FUNDAMENTALS
OF
'
GRAMMAR
Third
Edition
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Betty
Schrampfer
Azar
FUNDAMENTALS
OF
GRamR
Third
Edition
LONGMAN ON
THE
WEB
Visit us
at
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for online resources
for

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Copyright
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2003,1992,1985 by Betty Schrampfer Azar

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All rights reserved.
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Proien manager: Margo Grant
Development editor: Janet Johnston
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Director of electronic production:
Executive managing edi~or:
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Senior manufacturing buyer: Edie Pullman
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Cover design: Monika Popowitz
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Betty Schrampfer Azar 3rd ed.

p.
cm.

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ign
speakers. 2. English
languagmar-Problems, exercises,
etc.
I.
Title.
PE1128 .A965 2002
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ISBN:
0-13-049447-X
(with

Spelling of final -81-es

13
1-6
Non-action verbs

17
1-7
Present verbs: short answers to yestno questions

19
Chapter
2
PAST
TlME
Expressing past time: the simple past 25
Forms of the simple past: regular verbs

26
Forms of the simple past: be

26
Regular verbs: pronunciation of -ed endings

28
Spelling of -ing and -ed forms


FormswithwiU

59
Sureness about the future

60
Bsgoingtovs.wil1

63
Expressing the future in time clauses and $-clauses

65
Using the present progressive to express future time

70
Using the simple present to express future time

73
Immediate future: using be about to

74
Parallelverbs

76
Chapter
4
THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE
PAST
PERFECT
.:

95

4-6
Present perfect progressive
98
.

4-7
kesent perfect progressive
vs
present perfect
100
4-8
Using
already,
yet, still, and anymore

102
~
.
49
Pastperfect

112
ASKING QUESTIONS chapter
5
Chapter
6
il:~
c.


133
Usingwhose

135
Usinghow

138
Usinghowofin

139
Usinghowjkr

140
Length of time: it
+
ta&e and how long

141
More questions
with
how

143
Using how about and what about

149
Tagquestions

152

165
6-8
Using adjectives to describe nouns

166
6-9
Using nouns as adjectives

168
6-10
Personal pronouns: subjects and objects

171
6-1 1
Possessive nouns

173
6- 12
Possessive pronouns and adjectives

176
6-13
Reflexivepmnouns

178
6-14
Singular forms of other: another
vs
.
the other


191
7-3
Expressing possibility:
may
and
might
Expressing permission:
may
and
can

193
7-4
Using
could
to express possibility

195
7-5
Polite questions:
may
I.
could
I.
can
I

197


207

. .
7-11
Making logical conclusions:
must
210
7-12
Giving instructions: imperative sentences

213
. .

.
~
7-1 3
Making suggestions:
let's
and
why don't
215
,I.' .
.
7-14
Stating preferences:
prefer. lliko better. would rather
218

8-5
Using
and
+
too. so.
either.
noifher

235
XI*

8-6
Connecting ideas with
because

239
7:
. .
.
.
.
8-7
Connecting ideas with
men
thoughlalthough

241
Chapter
9
COMPARISONS


than
and
not as

as

259
18.
.
9-7
Unclear comparisons

260

.
9-8
Using
more
with nouns

261
.
,

9-9
Repeating a comparative

262
kit

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-
.
.
,
.
.
10-1
Active sentences and passive sentences

276
10-2
Form of the passive

277
10-3
Transitive and intransitive verbs

280
10-4
Using the by-phrase

282

10-5
The passive forms of the present and past progressive
287