


MỞ BÀI
 !"#$% "&'( )  * "+
,"+'- ./0 1 2&!$"345"678! 5 
9451*&:;1<!"&=)72>/+ >?
>? '->"6;>1@(!;A!"@ -BCD&/0 1
/;"&"- 8;& &>1E F<!1E >1E :F
'GF H!41E 14$!4"'IDG /G4"&$J1K '
FFF<4%78!/&L8FM$; <!1K &: 8 %F&:
%F *(!7NN(!ODPM4'FFFG$% <4%1!
? "+ D:7QRG$% <!FFF'"+ 
 Q4 E? 'S/&;1G$% TU',*
NG$%  * DQ4 E V& R<!*NTU'=W'GF
H>$L!>14 X-F1> % $+Y&&1 !LFVL&FV/F! &!F>14"&
7; CD % )<!FFF4Z!D/;"&
 8="&$J1K C"- % V&(4 )L![
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NỘI DUNG
1.Định nghĩa về ảnh:
- ]Z'L8 H;!6<!/G  H &\/Q"#"-T
"+> &^ G /0 1Z_'&2 LU7N"Z'  8/
L@D
2. Định nghĩa về ảnh tương tự:
 `]  8'$9"-' A 5F1&: 5?4>Z HTV1
8 %F>Z?F"EL&:1 !4"X'5 N*>NF .
14$!4 * D
3.Nguyên tắc giải đoán ảnh
`;  "&  5 45 K X (  F # (!  $S 8
;L!"M4[

_
GF"- .59 SDPM4'"&(! O"HF&/;
&L  8 %&"3Z"+SD
4. Phương pháp xử lý bằng mắt:
@ NF 1E   /8 & "Z>  ! $@  A 7 $!4 L& L&>
&A!FOL!&&A7NF"6Z"EF<$5/"E
F<7ODPEF<$5%1&ij67/"EF<7O%1&
kij6EDZ"EF<41 !1S(!L "-; -'GF H
<! ."*>"Z'Lh"H"&/b$"3"+!)D
R9/&1@ &2"E/"E!& 51: "? "#"-NF/&1 !
T"+"- &2"E/"E!&"H1 5 &* E;FD
`PM4'FFFTU7N .'M/&"%!4Z/e%11E /! l(!
O &/;TU'>"& * /0 1= ';/, N/14$!4CD
`cFF<4%78!/&L8FM$; <!1K &: 8 %F&:
%F *(!7NN(!ODPM4'FFFG$% <4%1! 
? "+ D:7QRG$% <!FFF4'"+  Q4
E? 'S/&;1G$% <!TU',*NTU' *
D
`Q4 E V& R<!*NTU'='GF H>$L>14 X
-F1> % $+Y&&1 !LFVL&FV/F! &!F>14"&7; C1 % )<!
FFF4Z!D
a. Tỷ lệ ảnh hàng không
m';!' mL@<! 5814/S6!&NF=)D\CD

Hình: WTV1'GF H= VV&L&FVC
)$H70!/1: Fn!<!/Q"? "-NFD
* 9  m';L![
&"Z[
o[5814
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J1" &2"E"#$% / V&" m';D
w
Hình4K
*D
P:  F1 /& 14 K / % F1 '5
1D"A"H1Q 5* Q
!D1E ; @ &14> !5F1
(!'2&:T&!4F1/D/BL!&&"H1Q
5 Q !D ! "Z "G4@  '2 $J 
"s>"H 46 . F1L!?4D /G4
"#"-KD!&"Z'!" V&
m';"#&D
S "M4 5 1x  F Z w "H1 "#
$%  O!"E> f!' 1:  "? FZ w "H1 
9"#$%  &2"ED4!4"H@"H1
&'S"&"2h1: "? > !t@1E
/ "H1 h " / h @ 7 $!4D  /) /G4 h
1: "? tT"+"H1@%D
 "H1l '2 T "+ $J F FF !1
D
&FFF !1> 51xZ1E "H1*L!';D.
"ZST? F  ."H14"%"H1"6*L!';D"Z !Z
HT"+/+ 1: $J<!"+!/G $JFFF!&EZDP@/S
"H1! )"H1*L!'; Q/S"H1>5 !78!/&"H1
t"H'GF'S !1D
Phương pháp đoán đọc ảnh hàng không
P&"O*f!'G72/G Z 51: "?  *(!
"#NFDP&"O"-!'1!'&2[
y P&"O"+!)'"HFN/N&*  'GF$"3"+!)D
y P&"O451*J11N"FN/N&(ML8> Xz>

Z$)"3D
Phương pháp tổng hợp: cFF% -FLU7N$)"3/S/;
"&/b$XL& 8"+!D
Phương pháp số hóa trên nền ảnh: c FF LU 7N 14 (}  
L!V(}  >(} $) "3 &:F1/& 14/ "H % * 
'GF$"3 514/ D
II. Qui trình giải đoán ảnh tương tự:
1. Xây dựng chìa khóa giải đoán:
•"&F% -F/S"6 ! 8"+!D
;"6 ! 8"+!FTM478Z!"&/H1 !"ET<!
% ("&D
WZ!"&' GF-FS7eF"&!ZG
$% "@ - 5DWZ!"&$!&31/)D
W&"&"- 'GF$h45!"&Z;1D
; @? Z!"&F'&2 .% ($; Z HG
"- .A"&!D
1.1 Các dấu hiệu giải đoán:
a. Kích thước =L€VC[W S<!1E
"@ - &1E $9'1E 1 m';D
P      S  <!  1N  5  /S    "@
- &1E $9'*/;(!
Ox -&/;"& 8 H"ZD

k
b. Hình dạng =!FVC[  "6  GF  "%
)72>? /"$!&(!
<! 8 H5$; D)72Z H'"
1@? 70FM$; &*/;"&D
c. Bóng =&7&•C[' Fx
- &/;"&/)ZZ H?F

LbT? ;? 36D? ' 
F(! O? "HFM$; "@ -
5ƒ!7!
…
Ảnh màu sai (False color)
Ảnh màu giả (pseudo color)
Ảnh màu thật (True color)
Ảnh giả (pseudo color)
g. Kiểu mẫu =c! VC["6GF"%L8LKF
T%F*!<!"@ -Z H) ?4
aD8'GF'2Z G  8<!"E1/
?   8!Lb 2&!1E H1eG
7270FM$; DM4Z 3M4 V&
/"F@ &"* +/SA*
n"6":'A/7N"H)/6
H1eD

h. Mối quan hệ =qL&! &C["6:F"%(!;A!"@ -G
72! E/Q'MG1N 5"!T} "%D )G72"@
-ZTV1T} "% 8 H'MGLb?F * F&/;G72
"-707D

2. Các yếu tố địa kỹ thuật:
a. Địa hình: P+!)&F}FG
$% L$E4% @ 5="3
$J>"3> 61L*>$#$H/D/DDC ."Z
"+S &FM "&D
b. Thực vật: WH 8/G >19"E
F  H<!'&2 8/G 't +&
4% @ 857SZ>": $; ''&2"? >

a. Phương pháp và đặc điểm:
 cFF&!/QlZ 5O'/QFM$@>7Q"Ht
*!FM$@<!1E "@ ->; -&"Z[1E '&2 8/G
!4"E/G >"? 4/D/DDQ4 E/&":"H1FX$%; - &F21
/FM$@<!1)Z H''5 N>EKF=/QFM$@$RC!4
12=/Q 3$*CD
 cFF&!/Q=/QFM$@C7Q"H$H701E ;
-&"ZF  H 51E 7; *'S>FM$@<!; -
'FM >F  H N1>FM$@*"6KF 5'# X1
tZh ./Q? "+DP:"H1$<!FFF4'&!
/Q E; -!Z H*6!>TVb!&:V
!D
 PH&!/Q> !/b!S$!&$O; -"Z$J"E74<!
} D!"Z7Q1>}  &:;!4/%  5; -/&&!
\i
/QDA&!/Q1!S*a 5 8"+! )t } >
/b;&:/%  5"@ -1*/b!S; -D

b. Một số đối tượng khoanh vùng:
`Khoanh vùng tuyệt đối['&!/Q1&&!/Q"Z !* ?4
; -T? ;':F'2hD
` Khoang vùng tương đối[6&!/Q<!; -"Z"-F  H
':F'2h6D
` Khoanh vùng mở[$"3Z7; s7; &!/Q;
-D
` Khoanh vùng đóng[$"3Z7; 'S/8Z; -
"-&!/QD
\\
Các hình thức biểu hiện khác nhau của phương pháp vùng phân bố
Bản đồ kinh tế Nam bộ sử dụng phương pháp vùng phân bố

 !/b[% ("&"-": '5$L/$"3Lh"-": '5
5L!&&"+!/G  Q!D!"Z 8; !& !/bA"@
-/b'5$"3LhD
\
 %(!O["&"-%'5$"3Lh *(!; @
(!OD
 U7N'S%*/*[WI'S*/* 5/ 5$"3LhD!
"Z4H"@ - & 5 .*'5$"3Lh 2* 9D
 U7N % $+"&[LU7N % $+"&/b;"2"H  2&'2
1*)NF/ 8;4H/b *(!1*)"ZD
KẾT LUẬN
rJ/;LU7N &* 'GF$"3>1E m G 1Sˆ'-ˆ"#
"-T'GFDN"<!m G J1T"+) H> S//+ <!1E
L8/G !4; -$J"&"2 5L8/G !4; -"Z1E 
8 %FD!Z HFM$; "-A!"+'-/S*'-D:7Q"+!
'-"- 8" 5 &'+LU>/&"%4!47el"-LU7N
&/1N"": $; =&!Om"R $;  &7!L8>59/6
L8744H<!$RBC> 45*'-"# 8L8 h 1E '&2
7NN"H'1†": $;  &$"3D
•"&*'1E m G "-97N &6&!O
!/S/! l<4%'S2>T"+/"+/+L8/G /; -
"3  )1H/ 1@ (!A!"@/S1* T
(!ZD
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TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO
\D5R‰01Š>ŠŠDdrP2O@•!D
_DD5!>DD5?->DDa3qDr5&2‰r•
01ŠD
D•••D&&'VD&1
wD•••D'!7L! D&