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ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ

I. Định nghĩa

- Mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề phụ được nối với mệnh đề chính bởi các đại từ quan hệ (who, whom, whose, which, that ) hay
các trạng từ quan hệ như (where, when, why). Mệnh đề quan hệ đứng ngay đằng sau danh từ, đại từ trong mệnh đề chính để bổ sung ý
nghĩa cho danh từ, đại từ ấy,phân biệt danh từ đại từ ấy với các danh từ đại từ khác. Chức năng của nó giống như một tính từ do vậy nó
còn được gọi là mệnh đề tính ngữ.

II. CÁC ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ
1. Who: -Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người làm chủ ngữ, đứng sau tiền ngữ chỉ người để làm chủ ngữ cho động từ đứng sau nó Theo sau
who là một động từ
Eg: The man who is sitting by the fire is my father. ->That is the boy who helped me to find your house.
2. Whom: -Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người làm tân ngữ, đứng sau tiền ngữ chỉ người để làm tân ngữ cho động từ đứng sau nó Theo
sau whom là một chủ ngữ
Eg: The woman whom you saw yesterday is my aunt >The boy whom we are looking for is Tom.
3. Which:Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ vật, làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ cho động từ sau nó. -Theo sau which có thể là một động từ hoặc
một chủ ngữ.
Eg: This is the book. I like it best.=> This is the book which I like best.
The hat is red. It is mine.=> The hat which is red is mine.
-Khi which làm tân ngữ, ta có thể lược bỏ which
Eg: This is the book I like best . .The dress (which) I bought yesterday is very beautiful.
4. That: Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ cả người lẫn vật, có thể được dùng thay cho Who, Whom, Which trong mệnh đề quan hệ thuộc loại
Restricted Clause (Mệnh đề xác định)
Eg: That is the book that I like best.=>That is the bicycle that belongs to Tom.
My father is the person that I admire most.

hoặc trước các danh từ thường có các từ như: this, that, these, those, my, his her…đứng trước.
- Không được dùng that trong mệnh đề không xác định.
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Eg My father, who is 50 years old, is a doctor.
This girl, whom you met yesterday, is my daughter.
3.Mệnh đề quan hệ nối tiếp.
- Mệnh đề quan hệ nối tiếp dùng để giải thích cả một câu, trường hợp này chỉ dùng đại từ quan hệ which và dùng dấu phẩy để tách hai
mệnh đề. Mệnh đề này luôn đứng ở cuối câu.
Eg He admires Mr Brown, which surprises me.
Mary tore Tom’s letter, which made him sad.
V.DẠNG RÚT GỌN CỦA MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ: mệnh đề quan hệ có thể rút gọn theo 4 cách:
1.Using participle phrases (sử dụng hiện tại phân từ)
- Present participle: Dùng cho các động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể chủ động. Ta dùng present participle phrase thay cho mệnh đề đó
(bỏ đại từ quan hệ và trợ động từ, đưa động từ chính về nguyên mẫu rồi thêm –ing)
The man who is sitting next to you is my uncle.
 The man sitting to you is my uncle.
Do you know the boy who broke the windows last night?
 Do you know the boy breaking the windows last night?
2.Using past participle:
- Past participle: Dùng cho các động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể bị động (Bỏ đại từ quan hệ, trợ động từ và bắt đầu cụm từ bằng past
participle)
Eg1The books which were written by To Hoai are interesting.
The books written by To Hoai are interesting.
Eg2 The students who were punished by the teacher are lazy.
The students punished by the teacher are lazy.
Eg3 The house which is being built now belongs to Mr. Pike.

That’s the house (which) I have bought.
-Tuy nhiên các đại từ quan hệ có chức năng tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định không thể lược bỏ.
Eg Mr Tom, whom I spoke on the phone to , is very interested in our plan.
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2. Khi danh từ được nói đến là tân ngữ của giới từ, ta có thể đưa giới từ đó đứng trước đại từ quan hệ. Trường hợp này chỉ được dùng
Whom và Which
Miss Brown, with whom we studied last year, is a very nice teacher.
Mr. Cater, to whom I spoke on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan.
Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost.
3. Chú ý cách dùng của các cấu trúc mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ: all, most, none, neither, any, either, some, (a)few, both, half, each, one,
two, several, many, much, + of which/whom
Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers.
I tried on three pairs of shoes, none of which fitted me.
He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer.
Two boys, neither of whom I had seen before, came into my class.
They have got two cars, one of which they seldom use.
There were a lot of people at the meeting, few of whom I had met before.
4. Các trường hợp sau đây thường phải dùng ‘that’
a. Khi cụm từ đứng trước vừa là danh từ chỉ người và vật
He told me about the places and people that he had seen in London
b. Sau các tính từ so sánh hơn nhất, first và last
This is the most interesting film that I’ve ever seen.
Moscow is the finest city that she’s ever visited.
That is the last letter that he wrote.
She was the first person that broke the silence.
c. Sau các từ all, only (duy nhất) và very (chính là)

VIII.EXERCISES ON RELATIVE CLAUSES
I. Combine each pair of sentences using a relative pronoun or relative adverb
1. She is the most intelligent woman. I’ve ever met this woman.
2. This doctor is famous. You visited him yesterday.
3. These children are orphans. She is taking care of these children.
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4. The two young men are not good persons. You are acquainted with them.
5. My father goes swimming everyday. You met him this morning.
6. The man is my father. I respect this man most.
7. The man is my father. I respect his opinion most.
8. Mary and Margaret are twins. You met them yesterday.
9. I’ll introduce you to the man. His support is necessary for your project.
10. The middle-aged man is the director. My father is talking to him.
11. The boy is my cousin. You make fun of him.
12. The student is from china. He sits next to me.
13. I thanked the woman. This woman had helped me.
14. The professor is excellent. I am taking his course.
15. Mr. Smith said he was too busy to speak to me. I had come to see him.
16. I saw a lot of people and horses. They went to market.
17. Tom has three sisters. All of them are married.
18. I recently went back to Paris. It is still as beautiful as a pearl.
19. I recently went back to Paris. I was born in Paris nearly 50 years ago.
20. Do you know the music? It is being played on the radio.
21. You didn’t tell us the reason. We have to cut down our daily expenses for that reason.
22. The day was rainy. She left on that day.
23. I’ve sent him two letters. He has received neither of them.

14. The really happy people are those _______ enjoy their daily work.
15. We must find a time _______ we can meet and a place _______ we can talk.

III. Use a Relative pronoun preceded by a preposition to combine each pair of sentences below:
1. This is a rare opportunity. You should take advantage of it to get a better job.
2. The boy is my cousin. You made fun of him.
3. This matter is of great importance. You should pay attention to it.
4. The woman lives next door to me. You gave place to her on the bus.
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5. The examination lasted two days. I was successful in this examination.
6. This is the result of our work. I’m pleased with it.
7. There is a No parking sign. I do not take notice of it.
8. Mr. Brown is the man. I am responsible to him for my work.
9. Do you see my pen? I have just written the lesson with it.
10. We are crossing the meadow. We flew kites over it in our childhood.

IV. Use Relative adverb to combine each pair of sentences below:
1. This is the house. We often stay in this house in summer.
2. I’ll show you the second hand bookshop. You can find valuable books in this shop.
3. I have not decided the day. I’ll go to London on that day.
4. He was born on the day. His father was away on that day.
5. The book is a telephone directory. We can look up telephone numbers in this book.
6. Mrs. Brown rang Dr. Brown. He was going to carry out an urgent operation at that moment.
7. The airport is the most modern one. We’re going to arrive at this airport.
8. She doesn’t want to speak of the cause. She divorced her husband of this cause.
9. The days were the saddest ones. I lived far from home on those days.
10. I never forget the park. We met each other for the first time at this park.

2) What’s the name of the blonde girl ____ just came in?
A. who B. whose C. whom D. A & B are correct
3) I don’t like people ____ lose their tempers easily.
A. who B. whose C. that D. A & C are correct
4) Mexico City, ____ has a population of over 10 million, is probably the fastest growing city in the world.
A. which B. whose C. that D. A & B are corre
5) This is Henry, ____ sister works for my father.
A. who B. whose C. that D.All are correct
6) He’s the man ____ people like at first sight.
A. who B. whom C. that D. A & C are correct
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7) Could you iron the trousers ____ are hanging up behind the door?
A. who B. which C. that D. B & C are correct
8) Where is the girl ____ sells tickets?
A. who B. whose C. whom D. A & C are correct
9) The man____ we consider our leader had much experience in climbing mountains.
A. who B. whose C. whom D. A & C are correct
10) The artist ____ name I couldn’t remember was one of the best I had ever seen.
A. who B. whose C. that D. A & C are correct
11) Frank invited Janet, ____ he had met in Japan, to the party.
A. who B. whose C. that D. A & C are correct
12 The girl ___ design had been chosen stepped to the platform to receive the
award.
A. whose B. whom C. that D. which
13) I need to find a painting ____ will match the rest of my room.
A. whose B. whom C. who D. which
14) There are too many poor people ____ do not have enough to eat in the world.

A. who B. which C. whose D. whom
30) This is my beloved school ____ I studied when I was young.
A. which B. that C. where D. A & B are correct
31) Here’s the paper ____ you need.
A. whom B. that C. who D. whose
32) The woman ____ has been arrested lives in an apartment.
A. that B. which C. whom D. A & C are correct
33) The teacher notices the students ____ often come to class late.
A. that B. which C. who D. A & C are correct
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34) The house in ____ I was born is for sale.
A. which B. whom C. that D. A & C are correct
35) That is the chair ____ he used to sit on for meals.
A. which B. whose C. that D. A & C are correct
36) What is the picture ____ you are looking at?
A. which B. when C. whose D. A & C are correct
37) In the middle of the village, there is a well from ____ the villagers take water to
drink.
A. that B. which C. whom D. A & B are correct
38) There is a NO PARKING sign ____ I did not take notice of.
A. that B. which C. who D. A & B are correct
39) I must thank the people ____ I got the present from.
A. who B. whom C. that D. All are correct
4o) Do you know the doctor for ____ I send?
A. whom B. that C. who D. All are correct
41) The man about ____ I was telling you is standing over there.
A. who B. that C. whom D. All are correct


A. them B. which C. that D. B & C are correct
57) Mary has three brothers, all of ____ are married.
60) The meeting ………I went was interesting.
A. to which B. which C. that D. B & C are correct
58) We were given a lot of information, most of ____ was useless.
A. which B. it C. that D. All are correct
59) There were a lot of people at the party, only a few of ____ I had met before.
A. them B. whom C. who D. B & C are correct
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60) I sent her two letters, neither of ____ she has received.
A. that B. these C. which D. whom
61) A café is a small restaurant ____ people can get a light meal.
A. where B. which C. that D. All are correct
62) My room has a very large window ____ you can see the whole lake.
A. which B. that C. where D. All are correct
63)Alaska, ____ my brother lives, is the largest state in the United States.
A. which B. where C. who D. All are correct
64) This is the house ____ we often stay the summer.
A. where B. which C. that D. All are correct
65) Do you remember the clock tower ____ I first met you?
A. where B. which C. that D. All are correct
66) Tell me the reason ____ you were absent yesterday.
A. where B. when C. why D. that
67) Do you know the reason ____ Laura doesn’t like me?
A. which B. where C. that D. why
68) There was a time ____ dinosaurs dominated the earth.

KEY TO EXERCISES ON RELATIVE CLAUSES
I.
1. She is the most intelligent woman whom I’ve ever met.
2.This doctor whom you visited yesterday is famous.
3. These children whom she is taking care of are orphans.
4. The two young men whom you are acquainted with are not good persons.
5. My father whom you met this morning goes swimming everyday.
6. The man whom I respect most is my father.
7. The man whose opinion I respect most is my father.
8. Mary and Margaret whom you met yesterday are twins.
9. I’ll introduce you to the man whose support is necessary for your project.
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10. The middle-aged man is the director whom my father is talking to.
11. The boy whom you make fun of is my cousin.
12. The student who sits next to me is from China.
13. I thanked the woman who had helped me.
14. The professor whose course I am taking is excellent.
15. Mr. Smith, who I had come to see, said he was too busy to speak to me.
16. I saw a lot of people and horses that went to the market.
17. Tom has three sisters, all of whom are married.
18. I recently went back to Paris, which is still as beautiful as a pearl.
19. I recently went back to Paris, in which I was born nearly 50 years ago.
20.Do you know the music which is being played on the radio?
21. You didn’t tell us the reason for which we have to cut down our daily expenses.
22. The day on which she left was rainy.
23. I’ve sent him two letters, neither of which he has received.
24. That man, whose name I don’t remember, is an artist.

9. Do you see my pen, with which I’ve just written the lesson.
10. We are crossing the meadow over which we flew kites in our childhood.

IV.
1. This is the house where we often stay in summer.
2. I’ll show you the secondhand bookshop where you can find valuable books.
3. I have not decided the day when I’ll go to London.
4. He was born on the day when his father was away.
5. The book in which we can look up telephone numbers is a telephone directory.
6. Mrs. Brown rang Dr. Brown when he was going to carry out an urgent operation.
7. The airport where we’re going to arrive is the most modern one.
8. She doesn’t want to speak of the cause why she divorced her husband.
9. The days when I lived far from home were the saddest ones.
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10. I never forget the park where we met each other for the first time.
V.
1. Do you know the woman coming towards us?
2. I come from a city located in the southern part of the country.
3. The children attending that school receive a good education.
4. The fence surrounding our house is made of wood.
5. Be sure to follow the instructions given at the top of the page.
6. uncle.
7. The number of students counted They live in the house built in 1890.
8. The papers being on the table belong to Patrica.
9. The man talking to the policeman is my is quite high.
10. George is the man chosen to represent the committee at the convention.

18. You’ve all met Michael Wood. He is visiting us for a couple of days.
19. We are moving to Manchester.Manchester is the north west.
20. I’ll stay with Adrian. His brother is one of my closet friends.
21. John Bridge is one of my oldest friends. He has just gone to live in Canada.
22. The Earth is a planet. It can support life.
23. The book is about the girl. She runs away from home.
24. A dictionary is a book. It gives you the meaning of words.
25. The man was very kind. I talk to him yesterday.
26. She is the woman . I told you about her.
27. The man works in the hospital. I told you about him.
28. The picture was very beautiful. She was looking at it.
29. I’ll give you the address. You should write to it.
30. The movie is very fantastic. They are talking about it.
31. The woman teaches me English. You are listening to her.
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32. The scientists are making progress. They are reseaching the causes of cancer.
33. Do you know the woman? Who is coming toward us?
34. The people are getting wet. They are waiting for the bus in the rain.
35. The fence is made from wood. It surrounds our house.
36. The first person is Mr. Smith. We must see him.
37. He is a famous doctor inmy neighbour. You have just met his daughter last night.
38. Tet is a big occasion. The members of family gather on this occasion.
39. New York is a famous city. Everybody want to live in this city.
40. The country is very peaceful and fresh . The old people enjoy living there.
41. Trinh Cong Son composed songs. They are greatly liked by millions of Vietnamese people.
42. William is my uncle. I went fishing with william last Sunday
43. Her book is widely read . It is well- written.

___________________________________________________________________________________________
6. She lives in a city. This city is one of the largest cities in Viet Nam.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
C. Reduce the following relative pronouns by using : VING, V3/VED, or TO-V
1. The couples who live in the house next door are both college professors.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Our solar system is in a galaxy that is called the Milky Way.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
3. She is the only person who receives this scholarship.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
4. They refused to carry out the plan which was worked out by the city council.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
5. The people who were waiting for their children in the examination room looked nervous.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
6. My brother was the only man who realized the danger.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
spacious prohibit infinite alternative researchers
capture competitive subscribe non-renewable polluted
121. Wind power, solar energy, and geothermal heat are ________________sources of energy in the future.
2. Solar energy is not only plentiful and ________________but also clean and safe to the environment.
3. Our government must ________________the act of killing endangered animals.
4. The place for transaction of Thanh Ba Post Office is very ________________.
5. How to make full use of geothermal heat is a question for many ________________.
III. GRAMMAR:

4. Do you know the woman who made a very interesting speech last night?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
5. They’ve just delivered the goods that were ordered last week.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Mary was the second person who was rescued from the burning house.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Laws have been passed to ……… killing endangered animals
The girl was very helpful. You talked to her yesterday.
 …………………………………………………………………………………………
Animals should not be ……………. for recreation and entertainment
The factory was fined for …………… chemiscal into the river
People are destroying the air by adding ………….to it.
The film was really interesting. They are talking about it.
 …………………………………………………………………………………………
1. The girl is my cousin. She chatted with you yesterday.
………………………………………………….……………………………
2. The man is very kind. He spent 15 minutes measuring our kitchen
………………………………………………….……………………………
3. The architect designed these flats. He has moved to HCM City.
………………………………………………….……………………………
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4. The young boy is naughty. He rides an expensive motorbike.
………………………………………………….……………………………
5. I’m reading the book. I bought it in 1996.
………………………………………………….……………………………
6. Do you know the man? He is sharing the flat with me.

1) Dùng phân từ:
a) Dùng cụm V-ing :
Dùng cho các mệnh đề mang nghĩa chủ động
Ex: a. The man who is standing there is my brother.
b. The man standing there is my brother
b) Dùng cụm P.P: (V3/ V-ed)
Dùng cho các mệnh đề mang nghĩa bị động .
a. I like books which were written by Nguyen Du.
b. I like books written by Nguyen Du.
2) Dùng cụm to inf: ( Noun/ Pronoun + to infinitive / to be + P.P )
-Dùng khi danh từ đứng trước có các từ sau đây :
ONLY, LAST, FIRST, SECOND
Ex: This is the only student who can do the problem. (động từ mang nghĩa chủ động)
This is the only student to do the problem.
-Động từ là HAVE
Ex: I have something that I must do now. (động từ mang nghĩa chủ động)
I have something to do now.
-Câu bắt đầu bằng: HERE (BE), THERE (BE)
Ex: There are six letters which have to be written today. (động từ mang nghĩa bị động)
There are six letters to be written today.
GHI NHỚ :
Trong phần to inf này cần nhớ 2 điều sau:
- Nếu chủ từ 2 mệnh đề khác nhau thì thêm cụm for sb trước to inf.
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Ex: We have some picture books that children can read.
We have some picture books for children to read.

3. I don’t like him playing in the streets; I wish we had a garden that he could play in.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4. The floor is dirty but I haven’t got a brush that I can sweep it with.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
5. My files are all over the place. I wish I had a box that I could keep them in.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
6. She said that she wasn’t going to buy any cards; she hadn’t anyone to whom she could send cards.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
7. You are the last person who saw her alive.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
8. He simple loves parties. He is always the first who comes and the last who goes.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
9. The Queen Elizabeth is the largest ship which had been built on the Clyde.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
10. He was the second man who was killed in this way.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
11. Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
12. Lady Astor was the first woman who took her seat in Parliament.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
13. Here are some accounts that you must check.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
14. People who listen to very loud music may suffer gradual hearing loss .
…………………………………………………………………………………………
15. He was the man who was saved in the fire .
…………………………………………………………………………………………
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10. Please remember to take back to the library all the books ________ are due this week.
A. ø B. that C. when D. they
11. He likes the dress. Huong is wearing it
A. He likes the dress which Huong is wearing it
B. He likes the dress Huong is wearing it
C. He likes the dress who Huong is wearing
D. He likes the dress Huong is wearing
12. Most of the classmates couldn't come. He invited them to the birthday party
A. Most of the classmates he invited to the birthday party couldn't come.
B. Most of the classmates he was invited to the birthday party couldn't come.
C. Most of the classmates that he invited them to the birthday party couldn't come.
D. Most of the classmates which he invited to the birthday party couldn't come.
13. What was the name of the man? You met and talked to him this morning.
A. What was the name of the man who you met and talked to him this morning?
B. What was the name of the man you met and talked to this morning?
C. What was the name of the man you met and talked to whom this morning?
D. What was the name of the man whose you met and talked to this morning?
14. The church is over 500 years old. Our class visited it last summer.
A. The church which our class visited it last summer is over 500 years old.
B. The church that our class visited it last summer is over 500 years old.
C. The church which our class visited last summer is over 500 years old.
D. The church our class visit last summer is over 500 years old.
15. The song says about the love of two young stdents. She is singing the song.
A. The song which she is singing it says about the love of two young stdents.
B. The song she is singing says about the love of two young stdents.
C. The song says about the love of two young stdents which she is singing.
D. The song says about the love of two young stdents that she is singing it.
ANSWER:
EXERCISE 1: Combine each pair of sentences, using a relative pronoun.


7. You are the last person to see her alive.
8. He simple loves parties. He is always the first to come and the last to go.
9. The Queen Elizabeth is the largest ship to be built on the Clyde.
10. He was the second man to be killed in this way.
11. Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon.
12. Lady Astor was the first woman to take her seat in Parliament.
13. Here are some accounts for you to check.
14. People listening to very loud music may suffer gradual hearing loss .
15. He was the man saved in the fire .
16. Anyone not wanting to take part in the meeting must inform the board.
17. The teacher taking the responsibility for the class is Ms Lan.
18. .She’s just bought a handbag made of crocodile skin.
19. I met a man working in this factory for a long time.
20. The story told by my grandma was interesting.
EXERCISE 3: CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER:
1. B. 2. A. 3. D 4. C. 5. B. 6. B. 7. B. 8. B 9. C. 10. B.
11. D. 12. A. 13. B. 14. C. 15. B.
RELATIVE CLAUSES (Mệnh đề quan hệ)
* Đại từ quan hệ:
1. WHO: chủ từ, chỉ người
N (người) + WHO + V + O ….
2. WHOM:
- làm túc từ, chỉ người
… N (người) + WHOM + S + V
3. WHICH:
- làm chủ từ hoặc túc từ, chỉ vật
….N (thing) + WHICH + V + O
….N (thing) + WHICH + S + V
4. THAT:
- có thể thay thế cho vị trí của who, whom, which trong mệnh đề quan hệ quan hệ xác định

2. Cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ:
Despite / in spite of + V-ing / Noun phrase: mặc dù
3. Rút gọn mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ thành cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ:
a. Though / although + đại từ + be + adj.

→ Despite / In spite of + tính từ sở hữu + N
b. Though / although + N + be + adj.

Despite / in spite of + the + adj. + N
a. Though / although + S + V + O

Despite / in spite of + V-ing + O (2 chủ từ phải giống nhau) MODALS (Động từ khiếm khuyết)
1. May / might
KĐ: May / Might + V1:
PĐ : May / Might not + V1: diễn tả
- sự suy đoán (không chắc chắn)
- sự xin phép, cho phép
2. Must / mustn’t
Must +V1: (phải), diễn tả điều bắt buộc (có tính chủ quan)
Mustn’t + V1: (không được), diễn tả một sự cấm đoán.
3. have to + V1: phải, (có tính khách quan)
Note: Quá khứ của have to là had to + V1
Phủ định của have to là don’t / doesn’t / didn’t have to + V1
4. should + V1 = ought to + V1: nên

CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF RESULT (Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ kết quả)


- a little + N không đếm được: ít (đủ để dùng)

HIỆN TẠI PHÂN TỪ VÀ QUÁ KHỨ PHÂN TỪ (-ing and –ed participles)

- Hiện tại phân từ: thường dùng miêu tả vật, mang ý chủ động
- Quá khứ phân từ thường dùng miêu tả người, mang ý bị động
* Một số hiện tại phân từ và quá khứ phân từ thường gặp
Ex: suprise surprising surprised ngạc nhiên
1. bore boring bored chán, dở
2. excite exciting excited hào hứng, phấn khởi
3. interest interesting interested thú vị, hứng thú
4. amuse amusing amused buồn cười, vui nhộn
5. disappoint disappointing disappointed thất vọng
6. tire tiring tired mệt mỏi

MỘT SỐ CẤU TRÚC KHÁC
1. Lối nói phụ họa:
a. Đồng ý theo một câu khẳng định, dùng:
- S + V trợ + too.
- So + V trợ + S.
b. Đồng ý theo câu phủ định, dùng:
- S + V trợ (phủ định) + either.
- Neither + V trợ (khẳng định) + S.
2. Would you mind / Do you mind + V-ing ….?
Do you mind if I + V (Hiện tại đơn)….?
Would you mind if I + V (Quá khứ đơn) ….?
3. Đổi thì quá khứ đơn sang hiện tại hoàn thành
S + last + V quá khứ đơn + thời gian + ago.
- S + V hiện tại hoàn thành (phủ định) + for + thời gian
- It’s + thời gian + since + S + last + V quá khứ đơn.

- Có 3 cách phát âm –s hoặc –es tận cùng.
* đọc thành âm /iz/ với những từ có âm cuối là / s, z, ∫, t∫, d /
* đọc thành âm /s/ với những từ có âm cuối là / p, t, k, f, θ /
* đọc thành âm /z/ với những trường hợp còn lại
II. CÁCH PHÁT ÂM –ED
- Có 3 cách phát âm –ed tận cùng.
* đọc thành âm /id/ với những từ có âm cuối là / t, d /
* đọc thành âm /t/ với những từ có âm cuối là /p, f, k, s, ∫, t∫, θ /
* đọc thành âm /d/ với những trường hợp còn lại
III. TRỌNG ÂM
- Danh từ tận cùng –OO hay –OON: trọng âm đặt trên vần này
Ex: after’noon, bam’boo, bal’loon……
- Những từ có hậu tố là: -ade, -ee, -ese, -ette, -ique, -eer, -ain thì trọng âm chính rơi vào ngay âm tiết đó
Ex: lemo’nade, ciga’rette, Vietna’mese, …
- Âm tiết liền trước các hậu tố -tion, -ical, -ual, -ian, -ical, -ity, -graphy, -ics, -logy thường nhận trọng âm
Ex:, trans’lation, eco’nomic, uni’versity, poli’tician, soci’ology, mathe’matics
- Đặt ở âm thứ 2 trước các hậu tố -ize, -ary
Ex: ‘modernize, ‘dictionary, i’maginary

THÀNH LẬP TỪ, TỪ LOẠI
1. Cách nhận biết từ loại:
a. Cánh nhận biết danh từ: danh từ thường có các hậu tố sau:
- tion / ation invention, information
-ment development, instrument
- ence / ance difference, importance
- ness happiness, business
- er (chỉ người) teacher, worker, writer, singer
- or (chỉ người) inventor, actor
- ist (chỉ người) physicist, biologist
- age teenage, marriage


Sau

- mạo từ: a /an / the
- từ chỉ định: this, that, these, those, every, each, …
- từ chỉ số lượng: many, some, few, little, several
- tính từ sở hữu: my, his, her, your, our, their, its…
He is a

student
.

These flowers are beautiful.
She needs some water.
Sau ngo
ại động từ (V

c
ần

O)

She buys

books
.

She meets a lot of people.
Sau gi
ới từ (prep. + N)

Trư
ớc N (Adj + N)

This is an

interesting

books.

Sau TO BE

I am

tired
.

Sau: become, get, look, feel, taste, smell, seem …

It becomes

hot.

She feels sad.
Sau tr
ạng từ (adv + adj)

It is extremely

cold
.

+ (Adj) +Noun

My

new

car is blue.c. Trạng từ (Adv)

Sau V thư
ờng

He drove

carefully.

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Trư
ớc Adj

I meet an

extremely



I couldn’t come the party.

Sau too V + too + adv

They walked too

slowly

to catch the bus.

Trong c
ấu trúc V + so + adv + that

Jack drove so

fast

that he caused an accident.

Trư
ớc enough V + adv + e
nough

You should write

clearly

enough for every body to read.


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