Evolution of IPM
Evolution of IPM
Ho Van
Ho Van
Chien
Chien
& Le
& Le
Quoc
Quoc
Cuong
Cuong
(collection and Synthesis)
(collection and Synthesis)
Southern regional Plant Protection Center
Southern regional Plant Protection Center
class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1"
What are pests?
What are pests?


Organisms that we believe reduce the value of
Organisms that we believe reduce the value of
resources that we are interested. They do this by
resources that we are interested. They do this by
causing loss in production and quality of food and
causing loss in production and quality of food and
fiber; by transmitting diseases; and reduce quality
fiber; by transmitting diseases; and reduce quality
of our environment.
of our environment.



Delay transplanting for
Delay transplanting for
yellow stem borer control
yellow stem borer control
in Japan.
in Japan.


Handpicking egg
Handpicking egg
masses.
masses.


Removing eggs using a
Removing eggs using a
rope soaked with
rope soaked with
kerosene
kerosene
Pesticide Era
Pesticide Era


Discovery of DDT (Muller 1939; Nobel Prize 1948)
Discovery of DDT (Muller 1939; Nobel Prize 1948)



(
(
deltamethrin
deltamethrin
)
)
Pesticide Era
Pesticide Era
•
•
R & D on chemical interventions dominated
R & D on chemical interventions dominated
agricultural change in developed countries in
agricultural change in developed countries in
1960
1960
’
’
s and 1970s and is still strongly influencing
s and 1970s and is still strongly influencing
pest management practices in most of Asia.
pest management practices in most of Asia.
•
•
Ecological understanding largely ignored or
Ecological understanding largely ignored or
superficially dealt with.
superficially dealt with.
•
•

Development of resistance
Development of resistance


Increased need to discover new chemicals
Increased need to discover new chemicals


Pollution
Pollution
–
–
Biomagnification
Biomagnification


Accumulation of residues up the food chain
Accumulation of residues up the food chain


Human health hazards
Human health hazards


Acute and chronic toxicities
Acute and chronic toxicities


Effects on non target organisms, like bees,
Effects on non target organisms, like bees,



Exploitation
Exploitation


Crisis
Crisis


Resistance
Resistance


Cocktails
Cocktails


Higher sprays
Higher sprays
freq. & volumes
freq. & volumes


Disaster
Disaster


Industry decline
Industry decline

Schoenly
Schoenly
1998
1998
Ecological and species concerns
Ecological and species concerns
Ecological disruptions that cause
Ecological disruptions that cause
Insect
Insect
-
-
pests and diseases
pests and diseases
problems
problems


Drought
Drought


Floods
Floods


Abnormal migrations
Abnormal migrations



-
-
keeping.
keeping.
Mean food chain lengths reduced
Mean food chain lengths reduced


Sprays reduced chain lengths
Sprays reduced chain lengths
significantly from 3 to about 2.
significantly from 3 to about 2.


Estimated time for food web to
Estimated time for food web to
recover was
recover was
22 days after the last spray.
22 days after the last spray.


Sprays bring about asynchrony in
Sprays bring about asynchrony in
predator
predator
-
-
prey relationships.
prey relationships.

refuge from
refuge from
pesticides or the secondary pest
pesticides or the secondary pest
resurgence
resurgence
Resurgence and secondary pest
Resurgence and secondary pest
o o o o o o
x x x x x
o o o o o o
x x x x x
o o o o o o
o o
x x
x
o o
x o x x x x
x x x x x
o o x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x o x
o o o o o o
x x x x x
o o o o o o
x x x x x
o o o o o o
o o
x x
o o

Clark,
Geier
Geier
, Morris.1960s & 1970s
, Morris.1960s & 1970s


Integrated pest management
Integrated pest management


Bottrell
Bottrell
1979.
1979.


Now a widely adopted term.
Now a widely adopted term.
Definitions
Definitions


WWW site for IPM definitions.
WWW site for IPM definitions.
www.ippc.orst.edu
www.ippc.orst.edu


IPM is the selection, integration, and

•
Pest level at which control should be taken to
Pest level at which control should be taken to
prevent pest from reaching EIL.
prevent pest from reaching EIL.
Control benefit = Control cost
Control benefit = Control cost
PDK
PDK


= C
= C
P = price of produce
P = price of produce
D = loss in yield per insect unit
D = loss in yield per insect unit
K = % reduction achieved by control
K = % reduction achieved by control


= pest level
= pest level
C = control cost.
C = control cost.
ETL
ETL
(
(


dynamics


Pest A population
Pest A population
increases with time
increases with time


Expected benefits when
Expected benefits when
control is applied at 40
control is applied at 40
is large.
is large.


Pest B population
Pest B population
declines after first peak.
declines after first peak.


Expected benefits from
Expected benefits from
control is much
control is much
reduced.
reduced.
0

Assumes all variables in ETL, future development of
Assumes all variables in ETL, future development of
pest are known with certainty.
pest are known with certainty.


Assumes treatments will not harm natural biological
Assumes treatments will not harm natural biological
control or cause secondary pests.
control or cause secondary pests.


Assumes people will make decisions based on an
Assumes people will make decisions based on an
economic rationale.
economic rationale.


Assumes farmers
Assumes farmers
’
’
knowledge and beliefs are
knowledge and beliefs are
adequate and uniform.
adequate and uniform.


Action Threshold Level
Action Threshold Level

Knowledge, attitude and practice research.
Knowledge, attitude and practice research.


Conducted in 10 Asia countries
Conducted in 10 Asia countries


Farmer participatory research.
Farmer participatory research.


Carried out in 8 countries
Carried out in 8 countries


Strategic extension campaigns
Strategic extension campaigns


Used in several countries. Successful in weed management.
Used in several countries. Successful in weed management.


Multi stakeholder participation in the use of communication
Multi stakeholder participation in the use of communication
approaches
approaches



Mass media
Education
systems
Neighbors
& communities
Religious
groups
P in IPM is more than pest
P in IPM is more than pest


Pests
Pests


Pesticides
Pesticides


Predators
Predators


People
People


Policies
Policies




Extend to farmers
Extend to farmers