz)i, u,
not
to be
able. .
.
295.
V.
Ahete,
Aete,
daring
295.
VI.
Too-sen
tar)i,
u,
it
should be
296.
105.
The
desiderative
verbs,
formed
by
Ta,
desirous
296.
$
106. Verbs

Nari,
Naki,
Naku,
not to
exist. .
.301.
Pag*.
I. The
root Na
301.
II.
Nasi,
b.Nai,
there is not
302.
III.
Naki, &Nai,
the
adjective
form. .
303.
IV. Naku.
the
adverbial
form
304.
V. Verbs
compounded
with
Naku .

with verbs
309.
Distinctive verbs and
verbal
forms
expressive
of
courtesy.
111. General
observation
311.
112. The
honorary
passive
form
312.
113.
I.
Tamavi,
A
Tamai
314.
II.
Tamavari,
Uke-tamavari
315.
114.
Mdtsuri,
to attend
316.

Giving. Age, Sasdge,
Kudasare, Tsuke,
Tordsime,
Tordse,
Tan 321.
$
120.
Going
and
Coming.
Mairi, Mairare,
Mairase,
Mairasare, Ide,
Agari,
Ma-
kdri,
Tsika-dzuki
323.
CHAPTER
VIII.
CONJUNCTIONS.
$
121.
Classification
of
the
Jap.
conjunctions.
.
326.

335.
B.
Subordinativc
conjunctions.
j
127.
I.
Conjunctions
of
place
and time.
. .
336.
CONTENTS.
Page.
$
128.
II.
Conjunctions
of
quality
and manner.
338.
$
129. III.
Conj
unctions of
causality.
a.
Conjunctions

the
conjunctions
treated.
348.
Page.
ADDENDA.
I. On
arbitrary
grammatical signs
in
Japanese
books
349.
II. On
quotation
350.
III.
On Accent
351.
IV. On
the dialects
of
Han, U,
and
Tdng.
.
351.
V.
Remark on Si
352.

OF UNITING
TO
THE
STUDY
OF
THE
JAPANESE,
THAT
OF
THE
CHINESE
LANGUAGE.
In
its
general
character,
it is
true,
the
Japanese
is
cognate
to
the
Mongolian
and
Mandju
languages,
but
with

them
to
its
own
con-
struction.
In
the
Japanese
language,
as it
is
now
spoken
and
written,
two
elements,
the
Japanese
and
Chinese
alternate
continually
and,
by
so
doing,
form
a mixed

is
governed
grammatically
by
the
Anglo-Saxon.
(in
the
study
of
the
Japanese
language
the
distinction
of
the
two
elements,
is
of
the
greatest
importance;
and
as
the
Chinese
element
is rooted

enable
him
to
read
and
unterstand
a Chinese
text.
The
Japanese
learns
Chinese
by
means
of
his
mother
tongue,
thus
one,
who
2
INTRODUCTION.
is not
a
Japanese
and does
not
understand
Japanese,

the
Japanese
language
without,
at the
same
time,
studying
the
Chinese
will
totally
fail
of
attaining
his
object
either
theoretically
or
practically.
Even
let
him be
so
far
master of the
language
spo-
ken,

contain
Chinese, if, indeed;
they
are not
wholly
composed
of Chinese. Thus
,
whoever
wishes
to learn
Japanese
thoroughly
,
by
means
of this
grammar,
is
supposed
to
possess,
in
some
degree, knowledge
of
the
Chinese
written
language.

Our
alphabet,
for
that
purpose
would have to be
written
thus:
I
INTRODUCTION.
3
writing
is
coupled
with
ours
have,
in
conformity
with
it,
adopted
the
plan
of
writing
perpendicularly,
and
from
left

the
modification in
the
order
of
the
signs
already
generally
in
use
for
the
Chinese
writing.
The
Japanese
running-hand,
on
the
contrary,
is
too
much
confined
to the
columnar
system
to
be

prince
of
Corea
in
the
year
284
of
our
era,
and
then,
immediately
after
,_
the
tutor
to
that
prince,
a
Chinese,
named
Wang
tin
(3Er),
having
been
invited,
the

In
the
sixth
century,
the
study
of
the
Chinese
language
and
system
of
wri-
ting
first
became
generaUy
spread,
by
the
introduction
of
the
doctrine
of
BUDDHA.
Then
every
Japanese,

write a
letter
in
Chinese.
The
original
pronunciation
of
the
Chinese,
it
is
true,
degenerated
early
and
that
to
such
a
degree,
that
new
dialects
of it
sprung up,
which
were
no
longer

by
means
of
the
Chinese
writing
to
inter-
change
ideas
not
only
with
Chinese,
but
with
all
the
peoples
of
Asia
that
write
Chinese.
The
Chinese
written
language
has
become

exert
there.
The
1
)
This
historical
fact
is
mentioned
iu
Japan's
Beziigc
mil
der
Koreischen
Halbinsel und
mit
China.
Nach
Japanischen
Quellen
von
j.
HOFFMANN,
Leyden,
1839,
page
111.
4

the
Japanese
language
written as
well
as
spoken,
by
the
study
of the
Western
languages
and,
to
wit the
Dutch,
formerly
the
monopoly
of
the
fraternity
of
interpreters
and
a few
literary
men,
who used

if
the
study
of the
Western
languages
should
be
ever so
greatly
extended,
as
the
consequence,
of
Japan's being
at last
opened
to the
trade
of
the
world.
4.
APPLICATION
OF
THE CHINESE
WRITING,
TO
THE WRITING OF

resolving
the sound
of the
words
into
its
simplest
elements,
and
expressing
them
by
signs,
like our let-
ters,
they
took
the sound in
its
whole,
and
expressed
it
syllable
for
syllable
by
Chinese
characters.
Every

is
^^
the
Chinese
word for
a
thousand.
The
Chinese
says
tsien,
the
Japanese
pronounces
it
sen,
and the
Japanese
word
for a
thousand
is
tsi.
The
Japanese
considers
the
peculiar
pronunciation
of

which
expresses
the
MEANING
of
the Chi-
nese
character,
is called
by
him
its
Yomi,
i. e. the READING or
MEANING
for which
he also uses the
Chinese terms
q/jjf
Kun and
'jjM
h
Toktt
1
).
The
:=
+*
,
above

important
to maintain
the
contents
of this
paragraph
as
quite
correct
against
the
misconception,
INTRODUCTION. 5
quoted,
may
thus stand as an
ideographic
character,
pronounced
by
the
Japanese
as sen
or
translated
by
tsi,
or
it
is

glance.
Departing
from the
principle,
to write
Japanese
with the
Chinese
writing,
<J
and
to
express
the
Japanese
words
syllable by syllable, by
means
of
Chinese
characters,
some
hundreds
of the
Chinese characters
most in
use were
pitched
upon
and used for

farther
meaning,
in
distinction
fron Ma-na
(pC
^=t)i
a real name. The word
Kdna is
generally
expressed by
the Chinese
characters
'jUt
^j
,
kia
tmng
,
borrowed
name;
the
Kdna
sign
is
called
^
*
^1~~yT^^
^

itself,
whenever
a
Chinese
character,
composed
of several
strokes,
is
written
in one continuous
pencil-stroke
,
and
gives
rather
a
sketch of
it
,
than
a
full
draught.
Running
hand forms for
^
are e.
g.
Kt? *TP

^T^'-flf
^
Gyoo-sw,
text-hand,
was used in the
Japa-
nese Chronicle
fjj
2J
f^
US
Yamdto-bumi
or
Nippon-sw
ki
'),
containing
the oldest
history
of
Japan,
from
661
B. C.
till 696 A. C.
and
published
in
720
A. C. as

field
against
KODRIGUEZ and his
publisher.
Yomi,
nevertheless,
means
the
same,
as
the Chinese word
gfjl
^
Kun,
the
Rung
of ALCOCK.
1)
The
work is written in
Chinese,
and was one of the
principal
sources,
in
the elaboration of
my
treatise
:
Japan's Beziige