NHI€/V\ VU DAN TOC TRONG cACH MRNG TUT SRN
PHAP
1789
Nguyen Tuan Anh
Dai hgc Supham Hui
C-ach
mang tu san Phap ndm 1789
la
cudc each mang tu san
dien
binh va trift dc
nbat trong cac cudc each mang tu san thai
can dai. Cudc each mang da lat dd nen thdng
tri
chuyen
che cua vua Louis
XVI,
thdng
nhat thj trudng dan tdc,
thiet
lap nen cdng
hoa tu san.
BCMI
canh dd, each mang Phdp
nam
1789
da chdng lai
sir
can thiep
ciia
lien

xem xet van de dan tdc theo quan diem Ijch
sir, bdi ndi dung vd y nghTa cua van de nay
khdng gidng nhau trong nhiing thai dai khde
nhau. Dan tdc Id mdt pham
trii
Iieh sir, la sdn
pham
ciia
qud trinh phdt trien Idu ddi cua ljch
sir xa bdi loai ngudi. Hifn nay, khdi niem
7
y
dan tdc dugc hieu theo nhieu nghTa, trong dd
cd hai nghTa dugc dung phd bien nhat: Thir
f *
nhdt: Dan tdc la mdt bd phdn cua qudc gia;
Thir hai: Dan tdc la toan bd nban dan
ciia
qudc gia dd.
Kbi ban ve khdi niem dan tdc gan lien
vdi sy ra ddi
ciia
cbii
nghTa tu bdn d phuong
Tay, Stalin lan dau tien neu ra djnh nghTa
day dil ve dan tdc: "Ddn tgc
Id
mot khdi
cdng ddng
ngu&i

deh
dp birc hoc ldi.
trong cugc ddu Iranh chdng deh dp
hire
ddn
tgc.
trong viee thdnh lap cdc qudc gia ddn
lgc.
Xu hu&ng thir hai the hien trong viec
phdt trien vd tdng cu&ng mdi quan he giita
cdc ddn tgc, trong viee xod bd nhirng
hdng
rdo ngdn cdch cdc ddn tgc vd trong viec
thiel
lap su thdng nhdt qudc ti
ciia
tu bdn, cua
' Stalin
(1962),
Van
di
ddn
toe vd
thuoc
dia,
NXB
Sir
that.
Ha
Npi,

Cdch mgng
tie sdn
Phdp
1789
0 nudc Phap, nen quan chu, vuomg
quyen Id dinh
ciia
lau ddi phong kien vd
chuyen cbe. Nba vua cd quyen quyet djnh
mpi cdng vifc ddi ndi vd ddi ngoai cua qudc
gia. Vua chi dinh va bai chirc cdc bd trudmg
vd cdc quan cbiic, ban bd vd bai bd phdp
luat,
trimg phat vd dn xd. Bd mdy quan lieu
cdng kenh, phirc tap
ciia
nen quan
chii
chuyen cbe ndm chat mpi sinh boat xa bdi vd
duy tri cd mdt bf thdng phdp luat, quy tdc,
tap qudn phong kien tich luy bang the ky.
Ca edu hdnh chinh cua
nu&c
Phdp hodn
todn khdng ddng nhdt. Ca nudc dugc chia ra
thanb rit nhilu tinh, tinh lai chia thdnh
nhiing don vi banh cbinh nhd bom vd mang
ban cbit khde nhau: khu tu phdp, khu hdnh
chinh Cdc dom vi hanh cbinh dy khdng ddp
ling nhung dilu kifn kinh tl dia phuang, ma

f f
chinh vd tu phdp rieng, thue khod, he thdng
do ludng ciing khde nhau. Dac biet, che dp
thue quan ndi dja rat nhieu tang.
Vao the ky XVIII, Phdp cd mdt nen
ngoai thuomg manh. Nudc Phap xuat khau
lua mi, len, gia sue, rugu vang, cac bang xa
xi sang cdc nudc chau Au, phuomg Ddng va
cdc thudc dia d chau My. Nbung chinh cbe
dp thue quan trong nudc da ngdn can budc
tien cua thuomg nghiep, ndi thuomg chiu
nhieu sy rdng bude. Nha nudc, cdc
lanh
chiia
phong kien, gidm muc, tu vifn deu ddt cdc
tram tbu thue van chuyen. "O trong nude cd
den
50.000
linh kiem sodt cdc hdng rdo thue
quan.
Ngudi ta ndi rdng, van chuyen lita mi
tir Trung Qudc sang Phdp cdn it tdn kem han
la van chuyen tir mien Nam len mien Bdc
nude
Phdp "^
^
V.I. Lenin
(1974),
Vi quyin ddn
toe

ciia
ndng dan bet sire khdn
khd, san xuat ndng nghiep giam sut, sire mua
thap lam thi trudng trong nudc bj tbu hep lai,
hdng rao thue quan ddi vdi hang bod luu
thdng da kim ham sy phdt trien
ciia
cdng
nghiep Phap.
Nhu vay, che dp hdnh cbinh phiic tap,
bii
lau, vd ly vd sy cdcb
bift
giiia cdc viing la
nhumg trd ngai ldm cho sy phdt trien cdng
thuomg nghiep tu bdn
chii
nghTa
liic
dd ciing
nhu ddi vdi sy binh thanb dan tdc tu san d
Phap.
Tinh hinh dd ddt ra cho cudc Cdcb
mang tu sdn Phdp nam 1789 (ve khia canh
nhiem vu dan tdc) la "phai tieu diet, virt bd,
phd vd" mpi xieng xich
ciia
xd hdi cii, thdng
nbat
lanh

mdt cuang
ITnh
tuyen
bd nhirng nguyen tic co ban
ciia
xd bdi mdi.
Tuyen ngdn da vach rd nhirng quyen tu
nhien bat di bat dich va
tbicng
lieng
ciia
con
ngudi vd
ciia
cdng dan. Trong the ky ma che
dp phong kien
chuyen
cbc cdn thdng tri khap
luc dia chau Au dudi nhirng hinh thirc da
man vd tan bao nbat. ban
TuNcn
ngdn tao
bao ay
ciia
giai cap tu san each mang. tuyen
bd quyen binb ddng ve phdp Iy cua moi
ngudi, quyen ty do ca nhan va quyen chdng
dp
biic
cd mdt y nghTa tien bd. Tu\cn ngdn

QUiieuL Oil iLdn
ttki
59
83 quan, cd difn tich gan bdng nhau, gidng
nhau ve mat bdnh ehinb. Qudn dugc chia
thanb khu, tdng, xa. To chiic hdnh cbinh nay
thil tieu sy phan cdt phong kien cii, vdi
nhiing tan tich cd xua trong co cau kinb tl
cbinh tri nhu thue quan ndi dja, tod dn lanh
cbiia,
thue dja phuomg, hf thdng do ludng ,
bao dam sy thdng nhat qudc gia va sy ddng
nhat hdnh cbinh.
Trong ITnh vyc phdp cbe cdng thuomg
nghiep, de bao vf quyen lgi kinh te
ciia
giai
cap tu sdn, thdng
2-1791,
Qudc hdi Lap hien
bai bd phudng bdi phong kien vd cdc ddc
quyen
ciia
nd. Do dd nhiing hang rdo can trd
sy phdt trien
ciia
mau dich vd kinh doanh san
/
f r \
xuat da bien mat, tao dieu kien thudn Igi cbo

kiln chau Au. Dilu nay da lam cbo tu tudng
ddi bai bd
nin
Quan chu ngdy edng cd nhieu
ngudi hudng img.
Ngdy 10-8-1792, quin chiing nhan dan
khdi nghTa tiln
din
Cung difn
Tuylori,
bit
giam nhd vua vd hoang hau, nen quan
chii
bi
sup dd. Qudc bdi Lap phdp trieu tap mdt
Qudc bdi mdi tuyen cir theo phd thdng dau
phieu, gpi la Qudc udc, trong dd phai
Girdngdanh chiem da sd. Nhung kbi da nam
dugc cbinh quyen, phdi Girdngdanh tim mpi
cdch de kim ham Cdch mang, trd thdnh mdt
lyc lugng bdo thu. Trudc nhirng khd khan ve
ddi ndi va ddi ngoai, bp td ra bat lyc va
kbiep nhugc. Cudi ciing cupc khdi nghTa
ngay
31-5
va
2-6-1793
da lat dd nen thdng trj
ciia
phdi Girdngdanh vd dua phai Giacdbanh

nifm,
Hien phdp
1793
ddnh
diu mdt budc tiln vT dai so vdi Hien phdp
1791.
Hiln phdp
1793
khang dinh cdc quyen
ty do dan chu cua cdng dan, thu tieu hoan
toan eac dac quyen phong kien, khdng dinh
Phdp
la
mpt nude cdng hod thdng nhat kbdng
the phan chia.
60
NGHIEN
Cifu
CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW
N°l 1 (134).2011
Kit
ciu hdnh cbinh mdi ay ciing nhiing
dao luat, nhiing ban Hien phdp
dugc
ban
hanh trong tien trinb cdch mang Phdp dd
tbii
tieu
mpi vet
tich

lan
ciia
cdch mang" lam dju di mdi bat bod
giiia cdc nudc qudn
chii.
Cdc chinh phu phdn
ddng vd chuyen che da cdng khai len tieng
de doa nudc Phdp. Ngdy 27-8-1791, Ao
hodng Ledpdn 11 va vua Phd Vinhem
II
ky
/
7
ban tuyen bd ciing hdnh ddng de bdo vf vua
Phdp.
Thdng
2-1792,
hai nudc ky ket Hifp
udc Lien minh quan sy chdng Phdp, mdi de
doa can thifp vii trang cua cdc nudc phong
kien chau Au chdng
lai
cdch mang Phdp den
gin.
Thdng
3-1792,
hoang de Ledpdn II chet.
Hodng de mdi cua Ao, Phrdngxoa I la mdt
ngudi hilu chiln, da khdng giau giem viec
dng ta dang ndn ndng mudn khai chien vdi

nhir
the.
Nu&c Phdp cdch mgng dd tu ve chdng lgi
chdu Au phdn ddng vd qudn
chii"^
Nhung
quan Phdp do cdc tudng td quy tdc chi huy
khdng mudn thdng trdn, cd y
riit
lui tao thuan
Igi cbo quan Ao tien sau \ ao trong nudc. Lo
ngai trudc nhirng that bai d bien gidi, cam
phan trudc sy phan bdi cua bgn tudng td va
^
7 f
sT
quan, quan chiing nhan dan da ndi day dau
tranh chdng nha Vua vd budc Qudc hdi Lap
phdp phdi thdng qua sic
Ifnh
tuyen bo
"TI
qudc lam nguy" vdo ngay
11-7-1792.
Tit ca
nhimg ngudi dan dng cd
thi
cim vu khi deu
pbdi tdng qudn.
Trudc khi the cdch mang

H"
^'
QfUuMJtn lUi lidn
t&e
61
cua bgn xam lugc nudc ngoai. Ban tuyen bd
ndi rd quan ddi lien minh ed nhifm vu:
"Chdm diet su hdn
logn
ben trong nudc
Phdp, khdi phuc chinh quyen hgp phdp, trd
lgi an ninh vd tu do cho nhd vua vd trirng tri
nhirng ngudi ldm logn" Tuyen ngdn cdn
\ f
canh bdo rang, neu xdy ra mdt sy
xiie
pham
nao den nhd Vua vd Hodng gia,
dii Id
nhd
nhdt di niia, thi nhdt dinh Paris se bi trimg
phat bang quan sy va se hodn todn bi dap do.
Nba Vua vd bgn can
thifp
dy tinh nhiing
ldi de doa ay se lam cho nban dan Phdp
khiep sg, nhung ehiing da ldm. Ban Tuyen
ngdn da kich ddng
Idng
cam phan cua nhan

hang ngii cdc tudng td cd nhieu ngudi theo
phdi quan chu nen sdn sang phdn bdi Td
qudc.
Ngay 20-8-1792,
Brunsviek
bao vay
Ldngvi. Ngay 23-8, vien chi huy cu dilm
nay, tuy dang nim trong tay 70 khau dai bdc
vd nhilu binh linh, da nop thdnh cho ke
thii
md khdng khdng cy. Quan Phd tiln ve
Vecdoong, can
cii
eudi eiing de bdo vf Paris.
Ngdy 2-9-1792, thdnh Vecdoong thit tbu,
con dudng vdo Paris bj md toang.
Nudc Phdp dang dirng trudc mdt nguy
CO nghiem trpng. Lien qudn Ao Phd dang
tiln vdo nudc Phdp. Nudc Anh trieu bdi dai
sii
d Paris ve vd giri mdt cdng ham cho Phdp
vdi y sdn sang gia nhap qudn dpi lien minh
pbong kiln. Tay Ban Nba tien banh nhieu
boat ddng qudn sy d bien gidi Pyrene. Tat ca
chau Au phdn cdcb mang da lien minh chdng
nudc Phdp cua cdch mang. O Paris va cdc
thdnh phd khde, bpn bdo hodng vd bpn phdn
cdch mang du cdc loai ciing ngdc dau day
chdng ddi.
Trudc nhiing gid phut quyet djnh ay.

62
NGHIEN
Cifu
CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW
N°l 1 (134).2011
dan va nhd sy lanh dao kien quyet cua Cdng
xa Cdch mang va phdi Giacdbanh.
Tir cudi ndm
1792,
vifc
xir tri nhd Vua
nhu the ndo trd thdnh van de ehinh trong
nhiing cudc tranh
luan
tai Quoc udc. Phdi
Girdngdanh tim mgi cdch dl lin trdnh vin de
nay. Nhumg ngudi ta da tim thiy cdc bdng
chiing ve sy ddng muu eua nhd Vua vdi ke
thil
ciia
nudc Phdp nen quan chiing nban dan
vd phdi Giacdbanh yeu edu dua Vua ra xet
xir de trimg trj vi tdi phan qudc. Ngdy
21-1-
1793.
vua Lui XVI bi chat dau vd sau dd
khdng
lau,
hoang hau Mari Angtoannet eung
ehju chung sd pban.

nhan dan.
CJ
trong nudc, thang 3-1793, bao ddng phan
each
mang nd ra d Vangde, va tir dd lan ra
vimg Tay Bic, Nodcmdngdi, Bratanha. CJ
ngoai mat tran, quan dpi cdch mang tilp tuc
f \
that bai, quan ddng minh vugt qua bien gidi
trdn vao lanh thd Phdp. Dd
Id
mdt
tronj
nhiing Iy do gidi thich vi sao vdo ngdy
2-6-
1793,
phdi Girdngdanh bi qudn chung nhar
dan vd giai cap tu sdn each mang
lat
dd.
Phdi Giacdbanh len nam chinh quyin
trong llie van mfnh cua nudc cdng hoa
lam
f f
vdo cdnh nguy khdn nhat. Quan dpi cua bpn
xam
lugc
tir ba phia Bdc, Ddng vd Ddng
Nam dang tien vdo nudc Phdp. Ndm dao
quan nudc ngodi dang ddn ep cdc todn quan

quan chung nhan dan tich
eye
ung
hg.
Ddng
thdi chinh quyin Giacdbanh tdng cudng trin
dp bpn phan dgng vd td chirc qudc phdng dl
1
•) 7 r
bao vf Td qudc.
Ngay 23-8-1793, Qudc udc Giacdbanh
thdng
CI^'i£l
.'SSlf"
Jis:;™.:?;:
r.T.rs''
rjo"",? " ""^
r^'-rig
QUdem ixu tidn
lae
63
toan qudc. Dieu I eua sic
Ifnh
tuyen bd: "Tir
f
7
gid phut ndy cho den khi ndo ke
thii
bi dudi
ra khdi ldnh thd cua nu&c Cgng hod, tdt cd

deu hudng ve phyc vy qudc phdng. Cde nhd
7 f
khoa hoc ndi tieng nhu
Beetdlie,
Lazora
Cdend
da tich
eye
tham gia nghien euu cdc
nguyen ly, chien thuat mdi vd td chirc hf
thdng phdng thu bdo vf cdch mang. Chinh
nhd su no lye eua toan dan tde, quan Phdp da
gianh duge thing lgi dau tien d Ddng Bdc
vao thdng 9 vd thdng
10
ndm
1793,
ldm thay
ddi han cue difn chien tranh. Quan Ao bj tan
ra, quan Anh vd eae vuomg qudc
Diie
phdi
riit
Iui. Chua thing lgi hodn toan, song nude
Phdp bit diu thodt khdi cugc khung hodng
quan sy. Cudi ndm
1793,
quan Phdp chuyen
f
7

cbe xa hdi tu sdn, tren dd binh thanb nhirng
nguyen ly ca bdn ve nhd nudc, phdp
luat,
kinh te vd xa hdi. Y thiic thdng nhat dan tdc
dd da tao nen
siic
manh cho nude Phdp trong
cudc dau tranh bdo ve ddc lap dan tdc. Cdcb
mang da xod bd quy tdc the tdc vd sy ngdn
cdch phong kien ddi vdi lanh thd vd sy giao
fry
^ ^ f
luu kinh te. Van de dan tdc dugc
gidi
quyet
mdt cdch trift de, qudc gia dan tdc dugc
thdng nhat da tao dieu
kifn
cho sy phdt trien
manh me eua phuomg thirc sdn xuat tu bdn
chil nghTa
liic
bay gid, cua khoa bpc ky thuat,
XX X
gdp phan tao nen nen vdn hod tinh than vd
vat chat cao trong lich sir nude Phdp vd trong
lieh sir van minh nhan loai.
A.
Manfra
(1963),