TRIET HOC, SO 3 (226), THANG
3-2010
DAC SAC
Tir
DUY QUAN
SIT
VIET NAM
TH6I
PHONG KIEN
NGUYEN
TRONG
TUAN'•'
Bdi
viei
de cap
de'n
mdt
so
net dgc sdc cua
tU
duy qudn
sU
Viet Nam thdi phong
kie'n.
Tu duy
qudn
syC
vdi
tU
cdch la hinh
thUc

la lich
si
I
ft
dflng nfldc di ddi vdi gifl nfldc. Ngay
<^3
tfl thdi phong kie'n, dan tde ta do tinh
dae thu ve dieu kien sinh tdn da tfl hinh
thdnh cho minh mdt cdch thdc tU duy
qudn
siC
ddc ddo. Nhd dd,
lieh
si dan tdc
Viet Nam tuy cd luc thdng trim, nhflng
ve cd ban, chfla bao gid lu md tinh thin
tfl lflc
va
tfl cfldng, bat khuat
va
dung
cam, dam dau tranh
va
bie't dau tranh.
Nghien cflu lich si gifl nfldc cia Viet
Nam mgt each thflc sfl khoa hgc thi cin
phai cd phfldng phap luan dflng dan
trong tie'p can khoa hgc ve tU duy qudn
sU. Theo chung tdi, dd
Id

sfl Viet Nam thdi phong kien phan anh
dfldc sfl thd'ng nhat vdi
tinh
phd bien cia
tfl duy vd
tinh
dae thfl cia tfl duy quan
sfl Viet Nam ndi chung. Nguyin tdc ket
hdp
Idgic
vd lich sd nghia la cin phai
bam sat cac tfl lieu lich si tflng thdi ky de
due rut nhflng net dae sac cia tfl duy
quan sfl Viet Nam xuyen sud't thdi dai
phdng kie'n. Vd
cudi
cflng, viec dam bao
md'i liin hi bien chdng giita ddng dgi vd
lich dgi se khien cho viec tie'p can tfl duy
quan sfl Viet Nam thdi phong kie'n vfla
the hien theo tflng lat cit lieh si, vfla
mang tinh he thd'ng xet theo ddng chay
lich si dan tdc, lam ro tinb ke' thfla, lien
tuc phat trien theo tie'n trinh lich si cia
sfl khai quat.
Cflng vdi viec tuan tbi nhflng nguyen
tic phUdng phap luan tren, cin bdo ddm
sU nhd't qudn trong quan niim khoa hgc vi
tu duy qudn sU, tranh
sii

nUdc di ddi vdi giU nUdc cua ddn tdc Viet
Nam
d
thdi dgi phong kie'n, mang nhitng
net dgc sdc cd ve muc dich ldn phUcfng
thiic td chdc hogt ddng qudn
siC,
nghe
thugt tdc chie'n cua
liic lUdng
vu trang,
dUdc ket tinh thdnh tdng
thetU tudng
nghi
thugt qudn
sii
vd dUdc hiin thiic hod trong
thiic tien
ocay
diing, bdo ve ddt
nUdc.
Bdi canh lieh si cia dat nfldc qua cac
thdi ky lich si ldn ludn
Id
diem
tiia
thiic
tien quan trgng de
lam
nay sinh, hinh

bat biet, tfl duy tac chie'n bat cfldng.
Tu duy qudn
sii
- qud'c phong phan
anh muc
dich
boat dgng quan sfl cia dan
tde ta, ve ed ban, la hoat ddng quan sfl
gifl nfldc. Cac cudc chie'n tranh ma dan
tdc Viet Nam tie'n hanh trong
lich
si ehu
ye'u la chie'n tranh bao ve hoae chie'n
tranh giai phdng dat nfldc. Mue
dich
iy
cia boat ddng quan sfl da ehi
phdi
each
nghi va each
lam
cia dan tgc Viet Nam,
tfl xay dflng the trdn, xay dflng Iflc Ifldng
vu trang den chuan hi each danh. The
tran cia ta
la
the tran giii nfldc, khdng
phai the tran di xam Ifldc. Lflc Ifldng vu
trang ta
la

Tu duy qudn ddn hdt hiet
la
mgt diem
tfla Iy
luan
quan trgng va mang net rat
dae sic Viet Nam. Theo
tU
duy qudn sU
ndy, khdng cd
sii
tdch hiet vai trb cua
qudn hinh trieu dinh vdi ddn hinh, ma
ehi
ed sfl phan cdng tie chie'n cho phu
hdp.
Quan trieu dinh
la
Iflc Ifldng tic
chie'n chie'n
Iflde.
Quan cac
phi.
Id va cia
cae vfldng hau chie'n dd'u trong dgi hinh
chung hoac dam nhiem nhflng hfldng va
phfldng an tie chien sd trfldng. Dan binh
la
Iflc Ifldng chien diu tai chd. Td't ca cic
lflc Ifldng vu trang dd deu chien da'u vdi

hinh thai ed ban nen
cac hinh thflc tac chie'n dfldc tuy ed
ma
van dung, tham
chi
hdn hdp, lien ke't vdi
nhau cung nhfl vdi eac hinh thflc phi vu
trang (chinh tri, binh vdn, ngoai giao, )
nen tfl rit sdm, trong dan tde ta da hinh
thdnh tfl duy tdc chie'n khdi. Cac nguyen
tic tac chie'n vfla theo
dung
binh phap,
vfla uyen chuyen, khdng cflng nhac.
NhQng
n6t
dae sic trong sfl hinh
thanh, phdt trien tfl duy quan sfl Viet
Nam thdi phong kie'n dfldc hieu Men sinh
dgng qua cdc thdi ky lich
siC.
Ndi den tfl duy quan sfl thdi phong
kien
h
Viet Nam khdng the khdng ndi de'n
Ngd Quyen, ngfldi tieu bieu cho sfl phdt
trien mang tinh dot phd vi tU duy qudn
sii.
Vfla
la

ddng vd tan ra.
Tfl duy quan sfl Viet Nam tiep tuc cd
nhflng bflde phat trien manh me, mang
tinh
dot pha va cich mang qua cac trieu
dai phong kien tfl chi sau nay.
Thdi nhd Ly, tfl duy quan sfl da dfldc
chuyen hdn sang hinh thdi tU duy qudn
sU
cua mdt qud'c gia ddc lap cd chu quyin.
Nhflng net quan sfl truyen thd'ng cd ban
dfldc hinh thdnh, nhfl ngu binh fl ndng
trong dflng binh, tien phdt che nhan bao
ve tfl xa trong dung binh, xay dflng he
thd'ng phdng tuye'n vflng chic trong tao
lap
the tran, Sfl ddng gdp cia tfl duy
quan sfl cdn the hien trong nhieu
linh
vflc,
nhfl bie't td chflc cdng tac tinh bao, si
dung cac ddn chie'n tranh tam ly, thie't lap
phdng tuye'n can dich ndi hiem ye'u, phdng
thi nhieu ting Cdc nguyen tic cd ban
ve xay dflng
quan
ddi cung da
dUde
dinh
hinh. Thdi Ly cung

vao
trai giac,
khien chung khdng kip chd'ng dd. Sau
chien thing, trieu dinh lo ngay de'n viec
sda dinh hinh chi', ddi mdi bd mdy chi
47
NGUYEN TRONG TUAN
huy qudn ddi, td chdc cdc dcfn vi trong
Cdm qudn, cdi tie'n
phUdng
phdp luyen
ren qudn
si.
Tie'p ndi nha Ly, tfl duy quan sfl nhd
Trdn eung ed nhflng bflde dot pha quan
trgng. Cung vdi viec ke' thfla vd phat
trien manh me cac ehinh sach flu viet
thdi Ly, cac nha ly luan quan sfl thdi
Tran da dae biet quan tam phdt trien
mgnh me tU duy mdi ve qudn sU - qud'c
phdng. Dd Id, nha Trin da huy dgng vd td
chflc toan dan danh giae, xay dflng lflc
Ifldng vu trang nhieu thfl quan, xay dflng
can cfl dia chie'n Ifldc va hau phfldng
chien Ifldc cia cude khang chie'n. Vd de
thflc thi nhflng van de dd, chit ddn ludn
dUdc nhd
Trdn
dgt len hdng ddu trong ca
ba cudc khang chie'n. Day

de qud'c Nguyen - Mdng
gdm nhflng ky binh dan day ehinh chie'n,
nha Tran khdng the ip dung chie'n Ifldc
"tien phat che nhan" theo kieu danh
trfldc sang dat dich nhfl nha Ly, cung
khdng the thflc hien phfldng cham bao ve
tfl xa bing mdt he thd'ng chie'n
luy
phdng
thi nhfl phdng tuye'n sdng Ciu, ma budc
phai ed
tinh
toan chie'n Ifldc mdi dfla tren
sfl doi mdi tU duy quan
sU.
Dd ehinh la cd
sd thflc tiin hinh thanh nghe thugt chi
dgo rut lui chie'n
lUdc
hdo todn
lUc
lUdng,
xoay chuyen tinh the de phdn kich cua
quan dgi nhd Tran. Sd di ed the coi day
la
mgt bflde phat trien mang tinh each
mang trong tfl duy quan sfl Viet Nam vi,
vdi cac nha nfldc phong kie'n dfldng thdi,
mat kinh dd gin nhfl ddng nghia vdi mat
nfldc;

ed, nen mau chdng md't het nhue
khi
va
sflc Iflc. Ke't cue tham bai de'n vdi chung
la
ta't yeu.
Tfl duy quan sfl Viet
Nam
thdi ky khdi
nghia Lam Scfn chd'ng dch do hg cua nhd
Minh cd
hudc
phdt trien nhay
vgt,
tnidc bet
the hien b nhflng gia tri van hoa quan sfl ed
ban trong eac chu trUdng chie'n
lUdc,
nhfl
chien tranh chinh nghia, lay dan
lam
gdc,
tfldng si ddng long, tdp trung Iflc Ifldng vdo
dia ban ed't ti, each danh da dang.
Vdi tu duy qudn
sii
tdng hdp, trgng
tam la tu duy chien
lUdc
ve cugc khdng

lUc
vdi
not day cua nhdn ddn. Trong dieu kien
cugc khdi nghia phdt trien tbanb cude
chien tranh giai phdng ed quy md todn
qud'c,
sfl ket hdp cia cac cudc ndi day cia
dan chflng eac dia phfldng vdi ddn tien
cong cia nghia qudn da dfldc phat trien
rgng khip va ngay
cang
trd thanh mdt
van de cd y nghia chien Ifldc trong phat
trien tfl duy quan sfl thdi ky
nay.
Dd cdn la tU duy qudn sU vi xdy dUng
can
cii
dia khdng chii'n, ddnh vdo ndi
hiem ye'u, chudn hi cho trdn quyet chii'n
chie'n
lUdc.
Trong chuan hi phat dgng
khdi nghia, viec chgn vung rflng nfli phia
Tay Thanh Hoa tren thfldng lflu sdng
Chu, sdng Ma, ndi cd dia hinh hiem trd,
dia the hiem yeu, lai cd nhan Iflc, vat lflc
bo sung, cung cap eho nghia quan,
lam
dia ban tac chie'n

Vao giai doan gidnh thing ldi quyet
dinh cia cudc chien tranh chd'ng quan
Minh, Bd chi huy Lam Sdn nhan thiy
ring, mud'n danh thing
hoan
toan
quan
dich thi phai ke't hdp tii'n cdng trin nhiiu
mat trgn khdc nhau, nhU qudn sU, chinh
tri, hinh van vd ddc biit
Id
ngogi giao.
Qudn trung tii minh tap la tac pham gdm
nhflng van kien quan trgng the bien boat
ddng vfla phong phfl, vfla sang tao dd cia
nghia quan Lam Sdn. Tren cd sd gidnh
dfldc thing ldi ve quan sfl, Bd
ehi
huy
nghia quan cbi trfldng ddm phdn de ket
thuc chii'n tranh, md ldi thodt cho dich
qua cic thfl du hang quan Minh do
Nguyen Trai vie't va Hdi the Ddng Quan.
Hang loat bflc thfl ggi hang danh thep,
diy sflc thuyet pbuc ed tac dung nhfl cudc
chien dau cia nghin van quan, huge dich
phai md cac tbanb, lin Ifldt ra hang.
Quan giac hung manh
cudi
cflng da bi

vay, phong
trao nay
da ldi cud'n dfldc
ddng dao dan chung tham gia.
Tu duy
viphUdng
thiic chi huy tdc chien
cia quan Tay Sdn dfldc the hien dien hinh
trong cudc khang chie'n chd'ng quan Thanh.
Ngay sau cudc rut lui chie'n Ifldc cia lflc
Ifldng Tay Sdn dang tran gifl Thang Long
vd Bic Ha ve Tam Diep - Bien Sdn, tao
nen sfl chuyen boa the chie'n Ifldc theo
chieu hfldng dich tfl chd cd ldi sang bat ldi,
ta tfl chd bat Idi sang cd ldi, Bg chi huy
Tay Sdn d Phu Xuan da gap rut tien quan
ra Bic Ha, md cude phan cdng chien Ifldc,
td chflc binh lflc thdnh nam dao quan thuy
bd de tieu diet quan Thanh.
Tu duy ve nghe thugt tdc chie'n phat
trien manh me trong thdi ky ndy. Cung
vdi viec chgn Thang Long, ndi tap trung
tuyet dai bg phan quan Thanh xam Ifldc,
lam
muc tieu chu ye'u cua cudc phdn cdng
chie'n
lUdc
ra Bic Ha, nghia quan cung
chgn true dfldng thien ly
phia

khang chie'n chd'ng Xiem, sflc manh dd da
the hien d viec ap dung phfldng thflc tdc
chie'n van ddng tien cdng tieu diet thuy
binh vd bg binh dich.
Tflu trung, nhflng net dae sac cia tfl
duy quan sfl Viet Nam thdi phong kien
ed the khai quit thanh nam gia tri ed
ban sau:
Mot
Id,
tu duy qudn
sii
Viet Nam thdi
phong kie'n ludn gdn vdi viec thdu sudt tU
tudng cdt ldi "dl ddn vi hdn" vd phdt huy
tinh chdt chinh nghla, nhdn dgo, nhdn
vdn cua chien tranh todn ddn. Do ke xam
Ifldc
ludn la
nhiing dao quan Idn manh,
nen ngfldi Viet ehi ed the dfla vao sflc
manh toan dan de danh giac. Den cae ddi
Ly, Tran, Le, ngfldi Viet mdi xay dflng
quan ddi ehuyen biet, song yeu to' todn
dan dinh giae
vin
la trflc tiep, d ea ba
cap do: ddn nudi qudn, ddn ldm hgu
thudn cho qudn vd ddn triic tiep ldm
qudn.

50
DAC SAC TUDUY QUAN
SUVIET
NAM
THC)I
PHONG KIEN
dao,
nhan van cia chien tranh nhan dan
nen dan tdc ta da lin Ifldt danh bai
nhflng ten thflc dan, de qud'c diu sd. Sfl
nghiep bao ve To qud'c Viet Nam xa hdi
chi nghia ngdy nay, du la chie'n tranh
chd'ng
xam
Ifldc edng nghe eao, vdn la
chien tranh nhan dan. Tfl duy quan sfl
Viet Nam hien dai
van
phai
la
tfl duy dfla
vao dan, phdt huy cao do
tinh
chat chinh
nghia, nhan dao, nhan
van
cia chien
tranh nhan dan.
Hai
Id,

la
cd' gang bao
toan va
phat trien lflc Ifldng, tie'n hanh chien
tranh du
kich
giai phdng tflng phan va
md rgng din can cfl dia; den khi ta phat
trien di manh va the giae nung dan thi
m6i md rgng cudc chie'n tranh giai phdng
ra quy md ca nfldc.
Mgt tfl duy quan sfl Idnh manh
ludn
cho phep cac ehi the quan sfl tim ra
nhflng gdc canb kha bien de ddnh gia, so
sanh lflc Ifldng mdt each khdng cflng
nhac,
tfl dd xac dinh quye't tam chie'n dau
diing din, khdng bac nhflde, nan
ehi
nhflng eung khdng mao hiem, phieu lflu.
Chinh vi vdy, viec dat Ien hang diu van
de thfldng xuyen canb giac, nim vflng
tinh hinh
va
so sanh lflc Ifldng, xac dinh
quye't tam chien Ifldc dflng din khdng chi
cd gia tri trong thdi phong kien, md cdn
cd nhflng kha nang phat trien mdi de
phat trien thanh tfl duy quan sfl Viet

chie'n tranh toan dan rdng khdp cia ta.
Vin de lien tuc tao the', tranh thdi
va
chuyen boa lflc Ifldng, chi ddng tien cdng
dich cho de'n nay vdn
la
bai hgc sd'ng dgng
ve phat trien tfl duy quan sfl. Trong tie
chien hien dai, mac dfl cac dieu kien tac
chie'n da ed nhflng khac biet cdn ban,
nhflng mdi quan he thdi - the - Iflc vin
ddi hdi cae ehi the quan sfl phai xi ly rat
bien chflng
va
nhuan nhuyen. Dieu dd ddi
hdi hg phai cd mgt tfl duy quan sfl bet sflc
nang ddng, nhay ben vdi cai thdi mdi, the
mdi va lflc mdi, ddng thdi bie't ke thfla
kinh nghiem truyen thd'ng de xi ly thdi -
the - lflc a'y mdt each phu hdp vdi to chat
va dieu kien boat ddng cia con ngUdi
quan sfl Viet Nam.
Bdn
Id,
tu duy vi cdch ddnh ludn thi
hien tinh thdn khdng ngiing sdng tgo cua
51
NGUYEN TRONG TUAN
ddn tdc ta, ke cd trong viec van dung cdch
ddnh truyin thd'ng. Nghe thuat quan sfl

vdi cic lflc Ifldng vu trang nhan dan hien
nay. Dae biet, trong dieu kien rat ed the
phai ddi diu vdi cugc chie'n tranh cdng
nghe cao, chung ta cin cd td chflc quan sfl
hien dai, cd vu
khi
vd trang hi quan sfl
hien dai, phfldng thflc tac chie'n mdi, each
danh mdi, nhflng ne'u nhfl khdng ke't ndi
dflge vdi cac each danh truyen thd'ng ndi
tren thi vdn khd cd the phat huy eao nhat
nhflng
to'
cha't cia can bd, chien si, nhat la
tfl duy quan sfl thdng minh, sang tao vdi
nhflng net dae sic de tao ra sfl khic biet.
Nam
Id,
tU duy qudn
sii
gdn kit chat
che vdi tU duy chinh tri nhdm phdt huy
nhdn
td
chinh tri - tinh thdn de nhdn hdi
siic
mgnh tdng hdp cua qudn vd ddn. Cac
cugc chien tranh cia ta deu la ehinh
nghia, vi sfl sd'ng cdn cia nen ddc lap, sfl
trfldng tdn

tam giao due truyen thd'ng, cd vu tinh
than quan va dan qua Hich tUdng si;
Nguyin Trdi ehi trfldng "mflu phat tam
edng", thao thfl du hang tfldng
gi^c.
Trong dai phi quan Thanh, Nguyen Hue
coi trgng cd vii tinh thin yeu nfldc cia
quan va dan: "Danh cho si tri Nam qud'c
anh hung chi hflu ehu". Lieh si eung eho
thay, ne'u nha lanh dao nao khdng phat
huy dfldc tU duy qudn sU - chinh tri ay thi
ludn tba't bai.
Do cd tfl duy quan sfl nang ddng nen
ve ed ban, dan ta ludn tham dfldm tinh
than thfldng vd, khi thai binh thi cham lo
luyen binh, ren tfldng, khi ed chie'n tranh
thi anh dung chie'n dd'u. Cd the ndi, vdi
ngfldi Viet, tfl duy quan sfl khdng mang y
nghia thuan tuy, ma ludn gin chat vdi
viec tra ldi cau hoi: danh vi ai, danh de
lam gi, danh nhim mue
dieh
gi Gia tri
dae sic nay cin phai dfldc phat huy manh
me trong dieu kien hien nay, nhat la ddi
vdi sfl nghiep giao
due
qud'c phdng, lam
eho y thflc bao ve To qud'c xa hdi ehi
nghia tham sau vao mdi can bd, chien