NRNG CnO KHR NRNG XURT KHRU SRN PHRM
G6
vi€T Nnivi
vno TH|
TRI/ONG
U€N
MINH CHnu nu
(cu)
Ths.
Hoa Huu
Cu"6ng
Vien Nghien
ciiu ChCiuAu
Lien minh Chau Au (EU)
Id
thj trudng
nhap khau dd gd Idn
thu"
bai
ciia
Viet Nam,
chi dirng sau thj trudng My. Trong nhung
nam qua, cdc doanh nghiep Viet Nam da ed
nhieu nd
lire
day manh xuat khau vdo EU,
nhieu mat hdng da tim dugc chd dirng tren
thj trudng Idn vd tiem ndng ndy. Kim ngach
xudt khdu sdn phdm gd Viet Nam vdo thj
trudng EU trong thdi gian qua ed
miic

thj trudng
nhap khdu gd Idn nhat the gidi nhung day
cung la mdt thj trudng ddi hdi khdt khe ve
tieu chudn, mdu ma va gid cd pbdi canh tranh
cung nhu cdc rdo cdn thue quan vd phi thue
quan.
/.
Nhiing quy dinh
ciia
EU ddi vdi sdn
phdm gd
1.
Quy dinh thue quan vd hgn nggch
Thue nhdp khau cho cdc hdng ndi that tir
0-5,6%. Viec budn bdn bdng ndi that tren
todn cdu ndi chung tu do nen hau bet cdc mat
bdng deu mien thue. Thue nhap khdu chi
dugc dp dung trong trudng hgp phu kien,
ghe/dd
ndi that ldm tir song may, lieu gai, tre
vd cdc dd ndi that diing trong nhd bep. neu
nhu khdng cd thda thuan thuong mai ddc biet
giira cdc qudc gia thi phdi dp dung bieu thue
chung. Ddi vdi cdc nudc dang phdt trien, mdt
sd thda thuan thuang mai uu dai dugc thiet
lap
GSP (he thdng uu dai thue quan phd
cap).
Tuy nhien, GSP khdng dp dung cbo cdc
nudc sdn xudt dd ndi that vdi sd lugng ldn

thai.
TUN
nhicMi.
[ly ban Tieu chuan
hda Chau Au
CI-:N/'IC2007
da gidi Ihicu mol
SO
lieu chuan chat lupng nam 1998 va nhung
lieu cluian
na\
cd the sdm
Ird
ihanh
lieu
chuan Chau Au.
2.
Mdc EU: La mac
CLN/CLNr:LFC
Clia chau Au chirng nhan rang hang hda
dai
dupc cac yeu cau
ciia
lieu chuan
CI;N/CENELI-C.
i. Tieu chudn chdt lugng qudc gia: Hau
het lieu chuan CEN deu dua vao cac lieu
chuan qudc gia hicn tai vao dua vao
ISO,
luy

Mac
dii
chua cd lieu chuan Chau
Au chinh ihirc nhung da cd lieu chuan ISO
cho timg loai mat hang.
7 Kich cd hdng ndi that: Kfch cd hang
noi that d mdi nude chau Au deu
khde
nhau.
Ndi chung, kfch cd hdng ndi thit d chau Au
thudng nhd ban d
M5>.
Ngudi Bac Au
Ihuimg
to Idn hon ngudi dan phia Nam nen
can cd do ndi
thai
kfch cd Idn ban.
Cue
yeu cdu ve mdi trudng, xd hdi,
sire
khde vd an todn:
Nhan bilt cdc van de mdi trudng ngay
cang Uing trong nhCrng nam gan day va trd
ihanh mdt van de quan trpng trong viec buon
ban hang ndi that qudc lc. EU dua ra mol
loat cac
qu>
djnh:
Nhdn mdc FSC: Hdi ddng Quan ly rirng

thai cho cdc mat hang ndi thit khac nhau
dupe ban tren thi trudng.
Cdc vdn de xd hdi: Sir dung
lao
ddng tre
cm dc san xuat dd ndi thit vd cdc mat hang
khac la mdt trong nhung mdi quan tam ldn
ddi vdi nhilu nudc chau Au. Nhung nha xuat
khau cd the chung minh vd dam bdo ring san
pham
ciia
hp khdng
sii"
dung lao ddng tre em
khdng chi cd Igi
thi
canh tranh md cdn cd co
hdi hop tdc Idu dai hon.
Qlxuuj,
ea{%
Ulid
iidiuj,
dtiiat
Iduiu.
8
Cdc vdn de sire khde vd an loan: San
xuat do ndi that phai tuan
thii
mpt so quy
dinh ve

khau cung thudng dugc yeu cau ghi ro ma
hang d bao bi de hp cd the phan phoi ma
khong can phai md thiing. Viec
sii"
dung ma
vach ngay cang phd bien d cdc kenh phan
phoi ban budn va ban le d chau Au.
2.
Dac diem ngudi tieu dimg
Ci hau het cac nudc trong khdi EU,
ngudi tieu diing cd yeu cau cao ve chat
lupng. Chit lupng tot cung nhu su tien dung
la nhung yeu td vd ciing quan trpng. Mac
dii
chat lugng dugc quan tam nhung gia ca cung
la ylu to thilt ylu. Hiu
hit
cdc nudc EU deu
cd su canh tranh vl gia ca giua cac nha ban
le,
rieng d Na Uy thi su canh tranh nay ft
hon. Ngudi lieu dimg thong tin trudc vdi
nhau bang Internet va thiu hilu cac thong tin
mdi nhat ve mau ma, nhan mdc, gia ca va
djch vu.
Ngoai ra, ngudi tieu dimg rat quan tam
den nhan mac FSC (chirng chi
riing)
dam
bao rang dd npi thit dugc lam lir ngudn

dupc hudng GSP.
Kim ngach xuat khau hang gd Viet Nam
vao EU trong thdi gian qua cd muc tang
tnrdng trung binh
15%/naiTi,
tap trung vao dd
go npi that va dd dimg ngoai trdi. Trong 3
nam
tii"
2008 den
2010,
moi nam kim ngach
xuat khiu dd go
ciia
Viet Nam vao EU dat
tren 750 trieu USD.
82
NGHIEN
CCrU
CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW
N°09 (132).2011
Kim ngach xuat khdu gd vd
scin
phdm go sang
thi tru-dng
EU
giai
dogn
2003-2009 (Dan vj: trieu USD)
\.

quyet liet vdi hdng Trung Quoc, Indonesia,
Philippines, Ddng Au
Mat khde, dd gd Viet Nam cdn mic pbdi
mdt sd nhuge diem nhu: co sd sdn xuit nhd,
cdn manh mun, thieu ddu tu cbo sdn xuit tir
mau ma den chdt lugng, cdng tdc
xiic
tiln
thuang mai, nghien
ciin
thj trudng cdn thip,
kem bieu qud, ngudn cung nguyen lieu vd
phan phdi cdn chua ddng bd, it nhieu edn
manh nha
Ngodi ra, cdc doanh nghiep Viet Nam
ndi ehung, ngdnh gd ndi rieng cdn chua bilt
lien
ket
lai
khi chua
dii
manh, bode da manh
thi manh ban de cd the
dii
sire canh tranh vdi
cdc ddi thil nudc ngodi.
2.
Nhdng
tlie
manh vd tdn tai cua dd

tilp, sir dung
170.000 lao
ddng
true
tilp
vd cd ndng luc sdn xuat tdng gap 4 lin so vdi
ndm
2003^,
thdi diem ma cdng nghiep go
Viet Nam bit diu birt phd, tao in tugng
manh me vdi cdc nha nhap khau nudc ngodi.
Trinh do sdn xuat cua cdc doanh
nghiep Viet Nam trong thdi gian qua da tiln
bd vugt bac, du kha ndng ddp
iing
cac nhu
cdu tuong ddi kbit khe vl kilu ddng, mau
ma, ngudn gdc gd khdng tdc hai tdi mdi
trudng cua thj trudng Phdp. Tai khu vuc tp.
Hd Chi Minh vd cdc tinh lan can, nai quy tu
tdi gin 50%) doanh nghiep xuit khiu go vd
cd kim ngach xuit khiu go chilm 70% ca
nudc,
trudc day cac doanh nghiep hay son
dd go bdng tay nen chit lugng khdng dat, de
triy xudc thi nay, hiu
hit
cdc nhd mdy chl
bien gd d Binh Duong, tp. Hd Chf Minh hay


sdn phdm kbdng cdn
Id
chuyen hiem, thdm
chi nhieu doanh nghiep cdn md cd vdn phdng
dai dien, cdng ty thuang mai tai nhiing thj
truong do go ldn nhu My, EU (trong dd cd
Phap) de ddm nhan khau phan pbdi, chao
hdng true tiep.
- Ngodi nhap khau gd nguyen lieu cua
nudc ngodi, ed doanh nghiep dd tham gia
dau tu trdng rirng quy md ldn d trong nudc,
ddu tu cdc nhd mdy sdn xudt gd nguyen lieu
nhu vdn ep, gd MDF nhdm tien tdi
chii
ddng
ngudn nguyen lieu dn djnh cbo xuat khau
lau
ddi.
Dd gd xuit khiu
ciia
Viet Nam vdo
EU hien dang hudng thue GSP vdi
miic
thue
suit
chil
ylu
Id
0%) (mdt sd ma hdng ehju
thul 2,1%) da giiip Viet Nam cd mdt lgi the

dii siic
canh tranh vdi
cdc ddi thil nudc ngodi. Day
Id
mdt dac diem
cd hiru cua cdc doanh nghiep trong nudc.
Ben canh dd,
miic
dp ddu tu vdo cdng nghe
che bien sdn phdm gd chua cao. Dai bd pban
cdc doanh nghiep sdn xudt gd, ddc biet
Id
bdng dd gd my nghe cd be thdng thiet bj lac
hau, trong khi dd, yeu eau cua thj trudng
Phdp ngdy cdng cao.
- Cdc doanh nghiep xuat khau dd gd van
dang phu thudc rat nhieu vdo ngudn nguyen
lieu nhap khau. Mac
dii
xuat khau cdc sdn
phim go cua Viet Nam cd the mang ve bon 2
ty USD trong ndm 2008, nhung chi phi cho
nhdp khiu gd da chiem tren 1/3. Hien 80%
nguyen lieu cho sdn xudt, che bien gd dua
vdo ngudn nhap khau. Thj trudng cung
iing
go nguyen lieu ldn nhat cho Viet Nam van
Id
Malaysia, Ldo, Trung Qudc, My, Thai Lan,
New Zealand Nbung ngudn gd nhap khau

khdch bang EU hicn kbdng cdn giii" mirc tdng
15%
mdi nam nhu trudc ma cbi cdn khodng
8%.^
Nhirng yeu cau sir dung ngudn go
nguyen lieu phuc vu cbo che bien ciing dang
ddt ra kbdng it thdch thirc cho doanh nghiep
xudt khau sdn pham gd
ciia
Viet Nam bdi
nhiing quy djnh vd xu budng tieu dimg mdi
ciia
cdc thj trudng qudc te, trong dd cd thj
trudng Phdp. Tai EU, ngudi tieu diing ngdy
cdng cd y thiic bdo ve mdi trudng rat cao. Hp
ddi hdi nhiing sdn pham gd sir dung phdi den
tir nhirng ngudn hgp phdp.
- Xudt hien ngdy cdng nhieu cdc hdnh vi
bdo hd thuang mai tinh vi tai EU: Cdc sdn
pham gd xudt khau sang EU cd su kicm sodt
chat lugng, ngudn gd vdi cdc
ludt
le mdi
dugc ban bdnh nhu:
Hiep
djnh Tdng cudng
thuc thi Luat Lam
nghiep,
qudn trj rirng vd
budn bdn gd (ELECT). Theo Hiep djnh nay,

virng.
- Tim hai, bdng mgi gid, ngdnh sdn xuat
vd kinh doanh sdn pham go can phdi tan
dung tdi da ngudn nguyen
lieu
trong nudc.
Cu the, ben canh viec ddu tu trdng rirng, cdc
doanh nghiep can day manh phdt triln ngdnh
cdng nghiep sdn xuit vdn nhdn tao vd ban
che xudt khdu thd.
-
Thu-
ba,
cdc doanh nghiep ciing cin
xem xet phuang dn sir dung cdng nghe tilt
kicm nguyen
lieu,
viec lam ndy se ldm gidm
khodng
15%
nguon tieu hao nguyen lieu moi
nam. Ddc biet, viec lam cin thilt la pbdi
gidm mgi chi phf diu vdo nhu tfnh todn lai
day chuyen cdng nghe, nang cao ndng suit
lao ddng, xay dung qud trinh thao tdc lam
viec hieu qua vd tilt kiem toi da chi pbi sir
dung dieh.
•*
/>abc
Qldng.

thuc hien
sir
phan cdng hgp tdc lao ddng
giira cdc doanh nghiep theo phuang thiic
chudi gid trj gia tdng.
- Cudi
ciing,
tiep tuc thuc bien cdc
chfnh sdch bd trg ve tdi cbfnb ddi vdi ngdnh
che bien xudt khdu sdn pham gd. Cu the Id
cdc chfnh sdch uu dai tfn dung ddu tu vd tfn
dung xuat khau trong dieu kien Viet Nam
Id
thdnh vien WTO; chfnh sdch bd trg cudc van
tdi ndi dja vd qudc te
3.
Ket luan
Cdc sdn pham tir gd cua Viet Nam da
khdng djnh dugc vj trf viing chdc trong co
cau xudt khau hang hod cua Viet Nam sang
thj trudng EU trong nhirng ndm gan day vdi
kim ngach xudt khdu lien tuc tdng virng
trong 5 ndm qua
(2003-2010),
nhat
Id
cdc sdn
pham gd vdn sdn, gd vdn xe, dd gd DIY
Dieu dd ehiing td rdng, sdn pham go cua Viet
Nam da dugc ngudi tieu dung EU ua chudng

Ngudn:

2.
Ndng eao gid tri do gd xudt khdu
eiia
Viet
Nam.
http://ww^w.baotintuc.vn
3.
De do gd virng ehdn tgi trudng EU.
bttp://wto.nciec.gov.vn/Lists/MarketAccess_
vn/D i
spForm.
aspx
Mat sd gidi phdp nhdm phdt trien ngdnh
che hien gd Viet Nam.
/>phm-t-g
4. Bdo cdo thuc trgng ngdnh edng
nghiep ehe hien gd cita Viet Nam.

les/NFP/VIFOREST
5. Thdch thire mdi cho ngdnh edng
nghiep gd eua Viet Nam.

m_content&view=art
6. Ca hgi vd thdch thirc cho ngdnh cdng
nghiep gd
bttp://www.tapcbicongngbiep.vn/News/cban
nel/l/News/357/1466
7.