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1.02 VERB FORMS 8
1.03 VERB CLASSIFICATION 8
1.03.1 Helping Verbs 8
1.03.1 HELPING VERBS DEFINITION 9
1.03.1. B. Primary helping verbs (3 verbs) 9
1.03.1. A. Modal helping verbs (10 verbs) 9
1.03.2 Main Verbs 10
1.03.2. B. Transitive and intransitive verbs 10
1.03.2. D. Linking verbs 11
1.03.2. E. Dynamic and stative verbs 11
1.03.2. A. Regular and irregular verbs 10
1.03.2. C. REGULAR VERBS 11
1.03.2. F. IRREGULAR VERBS 11
2. NOUNS 12
2.01 What are Nouns? 12
2.02 COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS 14
2.02.1 COUNTABLE NOUNS 14
2.02.2 UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS 15
2.02.3 NOUNS THAT CAN BE COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE 15
2.03 PROPER NOUNS (NAMES) 16
2.04 USING CAPITAL LETTERS WITH PROPER NOUNS 16
2.05 PROPER NOUNS WITHOUT “THE” 16
2.06 PROPER NOUNS WITH “THE” 18
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2.07 POSSESSIVE’S 19
POSSESSIVE’S 19

6.02 ENGLISH PREPOSITION RULE 36
ENGLISH PREPOSITION RULE 37
6.03 PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE: AT, IN, ON 37
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE: AT, IN, ON 37
6.04 PREPOSITIONS OF TIME: AT, IN, ON 39
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME: AT, IN, ON 39
7. CONJUNCTIONS 40
7.01 CONJUNCTIONS DEFINITION 40
7.01.2 Form 41
7.01.1 Function 40
7.01.3 Position 41
7.02 COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS 41
7.03 SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS 42
8. INTERJECTIONS 43
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9.00 Table of English Tenses 45
Before you begin the verb tense lessons, it is extremely important to understand that NOT all English verbs are the same.
English verbs are divided into three groups: 46

10.00 TENSES 48
10.01 Simple Present (Present Simple) – Introduction 50
STRUCTURE Subject +verb(s, es) +object / complement 50
10.01.1 Simple Present - Use 51
10.01.2 Simple Present - Form 52
be 52
have 53
All other verbs 53
10.02 Simple Present - Exceptions in Spelling 54

15.04 Signal Words of Past Progressive 62
15.05 Form of Past Perfect Simple 62
15.07 Use of Past Perfect 63
15.08 Signal Words 63
16.00 Past Perfect Progressive (Past Perfect Continuous) 63
Structure: Subject + Had + Been + Verb ing + Object 63
16.01 Form 63
16.02 Use 63
16.02 signal words 64
17.00 Future I Simple will 64
17.01 Form of will Future 64
17.02 Use of will Future 64
17.03 Signal Words 64
17.04 Future I Simple going to 64
17.04.1 Form of going to Future 64
17.04.2 Use of going to Future 65
17.05 Signal Words 65
18.00 Future I Progressive (Future I Continuous) 65
18.01 Form 65
18.02 Use 65
18.03 Signal Words 65
18.04. Future II Simple 65
18.04.1 Form 65
18.04.02 Use 66
18.04.03 Signal Words 66
19.00 Future II Progressive (Future II Continuous) 66
19.01 Form 66
19.02 Use 66
19.03 Signal Words 66
20.01 PRESENT CONDITIONAL: 66

used?
4. In particular, to what extent is it the medium for highly valued cultural manifestations (sign /
appearance) such as a science or a literature?
5. The fifth one is the economic and political influence (power / effect) of the native speakers of the
language.

1.02. THE USE OF ENGLISH: -
As we know that English is the worlds most widely used language. A distinction (difference) is often made
that depends on how the language is learned: as a native language (or mother tongue), acquired when that
speaker is a young child (generally in the home), or as a non-native language, acquired at some subsequent
period. (following periods). Overlapping with this distinction is that between its use as a first language, the
primary (first, basic) language of the speaker, and as an additional language.

1.03. THE INTERNATIONAL CHARACTER OF ENGLISH: -
English is pre-eminently (most excellent) the most international of languages. Though the name of the
language may at once remind us of England, or we may associate (connect / unite) the language with the
united states, one of the world’s superpowers, English caries less implications of political or cultural
specificity than any other living tongue, such as Spanish and French being also notable in this respect.

1.04. THE FUTURE OF ENGLISH: -

A single international language has long been thought to be the ideal for international communication.
Artificially (unnaturally) constructed languages have never acquired sufficiently large numbers of
supporters, although in principle such languages have the clear advantage that they put all learners on the
same footing (all are non native speakers), thereby not giving an advantage to speakers of any particular
language. During the last few decades English has come closest to being the single international language,
having achieved a greater world spread than any other language in recorded history. Yet in recent years
doubts have arisen whether it will ever reach the ideal of the single international language or, indeed,
whether its use as an international language will continue at the present time.
Grammar

There are the words that you use to make a sentence. There are only 8 types of word and the most important
is the verb!
Verbs
be, have, do, work

Nouns

man, town, music

Adjectives

a, the, 69, big

Adverbs

loudly, well, often

Pronouns
you, ours, some

Prepositions
at, in, on, from

Conjunctions
and, but, though

Interjections
ah, dear, er, um

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1.03 Verb Classification
We divide verbs into two broad classifications:
HELPING VERBS MAIN VERBS
1.03.1 Helping Verbs
Imagine that a stranger walks into your room and says:
• I can.
• People must.
• The Earth will.
Do you understand anything? Has this person communicated anything to you? Probably not! That's because
these verbs are helping verbs and have no meaning on their own. They are necessary for the grammatical
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structure of the sentence, but they do not tell us very much alone. We usually use helping verbs with main
verbs. They "help" the main verb. (The sentences in the above examples are therefore incomplete. They
need at least a main verb to complete them.) There are only about 15 helping verbs.
1.03.1 Helping Verbs
Definition
Helping verbs have no meaning on their own.
They are necessary for the grammatical structure
of a sentence, but they do not tell us very much
alone. We usually use helping verbs with main
verbs. They "help" the main verb (which has the
real meaning). There are only about 15 helping
verbs in English, and we divide them into two
basic groups:

1.03.1. B. Primary helping verbs
(3 verbs)
These are the verbs be, do, and have. Note that

• ought to
Here are examples using modal verbs:
• I can't speak Chinese.
• Ahmad may arrive late.
• Would you like a cup of coffee?
• You should see a doctor.
• I really must go now.

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some coffee?)
o to show emphasis (I do want you
to pass your exam.)
o to stand for a main verb in some
constructions (He speaks faster
than she does.)

1.03.2 Main Verbs
Now imagine that the same stranger walks into your room and says:
• I teach.
• People eat.
• The Earth rotates.
Do you understand something? Has this person communicated something to you? Probably yes! Not a lot,
but something. That's because these verbs are main verbs and have meaning on their own. They tell us
something. Of course, there are thousands of main verbs.
Main verbs have meaning on their own.
There are thousands of main verbs, and
we can classify them in several ways:
1.03.2. B. Transitive and

regular verbs: base, past tense, past participle
• look, looked, looked
• work, worked, worked
irregular verbs: base, past tense, past participle
• buy, bought, bought
• cut, cut, cut
• do, did, done
Here are lists of regular verbs and irregular verbs.
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intransitive:
• He has arrived.
• John goes to school.
• She speaks fast.
1.03.2. D. Linking verbs
A linking verb does not have much
meaning in itself. It "links" the subject to
what is said about the subject. Usually, a
linking verb shows equality (=) or a
change to a different state or place (>).
Linking verbs are always intransitive (but
not all intransitive verbs are linking
verbs).
• Ahmad is a teacher. (Ahmad =
teacher)
• Tara is beautiful. (tara = beautiful)
• That sounds interesting. (that =
interesting)
• The sky became dark. (the sky >

regular
hang, hanged, hanged
to kill or die, by
dropping with a rope
around the neck
irregular
hang, hung, hung
to fix something (for
example, a picture) at
the top so that the lower
part is free
3. The present tense of some regular verbs is the same as the
past tense of some irregular verbs:
regular
found, founded, founded
irregular
find, found, found 1.03.2. F. Irregular Verbs
Irregular verbs are an important feature of English. We use irregular
verbs a lot when s
p
eakin
g
, less when writin
g
. Of course, the most
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completely:
sing sang sung
Sometimes there is "half" a
change:
buy bought bought
Sometimes there is no
change:
cut cut cut
One good way to learn irregular verbs is to try sorting them into
groups, as above. 2. Nouns
It's not easy to describe a noun. In simple terms, nouns are "things" (and verbs are "actions"). Like food.
Food (noun) is something you eat (verb). Or happiness. Happiness (noun) is something you want (verb). Or
human being. A human being (noun) is something you are (verb).
2.01 What are Nouns?
The simple definition is: a person, place or thing. Here are some examples:
• person: man, woman, teacher, Waleed, Naveed.
• place: home, office, town, countryside, America
• thing: table, car, banana, money, music, love, dog, monkey
The problem with this definition is that it does not explain why "love" is a noun but can also be a verb.
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Another (more complicated) way of recognizing a noun is by its:
1. Ending
2. Position
3. Function
1. Noun Ending

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But the subject or object of a sentence is not always a noun. It could be a pronoun or a phrase. In the
sentence "My doctor works hard", the noun is "doctor" but the subject is "My doctor".
2.02 Countable and Uncountable Nouns
English nouns are often described as "countable" or "uncountable".
2.02.1 Countable
Nouns
Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They
are things that we can count. For example:
"pen". We can count pens. We can have one,
two, three or more pens. Here are some more
countable nouns:
• dog, cat, animal, man, person
• bottle, box, litre
• coin, note, dollar
• cup, plate, fork
• table, chair, suitcase, bag
Countable nouns can be singular or plural:
• My dog is playing.
• My dogs are hungry.
We can use the indefinite article a/an with
countable nouns:
• A dog is an animal.
When a countable noun is singular, we must
use a word like a/the/my/this with it:
• I want an orange. (not I want orange.)
• Where is my bottle? (not Where is
bottle?)


• electricity, gas, power
• money, currency
We usually treat uncountable nouns as
singular. We use a singular verb. For example:
• This news is very important.
• Your luggage looks heavy.
We do not usually use the indefinite article
a/an with uncountable nouns. We cannot say
"an information" or "a music". But we can say
a something of:
• a piece of news
• a bottle of water
• a grain of rice

We can use some and any with uncountable
nouns:
• I've got some money.
• Have you got any rice?
We can use a little and much with
uncountable nouns:
• I've got a little money.
• I haven't got much rice.

2.02.3 Nouns that can be
Countable and Uncountable
Sometimes, the same noun can be countable and
uncountable, often with a change of meaning.
Countable

Uncountable

We had a great
time at the party.
time
Have you got time
for a coffee?
Macbeth is one of
Shakespeare's
work
I have no money. I
need ork!
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Shakespeare's
greatest works.
need work!

2.03 Proper Nouns (Names)
A proper noun is the special word (or name) that we use for a person, place or organization, like John,
Marie, London, France or Sony. A name is a noun, but a very special noun—a proper noun. Proper nouns
have special rules.
common noun proper noun
man, boy Ahmad
woman, girl Nadia
country, town England, London
company Ford, Sony
shop, restaurant Maceys, McDonalds
month, day of the week January, Sunday
book, film War & Peace, Titanic
2.04 Using Capital Letters with Proper Nouns

churches,
cathedrals
St John’s Church, St Peter’s
Cathedral
We do not normally use “the” with names of places. For
example:
towns
Washington (not *the Washington),
Paris, Tokyo
states, regions Texas, Kent, Eastern Europe
countries England, Italy, Afghanistan.
continents Asia, Europe, North America
islands Corsica
mountains
Everes
t
We do not use “the” with
“President/Doctor/Mr etc + Name”:
the president,
the king
President Karzai (not
*the President Karzai)
the captain,
the detective
Captain Kirk,
Detective Colombo
the doctor,
the professor
Doctor Well, Dr Well,
Professor Dolittle

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mountains Everest
Exception! If a country name includes “States”, “Kingdom”,
“Republic” etc, we use “the”:
states
the United States, the US, the United States of
America, the USA
kingdom the United Kingdom, the UK
republic the French Republic
streets
etc
Oxford Street, Trenholme
Road, Fifth Avenue
squares
etc
Trafalgar Square, Oundle
Place, Piccadilly Circus
parks etc Central Park, Kew Gardens
Many big, important buildings have
names made of two words (for example,
Kennedy Airport). If the first word is the
name of a person or place, we do not
normally use “the”:
people
Kennedy Airport, Alexander
Palace, St Paul’s Cathedral
places

newspapers The Kabul Time, the Sunday Post
organizations
the United Nations, the BBC, the
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canals the Suez Canal
rivers The Kabul River, the Nile
seas
the Mediterranean Sea, the
Mediterranean
oceans the Pacific Ocean, the Pacific
We normally use “the” for plural names of
people and places:
people (families,
for example)
the Clintons
countries
the Afghanistan, the
United States
island groups
the Virgin Islands, the
British Isles
mountain ranges
the Himalayas, the
Alps
Look at these sentences:
• I saw the Clintons today. It was Bill’s
birthday.
• Trinidad is the largest island in the

• the boy's ball (one boy)
• the boys' ball (two or more boys)
Notice that the number of balls does not
matter. The structure is influenced by the
possessor and not the possessed.

one ball
more than one
ball
one boy

the boy's ball

the boy's balls
more
than one
boy

the boys' ball

the boys' balls
The structure can be used for a whole phrase:
• the man next door's mother (the mother
of the man next door)
• the President of the USA's secretary
(the secretary of the President of the
USA)

We very often use possessive 's with names:
• This is Ahmad's car.

21
Determiners are words like the, an, my, some. They are grammatically similar. They all come at the
beginning of noun phrases, and usually we cannot use more than one determiner in the same noun phrase.
Articles:
• a, an, the
Possessives:
• my, your, his, her, our, their
Other determiners:
• each, every
• either, neither
• any, some, no
• much, many; more, most
• little, less, least
• few, fewer, fewest
• what, whatever; which, whichever
• both, half, all
• several
• enough
3.01.1 Determiners: A, An or The?
Determiners: A, An or
The?
When do we say "the Cat" and when do
we say "a cat"? (On this page we talk
only about singular, countable nouns.)
The and a/an are called "articles". We
divide them into "definite" and
"indefinite" like this:
Articles
Definite Indefinite
the a, an

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"Definite" is particular.
We use "indefinite" to mean not sure,
not certain. "Indefinite" is general.
When we are talking about one thing in
particular, we use the. When we are
talking about one thing in general, we
use a or an.
Think of the sky at night. In the sky
there is 1 moon and millions of stars.
So normally we could say:
• I saw the moon last night.
• I saw a star last night.

word. It depends on the situation. Look at these
examples:
• We want to buy an umbrella. (Any umbrella,
not a particular umbrella.)
• Where is the umbrella? (We already have an
umbrella. We are looking for our umbrella, a
particular umbrella.)

3.01.2
Determiners:
Each, Every
Each and every have
similar but not always
identical meanings.
Each = every one

Each expresses the idea
of 'one by one'. It
emphasizes
individuality.
Every is half-way
between each and all. It
sees things or people as
singular, but in a group
or in general.
Consider the following:
• Every artist is
sensitive.
• Each artist sees
things
differently.
• Every soldier
saluted as the
President
arrived.
• The President
gave each
soldier a medal.
3.01.3 Determiners:
Some, Any
Some = a little, a few or a small number or
amount
Any = one, some or all

I don't
have any
money.
I don't have $1
and I don't have
$10 and I don't
have $1,000,000.
I have $0.
?

Do you
have any
money?
Do you have $1
or $10 or
$1,000,000? • I can't see anybody coming.
• Does he need any stamps?
• Do you have any homework to do?
• Do you want anything to drink?
• Can you see anybody coming?
We use any in a positive sentence when the
real sense is negative.
• I refused to give them any money. (I
did not give them any money)
• She finished the test without any
difficulty. (she did not have any
difficulty)

("Opinion" is what you think about something.
"Fact" is what is definitely true about
something.)
2. The normal order for fact adjectives is size,
age, shape, color, material, origin:
• a big, old, square, black, wooden
Chinese table
3. Determiners usually come first, even though
they are fact adjectives:
• articles (a, the)
• Possessives (my, your )
• Demonstratives (this, that )
• Quantifiers (some, any, few, many )
• numbers (one, two, three)

Here is an example with opinion and fact
adjectives:
adjectives
fact
deter-
miner

opinion
age shape color
noun
two nice old round red candles
When we want to use two color adjectives, we
join them with "and":
• Newspapers are usually black and
white.