








 !

" !

" !

#
$%&'( " !

#
)*" !

#+'+*
,-" !

" !

# !.
$
$/0" !

"1


 4L233 43M K&'( N'+#AO
P&PH'QM K&'( RA+3M K&'( M*


5S5SGT
tx
ϕ
, /
A B
tx A B
W W
e
ϕ
−
=
1U "O*P&PH'H3MV &W4IJKD

'R X23
M K&'( "EC &R1'*23M K&'(
 !

YAOQM K&'( B1'*V+3M K&'( B1
'*&W
> K&'( B1'*V6" !

6N
> K&'( B1'*&W6" !

6%K

&W+a6" !


N3 'B& "1

&W3 ']RE&( 
 bMA*]R" b 4LcHVd]R K



e

5SG:f5

5g,hij

5k

g?=
el8[mK1 _NN\" b&An
5S


ϕ
D&EHI`233 'H'M K&'( 
D&EHI`233 'H'NN\
kl
ε
dd
ε


keu




eut
F !

#dH3'"v %

\]W 3 '_'D

d]W 3 't
> K&'( LH'NN\Kw 3Ix''R_'("1


%

\
6Nyt=z=
)
_{z{/

_z/

5H!*" !

#-AH3*4-0t


#&'( '("1

%

\]W 
'
}
_z
$
z&
F !

#&'( '("1

%

\3 '" !

#&

z&
$
z&
2
2
1
2
2 2
H e H
Cl e Cl

#=z=&z>&_
 !

#3&'KPz
$
&
$
z>&


GZ>•
eR" !

#^KK1

N%A'D

N%A]R
LH'K1

NN\03*N('A
'*]RN(MY
6NytLH'NN\Kw 23
€P&
$
]R€P&
)
z€P
$}
z€P

%(0""
212'2"
3)456788"'"
max
G A∆ = −
ReOx ne d+ ƒ



H`…g/50Ny'" !

#
0
ox
red
a
RT
ln
nF a
ϕ ϕ
= +
W 
0
ϕ
&R" b# !.



H`…g/50Ny'" !


ln
RT
a
nF
ϕ ϕ
−
= +
9(. :&
2
2
0
1
/
2
1
( ) /
2
0
H H
Pt H H
ϕ
+
+
=
;)<.



H`…g/50Ny'" !


RT
F a a
RT
nF a
RT
a
nF
ϕ ϕ
ϕ ϕ
ϕ ϕ
−
−
−
= +
= +
= −
AgCl e Ag Cl
Ag e Ag
−
+
+ = +
+ =



H`…g/50Ny'" !

#
 !


= +
AgCl e Ag Cl
Ag e Ag
−
+
+ = +
+ =



H`…g/50Ny'" !

#
 !

#&'( $t5" !

#"E6P''("1

3 ''D

'("1


3 '3 *6'*'XM@-
0 0
0 0
0 0
ln ln
ln

#
 !

#&'( $t5" !

#"E6P''("1

3 ''D

'("1


3 '3 *6'*'XM@-
10
0
0 10
1,73.10
0,799
0,799 0,059ln1,73.10 0,223
0,223 0,059ln
0,799 0,059ln
AgCl
Ag
AgCl
Cl
Ag
L
V
a
a

Cu Cu
Zn Zn
V
V
ϕ
ϕ
+
+
=
= −
4 4
( ) / / . / / . / ( )Cu Zn ZnSO dd CuSO dd Cu− +
Cu
2n+
SO
4
2-
Zn
2n+
SO
4
2-
Zn
Zn - 2e
-
= Zn
2n+
=m
Cu
2+

ANODE
Me
2
n+
- ne
-
= Me
2
0
CATHODE
Me
1
Màng
Principles of power generation in the electrochemical systems
Tˆ‰:=5g8
mN\" b -
@:(A'<B
∆G>0
ANODE +
CATHODE -
 
@:(#C'<B
∆G<0
ANODE -
CATHODE +
(Phản ứng oxi ha)
(Phản ứng oxi ha)
(Phản ứng khử) (Phản ứng khử)
/Š


/
0
/
0,342
0,763
Cu Cu
Zn Zn
V
V
ϕ
ϕ
+
+
=
= −
0,342 ( 0,763) 1,105E V= − − =
$<=
5•f5

59

8‚=


'4-0v@*t
$<=
0
0
max
0

G G
RT aC aD
E
nF nF nF aA aB
G
E
nF
RT
E K
nF
= −
∆ = ∆ −
∆ = − = −
∆ ∆
= − = −
∆
=
=
$<=