ĐẠI HỌC HUẾ
Nguyễn Thị Mai Dung
Giáo trình
Sinh học đại cương
Huế, 2006.

CƠ SỞ HÓA HỌC CỦA SỰ SỐNG

1. Các nguyên tố trong cơ thể sống
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 !"#$
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<%*EE%-?I/
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C
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 'Z"8\_8F@,PE%
F
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K8h%()k%%8" -Fl@L
2.1. Liên kết cộng hóa trị :
gFZ%]%(C_P,%P
<G(e/4aP2()COPFG2()
COP@P28FZ%]@SP1/

gFZ%]-F,%%P'Z\C_P+8FR
F%\C_P8F%F%\C_P
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2.2. Liên kết ion :
5P#'\'_PcG_H80,
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_(-K%L$PN%A+b_Pc8@CdJ@#
_Pc'%_O'K%L
m_GF(+%%FC@%I8Fg
FF@8FZ%]8FRC_P
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6

"8x""as'RI@$-?"#"%+C
?+Yc'RI@(d8c(%(F
<Y'\HCOP@'ZP1J)%()y_G
E%COP@*%+_PCOFRJj8'CO
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%Z+"%qC8")?Ce-?"P(e
Q RC7%8")s'COP8")FC@%c'8F8"(
-?"'8F Q%'Z"@+'i@(S)`')Jh

S&
:;<0-=#->5
?@A@0-1->5
B@A@0-> ->5
1.3. Các đường đa (polysaccharide)
gC8')-]I-K'')LE88")
(COP8@$C8"%%()8COP"H_p
Ch@COPo<G(e/Z%s'YW'-]8")
%Zs'SV.VB%'8")%@+TV.VB%'8C)FR%
@OGF)sZZ8(,E%#+8)
8(,E%Z#0hCOP%'8C)CO
'%-Q%FM'iT.S-]8")K%'8C).U.&V-]L$)888")
@"-]8")8&VV.SNVVV+FRJaZ'SW(i€
"
C > ,5D*E$-55->5
SU
F*E
Tinh bột
Tế bào thực vật
Vách tế bào
Sợi cellulose trong vách tế
bào thực vật
1.4. Vai trũ ca carbohydrate trong sinh vt

L
SA
.$112+\'(%FRK
RL%(8)/$2
&
.K$2

L
b
.$2n$2.K$2

L
b
.$112
SN
F 5 ,
2.2.Glycerid/*H8'µGm"FCE%'ZCOP8)8@&COP
%(zK8)(L4C8'Z88)(
2.3. Phospholipid/
g,8C(("FCE%%'.12E%'ZCOP
8)8@COP%(z+*'12j%a@SCOP2
&
31
U
C)
C"C%)8a@'oFCOKLg)8'ZC"C8C(
%\Cc#Z#+88*oj+DF+sD
$COPC"C8C(SD%@RFl@yD%@CO.
j%%(C"CyRFl@FRCOs'iE%%(z
$C"C8C(88C(8@C'8C(R8-"cE%M'

C?+')+#Z+M_+h
.$-COE%C)8%'%(
.COPC)%-M?Q]%*E%
ZjW8/
6;ME%%'%(COPC)(%'iE%
h
62 (E%COPC)
1.1. Cỏc amino acid
$V8%'%(F%@RjpQ/

%
'




&&

R
STUVWXYZ[WX\UVW]^_XW[`aWbcG1-,
0P$O'KH8áL+@'2+.02

K'%')'%G
FY'L+.$112K'%J8'%G%(L'pH8'.KL
F%'i%'%($'2+02$1128CD]E%M
%'%(ƠƠƯđƠạêăƠ--ƠằăƠ
ăẳ ẵĂắƠƠƠƯƯơƠƠƯđƠăƠƠ Ưẳă
Ơ
<G(e/
Sb

(-%@5QM8C)j%h({%@C)+
'G_Q%H_ 8F,%F
%E%C)?( p] (E%COP
f$%'%(@'.•FRCO/8)+%8%)+%8)+8))+
"8)")+ C8)+C)8%8%)+'))+CC%4'\@t8_8@%'
%(8'C)FR%GG$hIC)
h88%)
$%'%('•FRCOJ@^'*
%'%(FY'%%(COD^'CG%COPC)
1.2. Các nhóm -NH
2
và -COOH
$'Q%H hF@CO8F*%%@+
8'%'%(c8µ 'iYj%$11K.L02&K6L
(%
%
'
RK3OPFR_GL
&&

%
:
)j+
%
:
)j+
ion OH
(-)
%
'

R


&R
'
&
%j%
&&
l(@
eECO
R

&R
'
&
%%j
'
&
&
%11,.5.%1 *-7
(ầD0ẩ (ầD$ẩ
;<,.5.,
2. Cu trỳc cỏc phõn t protein
ẫÂƠƯấậƠƠƠÂƠĐƠƠƯèẵĂÔẻẽéƠẵĂ
ƠƠƯÔ ậƠẵĂắƠÂêÂÂƠƯẹậƠÂêÂÂƠƯ-Ơềể ấ
ề-ƠƯ ềƠ-ăễêƯẫăƠẵĂƯểô
Ôế ệấăìÂÂăỉƠỉÂƠÔề
ấăƠƠƯậƠÂêÂÂƠƯ-ôăìêẵă
ÂăƠĂƠêăìƠềẵăÂăƠƯềêấăì
đƠƯăẹấÂăƠ-ôẵĂƠĐậƠÂêÂÂƠƯ

Np gp
Chui
xon
$h#
&
$h#
U

: !*o'#./". -5
.3CCộ/
giC8C)C(CCY8DHp]I8F(
,%PE%8FC)C(F%E%i8F
'qFzW%.({CC({]jFFzW'$M%
8hYc8F(,%F8FC)C(E%'
0'pFR%'%" h#$M%i?d
'\COPC)
<G(e/$iộh2sD
2.3. Cu trỳc bc 3
gẵÔỉƠƠÊ
ƠƠƯằễăậƠ
ÂêÂÂƠƯ Ư ấ Ơ ă
ỉƠạậƠÂêÂÂƠƯ
ƠĐậƠÂêÂÂƠƯăÔô
đƠỉÂƠằƯờ
Âìâ-ăì
ỉƠƠĐòêƠ ăì
êễế ạêƯă
ƠƠƯỉƠăẵĩởƠấ
ậƠÂêÂÂƠƯăỡƠăƠ
ƠĂÂẵĂƠăă

êƯƠêƯăẵ
FRD("8[\Fu8F
-ăếƠÊƠôÔếụừ
êƠÂễế-ôĂÂƠ
ấƯƠăõƠ
'Z? E%C)h#
ử ẵĂƠậƠ ƠậƠ
ậƠ-ọửọƠƠƯƠậƠ
ƠậƠậƠọửốƠƠƯ
ăìạấịƠĐậƠÂêÂÂƠƯ-ớệâăắƠƠấỗ
ạìăìÂăƠẵĂƠôíÂễÂạÊậƠăƠ
ữịƠĐậƠìÂẳấƠĐấÂõạỉƠăẵĩẫăƠậƠ
ÂêÂÂƠƯƠÊ-ẵẵẵăÂƠ -ẵẵ
ăởƠấÂăƠêƠăìÊ-ẵâêăƠ
ÂăƠỗăẵ ƯẳăẵĩĂÂạỉằƯƠôạ
ÂăƠÊăỉƠăẵĩƠƠƯẵĂƠƯƠƠÂõÊ
êƠÂăƠÊƠĐ-ẵẵĂẵăƠ ÂăƠ
ăẵéê ƠẵĩễêƯêăƠăếÂõăăâ
ăắ -ẵêấạủêăƠẵĂ

3. Phõn loi Protein
3)D
$%'C)
3)C
3.1. Protein thun /s'C)h%J%'
&
<G(e/$'C")e*
3.2. Protein tp : s'C)D6'
<G(e/8CC)s'C)a@8C(
8C)s'C)a@8(

3)8h-ME%'RC)'+
"+88%))8%".C)EE%(%'R8FF)%.+"+
'8R
5.3. Vai trũ vn chuyn:
ƠẳêôịƠếăêếă Ưẳ
êôỏ

ÂƠỉƯƠịêôƠƯựỉƯăÊ
ÔâĩÂăƠăăƠ
ẵĂêôâẵĂƠừÂăƠịƠ Ưẳ
êôịƠƠƯâ
U
5.4. Vai trũ vn ng:
ẹấÂăƠẵƠấ ÂƠÔ
ÂăƠê-ịƠôìằƯĂƠịƯÂêă-ôĂƠ ƯẳƠ
êƠÂăƠấÔòƠÂềÔạƠỉí -Ơăỗ
Z8R+
5.5. Vai trũ bo v:
ẫăƠ-ấƠăỗăƠắƠỳƯếỷấ-ễẵÔ-
ấÔ ÂăƠô ƠÔêìÊƠƠ
êèƠă Ơ ấƠẽê-ÂềƠâ
ịạậƠÂêÂÂƠƯõấ ƠắƠỳƯếấệ
ắÂăƠôấÂẹấÂăƠèƠă Ơ ẽễÂị
ỉÔẵĂêấăẫăƠẵĂắƠê
èƠẽ--ấểđấăễếê Ơểê-ĂÂ
ƠêÂêƠăôÊêÂđƠ
ăƠỳƯếƠẵĂọẻ

-ăĐịạ-Êể ÔƠ
ƠẵĂĂÂÊểêăũÂểĂÂúậƠể

ẵĩăếéêẵĩăƯồƠ
ẵĩữâẵƠôèƠôẵĩẽ
ẹấ-ÂăƠƠƠĐƠôƠôƠÊÂăƠê
-ịíÊăịô-ịÂƠýỉ
ƠƯƠăêĐ ƯẳèăÂăăẽÂƠý
Q7!>
$Jh"H%s')`')+%')+')
$h8,8D+hZ'YF_
E%-?KY

+C2+Lã`')_'eJhCMj"
H0Y%')%'%E%)`')%'%Z
E%)`')$')(eY*%?%RQ%ZE%
@)`');%88Q%'#@%
1. Cỏc c ch c bn ca hot ng enzyme
1.1. nh ngha enzyme :
ã`')8Jh"HM8C)$hJhCM
j@G\__QM%$h8Z8E%CMj"H8R
eCOP_%R(Yj%m0=
1.2. Cu trỳc c bn ca enzyme
M)`')Y8C)K DL0C)+
)`')hCjC7i)`')YSO'ZO'
'RM'ZF)'COP-?8C7Z"%'%('%'
%O'Z$%'%(%'%O'ZFR
JCFY%'C8C)C(yYjo^"Z8CjCFR
%E%COPC)? h#&qFz%'%(?'F
%E%'C8C)C(D%Y'\FR%? O'
ZE%)`')Is'%'%(FRFY%.8Y I
1.3. Phng thc hot ng ca enzyme
7i)`')'Z 8#C?J]WF@C@CDPCMj

C „ZCMj#'
$_,)`')]_Z%%'8%")R_C(_
]_Z-SVV

$gWc0%')`')Z_QMc
.

$
2.2. pH
y%")`')GCC2^b.8C2 I
$)`')ZI*oYC2F%<G(e/
C)C"ZYF_C2n$*C"KEMC)LZ
cC2nb.T+N
48_C2"xMc@GE%)`'))%
%
.IC]G\8FO'Z(G
_.'Z"]C28j 8'FC.'FRG_
"xFR-@-
.5MWj%/8)`')]G.8]C2].8'
%j8F,%ZC#E%)`')0%?%'Z"8F
F'@OFRCOP
2.3. Nồng độ cơ chất và nồng độ enzyme
Z%"CMj()`')F?'"]%p)sZ-.
!FsZ-*-C5sZ-WY Z
CMjcGCeZsZ-'8dZ"8)`')
'\
5sZ-C+YCOP)`')O'Z("
C-"xJ]ZCMj08sZ-%+D
O'Z]'8(8h"8COP)`')88
Q]CMj

-FRCMC)H8[%
$[%IZÇDÈ
,%)`')-+I%'
%CCMj%HE%
Q JhyRF[%
CsW8%Hh
|CMj'FR CM
jF%FR?JM%
7Z")`')DF'
88[%K7
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