Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development
Technical Report

Development of an Improved Capability in support
of National Bio-security for the Surveillance and
Control of Foot & Mouth Disease in Cattle and Pigs.

Milestone 3

National Reference Laboratory and Regional
Laboratories operational and effective.

By
Chris Morrissy Table of Contents

1. Institute Information___________________________________________________ 3
2. Project Abstract _______________________________________________________ 4
3. Executive Summary ____________________________________________________ 4
4. Introduction & Background _____________________________________________ 5


1. Institute Information
Project Name
Vietnamese Institution
Regional Animal Health Centre, Ho Chi Minh
City (RAHO - 6 ), South Vietnam.
Vietnamese Project Team Leader
Dr. Dong Manh Hoa
Australian Organisation
Australian Animal Health Laboratory
(AAHL), PMB 24, Geelong, 3213,
Australia
Australian Personnel
Mr Chris Morrissy
Date commenced 01/06/2005
Completion date (original)
01/06/2008
Completion date (revised)

Fax:
+61 3 5227 5555
Organisation
Australian Animal Health
Laboratory (AAHL), PMB
24, Geelong, 3213,
Australia
Email:

In Vietnam
Name:
Dr. Dong Manh Hoa
Telephone:
+ 84 8 8568220
Position:
Director
Fax:
+ 84 8 8569050
Organisation
Regional Animal Health Centre,
Ho Chi Minh City (RAHO - 6 ),
South Vietnam.
Email:
2. Project Abstract
The project’s purpose was twofold - to develop capacity for FMD (and other disease)
surveillance and diagnosis at both a laboratory and field level, and to investigate the
serotypes of FMDV circulating in Vietnam and the reason for vaccine failures. Regional

In addition, RAHO - 6 have learnt techniques in reagent production and have produced their
own FMD antigen. In developing such techniques they have also gained the ability to
trouble-shoot the ELISAs and problems with growth of FMDV. Staff from RAHO - 6 and
NCVD also visited AAHL during each year of the project for training and collaborative
projects.
In regards to field activities, there were significant improvements in the quality and number
of samples submitted to the laboratory for serosurveillance and serotyping for ELISA. The
latter allowed DAH to better understand and identify the circulating serotypes of FMD
viruses in Vietnam in addition to gaining confidence in conducting large serosurveillance
surveys. There was also a significant improvement in the amount of data collected over each
round of the project. RAHO - 6 now has an epidemiological unit and this project has
assisted in developing the skills of the epidemiologists in serosurveillance, outbreak control
and investigation of vaccine failure. Information from the serosurveillance in the project was reviewed to give an indication on
the success of vaccination and the prevalence of FMD infection. This data has been presented
at the OIE/SEAFMD regional meetings and to DAH.
The project was invited to a number of regional meetings to present data from Vietnam on
control of FMD. As a result of these outputs of the project, Vietnam has been used as an
example for others in the region to show the type of information that can be collected on
serosurveillance and outbreak investigation. The project coordinated activities with the
AusAID capacity building project to allow both projects to achieve their objectives, eg
combined PCR and sequence training with sequencing FMD isolates along with AI, PRRS
and CSF isolates from Vietnam.
Outbreaks of avian Influenza (AI) and PRRS had impact on both field and laboratory
activities of this project with DAH staff being overloaded with work.

4. Introduction & Background
Objectives of the project:

feedback of results
• Laboratory Quality Control procedures documented and tested. Internal Quality
control results documented and reviewed for each laboratory.

Implementation Approach and Strategy
The approach for technology transfer is well established at AAHL and has been
successfully applied in previous projects in Vietnam, Thailand and Indonesia. The
project approach used was also thought to be the most appropriate for developing an
understanding of FMD epidemiology in Vietnam. The field studies and serosurveillance
approaches were designed and planned in conjunction with DAH to provide the
maximum necessary information to demonstrate the FMD situation in Vietnam and the
effectiveness of FMD vaccines. The diagnostic technologies that will be used in this
approach are the standard diagnostic tests in use throughout the world to study FMD as
directed by OIE.
AAHL has a lot of experience with field surveys for prevalence of antibodies, as in the
ACIAR projects in Laos and Thailand on FMD. The Philippines is another example
where OIE standard diagnostic tests are being used to control and eradicate FMD.

5. National Reference Laboratories and Regional Laboratories
operational and effective.
5.1 Implementation Highlights
The main achievements of the project were:

• The following FMD diagnostics were established in the collaborating laboratories:
 RAHO - 6 and NCVD laboratories have established virus isolation, virus
neutralisation test, ELISA for antigen and antibody detection, PCR and
sequencing

Serotype O: 3 topotypes
Cathay (33%), ME-SA (PanAsia) (6%) & SEA (Myanmar 98) (41%)
Pigs: mainly Cathay & SEA
Cattle: mainly SEA

Serotype A: Thailand/Malaysia 97
Vaccine used for FMD Serotype A needed to change from A 22 to
A Malaysia 97 (also antigen for serology)

Serotype Asia 1: Jiangsu-China-2005 (isolated from the Nth & Centre)
and Myanmar 98 (isolated from the Centre)
Confirmed 2 sources of Asia 1 virus into Vietnam

• The analysis of FMD isolate sequence data from Vietnam was used to compare
sequences to FMD sequences from around the world and is shown in appendix 3

• Improvement in the quality and number of serum samples submitted to the laboratory
for serology by ELISA. This gave DAH a better understanding of the animals exposed
to FMD and the vaccination coverage in Vietnam.

 Two rounds of serosurvellance each year with first round collected prior to
vaccination and the second round collected after vaccination

 The data form serosurvellance showed vaccine coverage and number of animals
exposed to FMD (eg summary table example attached to email)

 Recommendations for improved serosurveillance can be found

• A number of sera samples were retested to compare antibody titres for samples from
the provinces to allow identification by serology of the circulating isolate. The results

 Assess accurately of tests by Proficiency Testing. Samples supplied to
laboratories to test results produced were accurate
.
5.2 Capacity Building
The project has provided training and technology transfer of FMD diagnostics to each
laboratory involved in the project. Reagents and standard methods were supplied to each
laboratory giving them the diagnostic capability for FMDV diagnosis. Serology and
serotyping (detection of antigen) by Elisa is now being practiced at all of the laboratories and
RAHO – 6 and NCDV have also established virus isolation, cell culture, virus neutralisation
for serology, molecular and sequencing techniques.

Training and education of field veterinarians in sample and data collection showed an impact
with an increase in quality and numbers of samples collected and submitted to the laboratory.
These skills will be vital in implementation of the National FMD Control Program.
5.3 Publicity
The CARD AusAID project received publicity in Vietnam, Australia and internationally
through the training programs and also through the achievements in understanding FMD in
Vietnam. FMD is a disease of importance in Vietnam and the region and this put this project
into the lime light. The project has been publicised through a press releases in Australia and
articles in newsletters including the SEAFMD newsletter and on the internet. The results
from the project have been presented at:

o OIE/SEAFMD meetings (eg presentation attached to email)
o EU FMD 2008 (eg presentation attached to email)
o WAVLD 2007, 2009
o Lower and Upper Mekong Working Group meetings in the region.

With the laboratory and epidemiological capacity now available in the collaborating
laboratories, particularly RAHO – 6, there is now the potential for a smaller, more focused
study on vaccination failure. This would be best limited to a smaller number of provinces in

FMD diagnostics. RAHO – 6 is now producing own reagent which it has transferred to
NCVD, RAHO – 4 and RAHO – 7.

This project continues to be important for Vietnam with the repeated cyclical outbreaks of
FMD. The Vietnam Government and RAHO - 6 have invited AAHL to give advice on FMD
control and have used the project as a model for the implementation of their control plan.
Despite the overwhelming requirement for control and surveillance of AI and more recently
PRRS, the Vietnam Government is committed to the control of FMD. This is evidenced by
the currently active National FMD Control Program.

The project highlighted the need to have coordination between the laboratory and the field
staff in the control of FMD and in understanding the serosurveillance data post-vaccination
and post-exposure to FMD from the laboratory results. In the laboratory it is important to
have the correct reagents to match the circulating field virus ( also highlighting the
importance of improved FMDV identification ) and in the field the field data to allow the
interpretation of the laboratory results. The whole veterinary network is important in the
control of disease, there needs to be strong link between the field and laboratory to ensure
both the actions in the field and the results in the laboratory are correct.

This project set the standard for what was required for a laboratory network to function and
the lessons learnt were used in handling HPAI and PRRS outbreaks in Vietnam and the
projects and investigations that followed. Appendix 1

Standard coversheets, result sheets and IQC record keeping forms eg FMD 3ABC
ELISA:
DETECTING ANTIBODY BATCH: SERUM CONTROLS & SAMPLE DILUTIONS: COATING BUFFER DATE: BLOCKING BUFFER DATE: CONJUGATE BATCH: CONJUGATE DILUTION: SUBSTRATE INCUBATION TIME:
Date Reported
Signed

9.12 Result page/Plate Format

ELISA PLATE FORMAT

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

H
S8 S8
S16 S16 S24 S24 S32 S32 S40 S40
CC CC
9.13 Quality Control Sheet

Date
Antigen
C++ C+ C- OD Max
Comments SAN
Staff

Serotype
Expected Expected Expected Inhibition Inhibition Inhibition



9.14 Summary FMD – 3ABC C-ELISA

1 Coat plates with 50µl/well 3ABC(D) baculovirus-expressed antigen (crude soluble
protein) diluted 1:2000 in Carbonate Bicarbonate Coating Buffer
2 Incubate shaking for 1 hour at 37
O
C. (Can be left at 4
O
C overnight)
3 Wash plates 5 times with PBS
4 Block plate with 100uL/well Blocking buffer.
5 Incubate shaking for 30minutes at 37
O
C.
6 Wash plates 5 times with PBS
7 Add 40uL Blocking buffer to each well and then add 10uL sera and mix up and down
with pipette. ODmax and Background (Bkg) wells get 50uL Blocking buffer only

Appendix 2

FMD Serotyping Results for Vietnam 2005 - 2009
Year Total Samples
(NCVD & RAHO – 6)

6/2
2006 803 506
663 467
0 0
8 2
128/4 33/4
2007 224 123
177
59
*poor quality sample
was a problem in
north
8/0
2009 9
0
7
0
2/0

Appendix 3: Examples of sequence information form the project

O/HKN/21/70|AJ294911| Cathay
O/HKN/6/83|AJ294919| Cathay
O/PHI/7/96|AJ294926| Cathay
O/Yunlin/TAW/97|AF308157| Cathay
FMDV/Type O/08-4856
FMDV/Type O/08-4923-4
FMDV/Type O/08-4923-3
FMDV/Type O/09-1045-KH2
FMDV/Type O/09-1045 KH3
FMDV/Type O/09-1045 KH5
FMDV/Type O/09-1045 KH6
100
44
100
100
100
100
64
84
92
100
100
100
63
100
39
58
91
99
71

90AAHL 0779DH1 LongAn
82AAHL 0708 LamDong
89AA HL 0762 DongNai
112AAHL 06466 TPHCM
O/VIT/7/2006
O/VIT/5/2006
O/VIT/4/2006
O/VIT/6/2006
O/TAI/15/05* (TRRL)
O/TAI/14/05* (TRRL)
O/TAI/3/2003 (DQ164981)
O/MAY/1/2005
O/MAY/2/2005
O/VIT/6/2005
O/MYA/4/2004
O/MYA/5/04* (TRRL)
O/TAI/21/05* (TRRL)
O/MAY/9/2007
O/MAY/7/2007
O/MAY/4/2007
O/MAY/5/2007
O/MAY/6/2007
66AAHL ThanhHoa
O/MAY/5/2006
O/TAI/8/2004
O/TAI/37/04* (TRRL)
O/MYA/3/04* (TRRL)
O/MYA/4/04* (TRRL)
O/TAI/5/99
O/MYA/2/2000 (DQ164927)

O/MAY/9/2005
O/LAO/3/2006
O/LAO/4/2006
O/LAO/31/2003 (DQ164918)
O/LAO/28/2003 (DQ164916)
O/LAO/23/2003 (DQ164915)
O/TAI/20/04R2* (TRRL)
O/VIT/1/2004 (DQ165032)
O/LAO/21/2003 (DQ164914)
O/LAO/5/2006
O/LAO/30/2003 (DQ164917)
O/LAO/12/2003 (DQ164910)
O/LAO/11/2003 (DQ164909)
O/LAO/13/2003 (DQ164911)
O/LAO/3/2003 (DQ164908)
98AA HL 06452T TienGiang
101AA HL 06459CT1 LongAn
O/CA M/4/2006
O/VIT/17/2005
O/VIT/14/2002 (DQ165026)
O/VIT/1/2003 (DQ165030)
O/CA M/2/2000 (AJ318828)
O/CAM/4/2000 (A J318829)
O/TAI/2/2003 (DQ164980)
O/VIT/8/2004
O/VIT/7/2005
O/VIT/7/2004
O/VIT/16/2002 (DQ165027)
O/VIT/12/2002 (DQ165024)
O/VIT/3/2005

96AA HL 06434B HauGiang
93AA HL 0779CD1 LongAn
97AAHL 06443T BacLieu
O/MAY/8/2005
O/VIT/9/2005
O/VIT/1/2005
O/PHI/21/2003 (DQ164953)
O/PHI/23/2003 (DQ164954)
O/TAI/54-1/05B1* (TRRL)
O/TAI/54-2/05B1* (TRRL)
O/TAI/53-2/05* (TRRL)
O/TAI/64-1/05* (TRRL)
O/TAI/64-2/05* (TRRL)
O/TAI/35/05B2* (TRRL)
108AAHL 0735 DongThap
O/VIT/2/2004 (DQ165033)
O/VIT/3/2004 (DQ165034)
O/VIT/11/2005
O/TAW/81/97
O/TAW/4/99
O/TAW/83/97
O/HKN/16/96
O/PHI/5/95 (DQ164946)
O/PHI/7/96
O/VIT/3/97
O/VIT/13/2002 (DQ165025)
O/HKN/7/96
O/HKN/20/96
O/HKN/12/2005
O/HKN/15/2005

98
99
87
94
100
84
100
99
100
73
99
78
79
79
100
100
99
100
100
92
94
82
99
93
82
78
100
100
80
74

100
93
0.02
Software: MEGA 4
No. of Taxa : 173
Data File : n:\evd\meg\db\fmdv\o\VITaahl1.meg
Data Title : Vietnam
Data Type : Nucleotide (Coding)
Analysis : Phylogeny reconstruction
Tree Inference : ==============================
->Method : Neighbor-Joining
->Phylogeny Test and options : Bootstrap (500 replicates; seed=64238)
Include Sites : ==============================
->Gaps/Missing Data : Pairwise Deletion
->Codon Positions : 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding
Substitution Model : ==============================
->Model : Nucleotide: Maximum Composite Likelihood
->Substitutions to Include : d: Transitions + Transversions
->Pattern among Lineages : Same (Homogeneous)
->Rates among sites : Uniform rates
No. of Sites : 639
No Of Bootstrap Reps = 500
Only bootstrap vales of 70% and above are shown
N.J. Knowles & J. Wadsworth, 2 March 2008
Report on 34 FMDV O VP1 sequences
from Vietnam received from AAHL
Page 1 of 4

112AAHL 06466 TPHCM
O/VIT/7/2006
O/VIT/5/2006
O/VIT/4/2006
O/VIT/6/2006
O/TAI/15/05* (TRRL)
O/TAI/14/05* (TRRL)
O/TAI/3/2003 (DQ164981)
O/MAY/1/2005
O/MAY/2/2005
O/VIT/6/2005
O/MYA/4/2004
O/MYA/5/04* (TRRL)
O/TAI/21/05* (TRRL)
O/MAY/9/2007
O/MAY/7/2007
O/MAY/4/2007
O/MAY/5/2007
O/MAY/6/2007
66AAHL ThanhHoa
67AAHL LangSon
O/MAY/5/2006
O/TAI/8/2004
O/TAI/37/04* (TRRL)
O/MYA/3/04* (TRRL)
O/MYA/4/04* (TRRL)
O/TAI/5/99
O/MYA/2/2000 (DQ164927)
O/VIT/4/2005
O/TAI/36/04* (TRRL)

100
97
90
83
88
100
99
100
71
99
100
90
100
0.02
SEA topotype
O1/Manisa/TUR/69 (AJ251477)
O/LAO/17/2003 (DQ164912)
O/LAO/2/2006
O/LAO/19/2003 (DQ164913)
O/LAO/20/2003
O/MAY/1/2006
O/MAY/2/2006
O/MAY/7/2005
O/MAY/3/2005
O/MAY/4/2005
O/MAY/6/2005
O/MAY/3/2006

O/TAI/1/2000
O/VIT/6/2002 (DQ165020)
O/VIT/20/2002 (DQ165029)
O/VIT/7/2002
O/VIT/10/2002 (DQ165023)
O/TAW/2/99
O/SKR/1/2000 (AJ318854)
O/JPN/2000 (AB050978)
O/SKR/2/2002
O/TAI/9/99 (DQ164978)
100
100
99
71
100
98
100
99
100
89
100
99
99
89
99
93
85
99
0.01
ME-SA topotype

O/PHI/23/2003 (DQ164954)
O/TAI/54-1/05B1* (TRRL)
O/TAI/54-2/05B1* (TRRL)
O/TAI/53-2/05* (TRRL)
O/TA I/64-1/05* (TRRL)
O/TA I/64-2/05* (TRRL)
O/TAI/35/05B2* (TRRL)
108AAHL 0735 DongThap
O/VIT/2/2004 (DQ165033)
O/VIT/3/2004 (DQ165034)
O/VIT/11/2005
O/TAW/81/97
O/TAW/4/99
O/TAW/83/97
O/HKN/16/96
O/PHI/5/95 (DQ164946)
O/PHI/7/96
O/VIT/3/97
O/VIT/13/2002 (DQ165025)
O/HKN/7/96
O/HKN/20/96
O/HKN/12/2005
O/HKN/15/2005
O/HKN/14/2005
O/HKN/9/2005
O/HKN/10/2005
O/HKN/17/2005
O/HKN/18/2005
O/HKN/19/2005
O/HKN/20/2005

84
100
79
0.02
CATHAY topotype
Page 4 of 4
O/IRN/8/2005
O/IRN/21/2005
O/IRN/9/2005
O/IRN/23/2005
O/IRN/12/2005
O/PAK/9/2005
O /PA K /1 3 /2 00 5
O/NEP/2/2003
O/NEP/5/2003 (DQ 165060)
O/BHU/15/2003 (DQ164865)
O /B H U /4 8 /2 0 0 3
O/BHU/47/2003 (DQ165042)
O/BHU/49/2003 (DQ164867)
O/BHU/26/2004 (DQ165043)
O/BHU/28/2004 (DQ165044)
O/BHU/30/2004 (DQ165045)
O/BHU/31/2004 (DQ164869)
O/BHU/41/2003 (DQ165041)
O/PA K/9/2006
O/PA K/10/2006
O/PA K/6/2006

O/V IT/17/2005
V IT/32 -0 5* (A A H L )
O/VIT/3/2005
O/TA I/2/2003 (DQ164980)
O/JPN/2000 (Kanno)
O/TA I/9/99 (DQ164978)
O /S K R /2 /2 0 02
O/SKR/1/2000 (AJ318854)
O/TAW /2/99
O/MA Y /2/2000 (AJ318846)
O/TA I/1/2000
O/V IT/7/2004
O/V IT/8/2004
O/V IT/7/2005
O/LA O/19/2003 (DQ164913)
O/LA O /2/2006
O1/Manisa/TUR/69 (A J251477)
O/LA O/4/98 (DQ164906)
O/TA I/8/99 (DQ164977)
O/MA Y /1/2002 (DQ164923)
O/TA I/44-2/02R2B3* (TRRL)
O/MY A /13/89 (DQ164924)
O/TAI/189/87* (TRRL)
O/TAI/9/2005
O/TAI/10/2005
O/MA Y /5/2006
O/MY A /3/04* (TRRL)
O/MY A /4/04* (TRRL)
O/MYA/1/98
O/MY A /5/99 (DQ164926)

VIT/22-06* (AAHL)
VIT/25-06* (AAHL)
V IT/23 -0 6* (A A H L )
VIT/24-06* (AAHL)
VIT/2-06* (AAHL)
V IT/37 -0 6* (A A H L )
V IT/39 -0 6* (A A H L )
V IT/38 -0 6* (A A H L )
V IT/7-06* (A A HL)
O/V IT/7/2006
VIT/40-06* (AAHL)
O1/BFS 1860/UK/67
O/HKN/6/83
O/PHI/5/2003 (DQ164950)
O/PHI/20/2003
O/PHI/23/2003 (DQ164954)
O/TAW /4/99
O/PHI/5/95 (DQ164946)
O/PHI/7/96
O/HKN/12/2005
O/HKN/1/2006
O/TA I/5/2005
O/V IT/2/2004 (DQ165033)
V IT/34-05* (A A HL)
O/V IT/11/2005
V IT/33-05* (AA HL)
O/VIT/1/2005
O/V IT/9/2005
V IT/41 -0 5* (A A H L )
O/MA Y /8/2005

99
95
100
95
99
100
79
99
96
100
92
72
80
93
100
99
78
92
100
85
96
100
99
83
100
74
100
98
89
74

Rates among sites : Uniform rates
No. of Sites : 639
No Of Bootstrap Reps = 1000
* Not a WRLFMD ref. no.
IVRI, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (Mukteswar).
TRRL, Thailand Regional Reference Laboratory, Pak Chong.
CATHAY
EURO-SA
ME-SA
SEA
N.J. Knowles, 12 Feb 2007
No. of Taxa : 93
Data File : n:\evd\meg\db\fmdv\a\VIT2005B.MEG
Data Title : Vietnam A (AAHL)
Data Type : Nucleotide (Coding)
Analysis : Phylogeny reconstruction
Tree Inference : ==============================
Method : Neighbor-Joining
Phylogeny Test and options : Bootstrap (1000 replicates; seed=64843)
Include Sites : ==============================
Gaps/Missing Data : Pairwise Deletion
Codon Positions : 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding
Substitution Model : ==============================
Model : Nucleotide: Kimura 2-parameter
Substitutions to Include : d: Transitions + Transversions
Pattern among Lineages : Same (Homogeneous)
Rates among sites : Uniform rates

A/MAY/4/2003
A/TAI/8/04R2* (TRRL)
A/VIT/12/2004
A/TAI/28-04* (TRRL)
A/TAI/11/2003
A/TAI/12/2003
A/TAI/6/2004
A/TAI/11/04* (TRRL)
A/TAI/2/04R2* (TRRL)
A/TAI/10/2003
A/TAI/4/2003
A/TAI/5/2003
A/TAI/4/04R2* (TRRL)
A/TAI/7/2003
A/TAI/6-3/04* (TRRL)
A/MAY/1/2003
A/MAY/3/2003
A/TAI/8/2003
A/TAI/3507/47R2* (TRRL)
A/VIT/11/2004
A/VIT/5/2004
A/VIT/9/2004
A/TAI/11/2005
A/VIT/18/2005
A/VIT/14/2005
A/VIT/46-05* (AAHL)
A/TAI/7/2002
A/MAY/2/2002
A/TAI/3/2002
A/TAI/3/2001

A/IND/84/2000* (AF390668)
A/IND/126/2000* (AF390599)
A/IND/80/2000* (AF390665)
A15/Bangkok/TAI/60 (AY593755)
A/EGY/1/2006 (EF208757)
A/K35/80*
A/K5/80*
A10/HOL/42 (M20715)
A24/Cruzeiro/BRA/55 (K03340)
A/PHI/1/77
A/PHI/10/75
A/PHI/1/76
86
100
86
100
100
99
89
99
100
97
78
100
87
75
100
99
99
75

spl48
AFG 1-2001
BHU 27-2002
HNK-CHA-05.se
q
Leb83.seq
leb-89 iso89.seq
0.1
Asia 1 Sequence
sp147 Da Nang
sp148 North


Cow 60 42 59 59 13
Pig 0 0 0 0 0
KienGiang
Cow 120 32 30 23 40
Pig 117 0 0 0 0
AnGiang
Cow 120 79 56 37 44
Pig 120 0 0 0 0
QuangNam
Cow 67 29 40 17 1
Pig 0 0 0 0 0
KonTum
Cow
Pig
QuangNinh
Cow 120 95 119 115 0
Pig 0 0 0 0 0
LangSon
Cow *1 1 1 0 0
Pig 0 0 0 0 0
Vaccinated with
O, A Asia 1
vaccine.
Vaccinated in Feb
2007
Samples Collected
April 10 2007

B17 80 57 320 53 40 56
B19 640 65 2560 56 80 67
B20 2560 56 2560 67 80 74
B21 320 55 320 61 40 65
B22 1280 54 320 56 80 57
B23 1280 53 320 57 80 57
B26 320 58 2560 65 320 57
B27 80 58 320 56 80 52
B29 80 63 320 64 80 56
B31 80 57 640 58 80 53
B32 80 56 640 65 160 53
B33 80 61 320 72 160 53
B34 80 57 640 67 320 52
B35 1280 56 2660 63 320 54
B44 80 60 80 57 40 52
B46 320 56 320 65 80 63
Serum from
Dong Thap
2007.
Vaccinated in
2007 with
O, A Asia 1
vaccine.
All 3ABC
Positive
Outbreak
O 2006/07 & A
2005
Can Serology
be used to

Field
Sample
Serum from Dong
Thap 2007.
Vaccinated in 2007
with O, A Asia 1
vaccine.
All 3ABC Negative
Outbreak O
2006/07 & A 2005
Can Serology be
used to identify
circulating
FMDV?