TRƯỜNG THPT LIẾN SƠN – TỔ NGOẠI NGỮ - TÀI LIỆU GIẢNG DẠY CHUYÊN ĐỀ MÔN TIẾNG ANH KHỐI 12
PHẦN I. PHONETICS – STRESS – TRỌNG ÂM
Buổi 1 - Bài 1. RULES TO MARK STRESS – QUI TẮC ĐÁNH TRỌNG ÂM
I. Definitions:
1. Phoneme: The smallest part of sound (vowel and consonant sounds) Âm tố - là thành phần nhỏ
nhất của âm thanh (gồm nguyên âm và phụ âm)
2. Syllable: The sound made when one or clusters of phoneme are articulated. Âm tiết – là tiếng
phát ra khi một hoặc nhiều âm tố được phát âm.
3. Stress: The degree of the loudness or prominence with which a sound ort a word is pronounced.
Độ lớn hay thống trị về âm của một âm tiết khi một chùm âm của một từ (có từ hai âm tiết trở
lên) được đọc, nói hay phát âm.
II. Rules to mark stress:
1. Di-syllable words:
a. Usually on the second syllable if it is a verb whose second syllable doesn’t contain the vowel
sounds of /ә/, /I/, and /әu/, on the first syllable of the other words. (trọng âm thường rơi vào âm
tiết thứ 2 đối với động từ - trừ các âm tiết thứ 2 chứa nguyên âm /ә/, /I/, hoặc /әu/, rơi vào âm tiết
thứ nhất đối với các từ loại còn lại). As: mother, ready, color, palace, student, teacher, tonight,
afraid, people, money, enjoy, paper, begin, provide, summer, abroad, noisy, success, enter,…
b. Usually on the root syllables with words having suffixes or prefixes (đối với những từ có mang
tiền tố, hậu tố, trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết gốc). As: become, react, foretell, unpleasant,
begin, failure, threaten, daily, treatment, ruler, unknown, builder, lately, quickly,…
c. Be careful with words with different word-class. (đối với những từ mà bản thân có nhiều chức
năng từ vựng ta áp dụng qui tắc a). As
Verb Other words Verb Other words Verb Other words
rebel rebel record record conflict conflict
progress progress export export permit permit
suspect suspect conduct conduct
PRACTICE EXERCISE - BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
1. Find the one whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group.
1. A. paper B. tonight C. lecture D. story
2. A. money B. army C. afraid D. people

It came. as no surprise to me that Harry had failed his driving test
KẾT THÚC BUỔI 1
Buổi 2 - Bài 1. RULES TO MARK STRESS – QUI TẮC ĐÁNH TRỌNG ÂM
2. Words with more than two syllable:
a. Usually on the 3
rd
syllables from the end (trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thư ba kể từ âm tiết
cuối): As. family, cinema, regular, singular, international, satisfactory, recognize, demonstrate,
qualify, psychology, biologist, biology, democracy, responsibility…
b. Usually on the 2
nd
syllables from the end with words ending in “ian”, “ic”, “ience”, “ient”, “al”,
“ial”, “ual”, “eous”, “ious”, “iar”, “ion”(đối với các từ có tận cùng như đã liệt kê, trọng âm
thường rơi vào âm tiết liền trước của các tận cùng này – thứ 2 kể từ âm tiết cuối). As: physician,
experience, expedient, parental, essential, habitual, courageous, delicious, familiar,…
(Except for: Television)
c. Usually on the suffixes “ese”, “ee’, “eer”, “ier”, “ette”, “oo”, “esque” (đối với các từ có tận
cùng như liệt kê, trọng âm thường rơi vào chính các âm tiết chứa các tận cùng này). As:
Portuguese, refugee, employee, engineer, volunteer, adequate, picturesque, cigarette,…
PRACTICE EXERCISE - BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
1. Find the one whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group.
1. A. interesting B. surprising C. amusing D. successful
2. A. understand B. engineer C. benefit D. Vietnamese
3. A. applicant B. uniform C. yesterday D. employment
4. A. dangerous B. parachute C. popular D. magazine
5. A. beautifully B. intelligent C. redundancy D. discovery
6. A. comfortable B. employment C. important D. surprising
7. A. variety B. irrational C. industrial D. characterize
8. A. colorful B. equality C. dictionary D. vegetable
9. A. elegant B. regional C. musical D. important

gọi tắt là I. P. A. đã được Bộ Giáo Dục Việt Nam dùng một cách chính thức trong các sách giáo khoa.
B. BỘ KÝ HIỆU PHIÊN ÂM QUỐC TẾ.
I. NGUYÊN ÂM (VOWELS)
[i] âm có trong từ sit, hit
[i:] âm có trong từ seat, leave
[e] âm có trong từ bed, get
[æ] âm có trong từ map, have, bank, back
[a:] âm có trong từ far, car, star
[ɔ] âm có trong từ not, hot
[ɔ:] âm có trong từ floor, four
[ʊ] âm có trong từ put
[ʊ:] âm có trong từ blue
[ʌ] âm có trong từ but, cup
[/∂/] âm có trong từ again, obey
[ɜ:/ ∂:] âm có trong từ fur
Ghi chú: Dấu [:] là ký hiệu cho ta biết từ phải đọc kéo dài.
Dấu [:] đặt sau nguyên âm nào thì nguyên âm đó phải đọc kéo dài.
II. NGUYÊN ÂM ĐÔI (DIPH THONGS)
[ei ] âm có trong từ : lake, play, place.
[ai ] âm có trong từ : five, hi, high
[ɔi] âm có trong từ : boy
[aʊ ] âm có trong từ : now, how
[∂ʊ ] âm có trong từ : nose, so
[i∂] âm có trong từ : near, hear
[e∂] âm có trong từ : hair, pair
[u∂] âm có trong từ : sure, poor
III. NGUYÊN ÂM BA (TRIPTHONGS)
[ai∂] âm có trong từ : fire, hire [au∂] âm có trong từ : flour, sour
[ei∂] âm có trong từ : player.
IV. PHỤ ÂM (CONSONANTS).

Had it not been for the death of the PM the bill would have been passed/got through
7. It is quite pointless to complain. There’s no point in complaining
KẾT THÚC BUỔI 3
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Buổi 4 - Bài 2. CÁCH PHÁT ÂM CỦA MỘT SỐ NGUYÊN ÂM VÀ PHỤ ÂM.
1. Nguyên âm “A”
1.1: A đọc là [æ] Trong những từ 1 âm tiết, tận cùng là 1 hay nhiều phụ âm.
Examples: Lad [læd]: con trai Dam [dæm]: đập nước
Fan [fæn]: cái quạt. Map [mæp]: bản đồ
* Trong âm tiết mang trọng âm của từ nhiều âm tiết và đứng trước 2 PÂ.
Examples: Candle [`kændl]: nến Captain [`kæpt∂n]: đại uý,
Calculate [`kækjuleit] : tính Unhappy [ʌn`hæpi]: bất hạnh
1.2: A đọc là [ei] Trong từ một âm tiết có tận cùng là: A+ PÂ+ E
Examples: Bate [beit] : giảm bớt Cane [kein] : cây gậy
Late [leit] : muộn Fate [feit] : số phận
* Trong tận cùng ATE của động từ
Examples: To intimate [`intimeit]: cho hay To deliberate [`dilibreit]: tính kỹ càng
* Trong âm tiết trước tận cùng -ION và -IAN
Examples: Nation [‘nei∫∂n]: quốc gia Translation [træns`lei∫∂n] : bài dịch
Preparation [prep∂`rei∫∂n] : sự chuẩn bị Asian [`ei∫∂n] : Người châu á
* Ngoại lệ: Companion [k∂m`pænj∂n] : bạn đồng hành Italian [i`tælj∂n] : Người Italia
Librarian [lai`bre∂ri∂n] : thủ thư Vegetarian [ved∂i`te∂ri∂n] : Người ăn chay
1.3: A đoc là [ɔ:] Trong từ một âm tiết tận cùng là “LL”
Examples: All [ɔ:ll] : tất cả Call [kɔ:ll] : goi điện
Tall [tɔ:ll] : cao lớn Small [smɔ:ll]: nhỏ nhắn
1.4: A đọc là [ɔ] (Ngoại lệ: way [wei] : con đường Waste [weist] : lãng phí)
* Trong những âm tiết có trọng âm của một từ , hoặc từ một âm tiết bắt đầu bằng W.
Examples: Was [wɔz] : to be Want [wɔnt] : muốn
Wash [wɔ∫] : tắm rửa Watch [wɔt∫] : xem

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Examples: Begin [bi`gin]: bắt đầu Become [bi`kʌm] : trở thành
Decide [di`said] : quyết định Return [ri`t∂:n] : trở về
Remind [ri`maid] : gợi nhớ Reorganize [ri`ɔ:g∂naiz] : tổ chức lại
2.3: E đọc là [∂]
Examples: Silent [`sail∂nt]: yên lặng Open [`oup∂n] : mở
Chicken [t∫ik∂n]: thịt gà Generous [`d∂en∂r∂s] : hào hiệp
Exercise 4/30
1. You can’t possibly expect me to have supper ready by 8 o’clock. (question).
There is no question of supper being ready by 8 o’clock
2. It is my opinion that there is no advantage in further discussion. (see)
As far as I can see, there is no advantage in further discussion
3. Please excuse Jane’s poor typing. She’s only been learning for a month. (allowances)
Please make allowances for Jane’s poor typing; she’s only been learning for a month
4. There is no way that young man can achieve success in this test. (bound)
That young man is bound to fail in this test
5. Although the dog appeared harmless, it was, in fact, quite dangerous. (contrary)
Contrary to (its) (harmless) appearance, the dog was in fact quite dangerous
6. If Smith hadn’t broken his leg, he would have played football for England. (represented).
If Smith hadn’t broken his leg, he would have represented England
7. This hotel is inaccessible in winter. (possible)
It’s not possible to get to/to reach this hotel in winter
8. As far as I know he is still working in Bristol. (knowledge).
To (the best of) my knowledge, he is still working in Bristol
KẾT THÚC BUỔI 4
Buổi 5 - Bài 2. PRONUNCIATION – ĐỌC PHIÊN ÂM - (ÔN TẬP)
3. Cách đọc “AI”
3.1: AI đọc là [ei] * Khi AI đứng trước 1 PÂ trừ R
Examples: Mail [meil] : thư từ Sail [seil] : bơi thuyền

Breathe [bri:ð] : thở, thổi nhẹ Creature [`kri:t∫ә]: tạo vật, người
7.3: EA đọc là [ә:] Trong các từ như: Learn [lә:n] : học
Earth [ә:θ] : trái đất Heard [hә:d] : quá khứ của hear
Earn [ә:n] : kiếm sống Pearl [pә:l] : viên ngọc
7.4: EA đọc là [eә] Trong các từ như: Bear [beә] : con gấu
Pear [peә] : quả lê Tear [teә] : xé rách
Wear [weә] : mặc Swear [sweә] : thề
7.5: EA đọc là [iә] Trong các từ như: Tear [tiә]: nước mắt
Clear [kliә] : rõ ràng Beard [biә:d] :râu
7.6: EA đọc là [ei] Trong các từ như: Great [greit]: vĩ đại, to lớn
Break [breik] : làm vỡ Steak [steik] : lát mỏng
Exercise 5/30
1. The workers only called off the strike after a new pay offer.
 Only after a new pay offer did the workers call off the strike
2. He was sentenced to six months in prison for his part in the robbery.
He received a sentence of six months for his part in the robbery
3. You can eat as much as you like for 5$ at the new lunch-bar.
There is no limit/restriction to how much you eat at the new lunch-bar
4. She wore a hearing-aid, even though she could hear the phone ring perfectly well.
She wasn’t so deaf/hard of hearing that she couldn’t hear the phone
5. You will never meet anyone more generous than Mrs. Jones.
Mrs. Jones is the most generous person you will/could ever meet/ (be likely) to meet
6. My parents let me go abroad alone for the first time last year.
 I was allowed to go abroad alone for the first time last year
7. It was his incompetence which led to their capture.
 If he hadn’t been so incompetent they wouldn’t have been captured
8. I’m certainly not going to give you any more money.
 I have no intention of giving you any more money
KẾT THÚC BUỔI 5
Buổi 6 - Bài 2. PRONUNCIATION – ĐỌC PHIÊN ÂM - (ÔN TẬP)

11. Cách đọc “EY”
11.1: EY đọc là “ei” Trong các từ như:
They [ðei] : họ Prey [prei] :cầu nguyện
Grey [grei] : xám Obey [∂`bei] : vâng lời
11.2: EY đọc là “i:” Trong các từ như: Money [`mΛni:] : tiền
Storey [`stɔri:] : tầng, lầu Key [ki:] : chìa khoá
Exercise 6/30
1. I don’t think there will be any applicants for this post. (likelihood)
There is little/no likelihood that there will be applicants for this post
2. It was difficult for Susan to believe the good news (hardly)
Susan could hardly believe the good news
3. You must make allowances for his inexperience. (account)
You must take his experience into account/ You must take account of his experience
4. This contract is not binding until we both sign it. (bound)
Neither (one) of us is bound by this contract until we both sign it
5. He wasn’t to blame for the accident. (fault)
 The accident was not his fault.
6. You shouldn’t take his help for granted. (assume)
You should /do not assume (that) he will help you
KẾT THÚC BUỔI 6
Buổi 7 - Bài 3. PHẦN II. TENSES – ÔN TẬP VỀ NGỮ PHÁP
I. The simple present tense:
1. The form
(+) S + V (-) S + don’t/ doesn’t + V (?) Do/ Does + S + V?
2. The usage: - To denote actions that happened repeatedly. (She never comes late)
- To denote long lasting events.(We live in Concord street)
- To denote a true fact. (The earth moves around the Sun)
3. The recognition: - now/ nowadays/ today/ this summer/… - always/ usually/ often/ sometimes/
occasionally/… - the proof of constant truth.
4. Notes: - To denote a plan/ prediction/ timetables/… (The train leaves at 9.00)

IV. The simple past tense:
1. The form: (pV = the past form of verbs)
(+) S + Pv (-) S + didn’t + V (?) Did + S + V?
2. The usage: - To denote a finished past action. (We went to the park together)
- To report past events, past habits, or long lasting action in the past.
(She did all the work yesterday./ We used to sit next to each other.)
3. The recognition: - last week/ month/ year/… - yesterday/ ago/ in 1969/ in the past/…
4. Notes: - The past form of the verbs: ( regular “V-ED”/ irregular (2
nd
column in the irregular
verbs list)) - “ED” pronunciation /id/; /t/; /d/.
V. The past progressive tense:
1. The form:
(+) S + was/ were + V-ING (-) S + was/ were + not + V-ING (?) Was/ Were + S + V-ING?
2. The usage: - To denote past happening actions. (She was watching T.V at 8.00 last night)
- To denote past interrupting actions. (She was watching T.V when I came)
3. The recognition: - at 8.00 last night/ at that time/ at that moment/…
- time clause with “when”, “while = as”.
Notes: - actions that alternatively happened, use the simple past only. (When I heard a knock at the
door, I came to open it. When I opened the door, I saw my mum.)- this is a timed action.
VI. The past perfect tense:
1. The form:
(+) S + had + P.P (P2) (-) S + (hadn’t) + P.P (P2) (?) Had + S + P.P (P2)?
2. The usage: - To denote past finished actions that happened and finished before a certain
point of time or another past event (the past of the past tense). e.g: She had sold all the
baskets before 9.00 yesterday. She had sold all the baskets when we came there yesterday.
3. The recognition: - when-clause/ after/ before/ already/ since/ for/…
- The past perfect progressive “S + had been + V-ING”
VII. The simple future tense:
1. The form:

(+) S + will be + V-ING (-) S + won’t be + V-ING (?) Will + S + be + V-ING?
1.2. The usage: - To denote timetables/ intentions/ plans/… using “at”.
e.g: She will be watching T.V at 8.00 tonight.
We will be staying at REX hotel at 5.00 next Sunday’s morning.
- To show the future happening actions with “when”.
Eg. She will be sitting at the gate when we come tomorrow.
2. The future perfect tense:
2.1. The form:
(+) S + will have + P.P (P2) (-) S + won’t have + P.P (P2) (?) Will + S + have + P.P?
2.2. The usage: - To denote planned actions with “by”, “by the time”, “by then”.
e.g: She will have finished the course by the next Friday/ by then.
- To show a future schedule-finished action. e.g: The bridge will have been used by the next Autumn.
3. Other forms:
a. The simple present tense: To denote a timetable, or a plan…
e.g: A: When does he leave? B: He leaves tonight.
b. The present progressive: To denote an intention.
e.g: A: When are you leaving? B: I am leaving this afternoon.
c. The “be + going to inf” form: To denote an intention or a near future action, an arrangement.
e.g: She is going to celebrate her 34th birthday. They are going to get married.
NOTES: CHÚ Ý THE SEQUENCES OF TENSES
Main clause Subordinate clause
Simple present tense.
- simple present tense./ - present perfect tense.
- present progressive tense./ - simple future tense.
- “be going to V” form./ - simple past tense (certain point of past time).
Simple past tense
- simple past tense./ - past progressive tense.
- past perfect tense./ - “would + V” form.
- “be going to + V” past form./ - simple present tense (showing the truth).
Present perfect tense Simple present tense.

L u ý : sau but also/ sau not only.
Eg. He is not only handsome but also talented./ Beth plays not only the guitar but also the violin.

tinh từ tinh từ danh từ danh từ
He writes not only correctly but also neatly./ Maria excels not only in mathematics but also in science.

Adv adv

ngừ giới từ ngừ giới từ
Paul Anka not only plays the piano but also composes music.

động từ động từ
b. As well as
subject + verb + as well as + verb
Eg. Robert is talented as well as handsome./ Beth plays the guitar as well as the violin.
tinh từ tinh từ danh từ danh từ
He writes correctly as well as neatly. / Marta excels in mathematics as well as in science.

Adv adv

ngừ giới từ ngừ iới từ

Paul Anka plays the piano as well as composes music.
động từ động từ

c. Both and
Eg. Robert is both talented and handsome./ Beth plays both the guitar and the violin.
tinh từ tinh từ danh từ danh từ
He writes both correctly and neatly./ Marta excels both in mathematics and in science.
Adv adv

 We are completely (sold) out of thermal socks, Madam.
8. Their chances of success are small.  It is not very) likely (that) they will succeed.
KẾT THÚC BUỔI 9
Buổi 10 - Bài 2. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF PURPOSE – CHỈ MỤC ĐÍCH
1. The phrases of purpose: to V/ so as to V/ in order to V và dạng phủ định
S + verb + to/ so as/ in order (not) + to verb = To/ so as/ in order (not) + to verb, S + verb
Eg. To be better at English, he attended an evening class = He attended an evening class to be better at
English. In order to be better at English, he attended an extra-class.
He attended an extra-class so as to be better at English.
2. The clause of purpose with “so/ therefore”
S + V, so S + V hay S + V, therefore S + V
Eg. It rained so heavily, so we cancelled the trip.
He learned hard, therefore he got better and better grades
REWRITE SENTENCES
1. “ Why don’t you put better lock on the door, Barbara”? said John
=> John suggested__________________.
2. Although his both legs were broken, he managed to get out of the car before it exploded.
=> Despite his__________________.
3. I haven’t eaten this kind of food before.
=> This is the first__________________.
4. The architect has drawn plans for an extension to the house.
=> Plans__________________.
5. It isn’t necessary for you to finish by Saturday
=> You__________________.
6. “ How many survivors are there?”, asked the journalist.
=> The journalist wanted to know__________________.
7. It was such rotten meat that it had to be thrown away.
=> The meat was__________________.
8. It is essential that Professor Van Helsing is met at the airport
=> Professor Van Helsing __________________.

23. They haven’t cleaned the streets this week.
=> The streets__________________.
24. Apples are usually cheaper than oranges.
=> Apple are not__________________.
25. I advice you to put your money in the bank.
=> You’d__________________.
KẾT THÚC BUỔI 10
Buổi 11 + 12 - Bài 3. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF CONCESSION – NHƯỢNG BỘ
1. Phrases of concession with: despite / in spite of
Despite/ In spite of + danh từ/ ngữ danh từ
Eg. Despite his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
In spite of his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades.
Jane will be admitted to the university in spite of her bad grades.
2. Clauses of concession with: although, even though, though
Although/ Though/ Even though S + V, S + V = S + V although/ though/ even though S + V
Eg. Although he has a physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
Jane will be admitted to the university even though she has a bad grades.
Eg. He promised to call me, but till now I haven’t received any call from him, though.
In spite of the bad weather, we are going to have a picnic.
The child ate the cookie even though his mother had told him not to.
Although the weather was very bad, we had a picnic.
The committee voted to ratify the amendment despite the objections.
Though he had not finished the paper, he went to sleep.
She attended the class although she did not feel alert.
3. Clauses of concession with: despite/ in spite of the fact that
Despite/ In spite of + the fact that S + V S + V =S + V despite/ in spite of + the fact that S + V
Note: In spite of the fact that the weather is bad, we are going to have a picnic.
The child ate the cookie despite the fact that his mother had told him not to
Exercise 10/30

b. usage: - kết quả ở mệnh đề kết quả không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại vì điều kiện ở mđ đk chỉ là giả định.
- gọi là câu điều kiện không có thực ở hiện tại.
c. examples: - If it were nice, we would go out. = In fact, it is not nice so we don’t go out anymore.
d. notes: có thể đảo were lên đầu thay cho if
-If I were ten years younger, I would marry her. = Were I ten years younger, I would marry her.
3. CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 3: (CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 3- UNREAL PAST CONDITION)
a. form: If S had P.P, S would have P.P.
b. usage: - kết quả ở mệnh đề kết quả không thể xảy ra ở quá khứ vì điều kiện ở mđ đk chỉ là giả định.
- gọi là câu điều kiện không có thực ở quá khứ.
c. examples: - If it hadn’t been for your help, we would not have overcome those problems. = In fact, we
overcame those problems, thanks to your help.
d. notes: có thể đảo had lên đầu thay cho if
-If I had been there, I would have helped her. = Had I been there, I would have helped her.

BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
1. If I ____ a lot of money now, I ____ a new car.
A. have/will buy B. have / would buy C. had/ will buy D. had/ would buy.
2. If I ____ you, I ____ do that.
A. am/ will B. were/would C. were/ will D. had been/ would.
3. If I were offered the job, I think I ____ it.
A. take B. will take C. would take D. would have taken.
4. I would be very surprised if he____
A. refuses B. refused C. had refused D. would refuse.
5. Many people would be out of work if that factory____ down.
A. closes B. had closed C. closed D. would close.
6. 6. If she sold her car, she ____ much money.
A. gets B. would get C. will get D. would have got.
7. They would be disappointed if we____
A. hadn’t come B. wouldn’t come C. don’t come D. didn’t come.
8. Would John be angry if I ____ his bicycle without asking?

If + S + will / would.
Eg. If he will (would) listen to me, I can help him.
If + S + will.
Eg. If you will learn English this way, a failure for TOFEL test is sure awaiting you.
If + S +should.
Eg. If you shouldn’t know how to use this TV set, please call me up this number.
If you should have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to ask me.
Eg. Should you have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to ask me.
Should it be cloudy and gray, the ground hog will supposedly wander around for food - a sign
that spring is near.
3. Special conditions:
even if + negative verb
You must go tomorrow even if you aren’t ready.
Whether or not + positive verb
He likes watching TV whether or not the show is god.
unless + positive verb = if not
If you don’t start at once, you will be late. = You will be late unless you start at once.
But for that + unreal condition
Her father pays her fees, but for that she wouldn’t be here ( but she is here)
present would V
My car broke down, but for that I could have come in time.
past would have V-ed
otherwise + conditional sentence
Her father pays her fees, otherwise she couldn’t be here.
present would V
I used a computer, otherwise it would have taken longer.
past would have V-ed
Provided/ providing (that)
You can camp here provided (that) you leave no mess.
Suppose/ supposing ? = what if ?

2. Supposed that there (be) ______ no money, how would people live?
3. He will be playing in the garden with his friends now if he (finish) _______his work.
4. His parents (not be) ______ disappointed if he had passed the entrance examination.
5. I (buy) ______ a new house if I have much money next year.
6. Providing that he didn't tell lie, many friends (believe) ______ in him.
7. Linda will go to visit Vietnam next year on condition that she (save) ______ now.
8. Our life (be) ______ improved unless there were no technological development.
9. If you has been learning English for a long time, you (communicate) ______ with the foreigners.
10. If Jimmy went to Moscow last week, he (visit) ______ many famous sight-seeings.
11. Unless he was not working at midnight yesterday, he (sleep) ______ now.
12. He prepared for his exam very carefully. Otherwise, he (not, pass) ______ that important exam.
13. He finished his home assignment. If not, the teacher (be) ______ very angry.
14. Were he to remember her birthday, she (not, say) ______ goodbye to him.
15. Should you work hard, you (not, succeed) ______.
16. I have to inform him the news. If not, he (be) ______ very bad-tempered.
17. John would have been staying with us this month if he (not, have) ______ a bad quarrel with my
younger brother.
18. Had she returned home from her business trip, she (visit) ______ me tomorrow.
19. The temple would be in better condition now on condition that it (rebuild) ___ for many years ago.
20. If my father went to Manchester last week, he (visit) ______ Real next week.
KẾT THÚC BUỔI 14
Buổi 15 - Bài 6. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF REASON – NGUYÊN NHÂN, LÍ DO
1. Because/ because of
- Because
Because S + V, S+ V = S + V because S + V
- Because of
because of + danh từ/ cụm danh từ
Notes: Jan was worried because it had started to rain. = Jan was worried because of the rain.

Subject verb

2
Eg. Working all night on Friday made me tired on Saturday.
The hurricane caused many water front houses damaged.
b.
to make sb / st + adjective
Eg. Wearing flowers made her more beautiful.
to find + sb/ sth + adjective (P
1
- P
2
)
Eg. I found her quite interesting to talk to. My sister found snakes frightening.
We found the boy frightened.
c. Let.
let sb do st = to allow/ permit sb to do st
Eg. John let his daughter swim with her friends. (John allowed his daughter to swim with her friends.)
(John permitted his daughter to swim with her friends.)
The teacher let the students leave class early./ The policeman let the suspect make one phone call.
Dr. Jones is letting the students hand in the papers on Monday.
Mrs. Binion let her son spend the night with a friend./ We are going to let her write the letter.
Mr. Brown always lets his children watch cartoons on Saturday mornings.
d. Help.
to help sb do/ to do st
Eg. John helped Mary wash the dishes. Jorge helped the old woman with the packages (to) find a
taxi. The teacher helped Carolina find the research materials.
Eg. This wonderful drug helps (people to) recover more quickly.
Eg. The body fat of the bear will help (him to) keep him alive during hibernation
Exercise 11/30
1. The rail workers do not intend to call off their strike.
 The rail workers have no intention of calling off their strike.

Eg: - Sharol was the most intelligent in my group.
- She is the most hard-working girl I’ve ever known.
Notes: For adjectives ending in “er”, “y”, “ly”, or the irregular cases:
Adjective Comparative Superlative Adjective Comparative Superlative
clever cleverer the cleverest bad worse the worst
pretty prettier the prettiest far farther/ further the farthest/ furthest
happy happier the happiest little less the least
silly sillier the silliest man / much more the most
good better the best old older/ elder the oldest/ eldest
1.4. Parallel: so sánh song song và so sánh thăng tiến
- “The… the”: The older she gets, the wiser she become.
- And: It’s getting darker and darker. She has now more and more free time.
- Gerunds/ infinitives: Riding a horse is not as easy as riding a bike.
It’s nicer/ better/ more fun to go with someone than to go
alone
1.5. Like/ alike: Tom is very like Bill. Tom and Bill are alike.
1.6. Like/ as: He swims like a fish. You look like a ghost. Do as I told you.
1.7. Like + N/ as + N: He worked like a slave (He worked very hard/ He wasn’t a slave).
He worked as a slave (He was a slave in fact).
1.8. The adjectives: The rich, the poor,…
2. Practice test:
1. Sarah is ____ at chemistry than Susan.
A. good B. well C. better D. best
2. I don’t work so hard ____ my father.
A. so B. as C. than D. more
3. Sam is the ____ student in my class.
A. tall B. most tall C. taller D. tallest
4. No one in my class is ____ beautiful ____ her.
A. as/as B. more/as C. as/than D. the/more
5. Going by train isn’t ____ convenient as going by car.

hiện tại giả định quá khứ
Angelique walks as though she studied modelling. (She didn’t study modelling)
hiện tại giả định quá khứ
He acts as though he were rich. (He is not rich)
hiện tại giả định quá khứ
b. The past sense:
S + verb (simple past) + as if/ as though + S + verb (past perfect)
Eg. Betty talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize. (She didn’t win the grand prize.)
Past simple past perfect
Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost. (She didn’t see a ghost.)
Past simple past perfect
He looked as though he had run ten miles. (He didn’t run ten miles.)
Past simple past perfect
2. The use of with and hope:
Eg. I hope that they will come. ( I don’t know if they are coming.)
We hope that they came yesterday. ( We don’t know if they came.)
a. The future sense: Would / could + verb or were + Ving.
S+ wish + (that) + S* + could/ would/ were + verb/ V-
ing
Eg. We wish that you could come to the party tonight. (You can’t come.)
I wish that you would stop saying that. (You probably won’t stop.)
She wish that she were coming with us. ( She is not coming with us.)
b. The present sense:
S + wish + (that) + S* + verb in simple past
Eg. I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework. ( I don’t have enough time.)
We wish that he were old enough to come with us. ( He is not old enough.)
They wish that they didn’t have to go to class today. ( They have to go to class.)
c. The past sense:
S + wish + (that) + S + past perfect/ could have + P
2

O do something
To hear
O doing something
To watch To watch
To see To see
eg. I didn’t hear the telephone ring OR I didn’t hear the telephone ringing
2.
advise
ask
command
decree
demand
insist
move
order
prefer
propose
recommend
request
Require
stipulate
suggest/urge
or
S
1
+ verb + that + S
2
+ [verb in simple form]
Eg. We urge that he leave now. Eg. We urge him to leave now.
The judge insisted that the jury return a verdict immediately.

d. Eg. God save the queen !. God be with you ! = good bye (khi chia tay nhau)
Curse this frog! Come what may:
Come what may we will stand by you. If need be:
If need be we can take another road.
If this be proven right, you would be considered innocent.
e. it is time
It is time (for sb) to do st :
Eg. It is time for me to get to the airport (just in time).
It is time
subject + simple past
It is high time
It is about time
Exercise 13/30
1. House prices have risen dramatically this year.
 There has been a dramatic increase in (the) house prices this year.
2. This affair does not concern you.  This affair is no concern/business of yours.
3. You must submit articles for the magazine by June 18
th
.
The final date for you to submit articles for the magazine is June 18
th
.
4. Although Jimmy was the stronger of the two, his attacker soon overpowered him.
Despite his(superior) strength Jimmy was (soon) overpowered by his attacker.
5. What a surprise to see you here! Fancy seeing you here.
6. I don’t intend to apologize to either of them.  I have no intention of apologizing to either of them.
7. It was only when I left home that I realized how much my father meant to me.
Not until(after) I (had) left home did I realize how much my father meant to me.
8. The only reason the party was a success was that a famous film star attended. Had it not been for
the attendance/appearance of a famous film star the party would have been a failure.

S + verb + so + much/ little + N+ that + S + verb
He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
S + verb + such + a + adjective + pl N + that
S + verb + so + adjective + a + N + that
It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors/ It was so hot a day that we decided to stay
indoors.
It was such an interesting book that he couldn’t put it down/ It was so interesting a book that he couldn’t
put it down.
S + verb + such + adjective + N đếm được số nhiều/ N không đđ+ that + S+ verb
Eg. She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.

danh từ số nhiều
They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
danh từ số nhiều
Perry has had such bad luck that he’s decided not to gamble.
danh từ không đếm được
This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.
danh từ không đếm được
4. Khác
Eg. It has been such a long time since I’ve seen him that I’m not sure if I will remember him
He has so heavy a work load that it is difficult for him to travel.
Peter has such long fingers that he should play the piano.
Professor Sands gives such interesting lectures that his classes are never boring.
This is such tasty ice cream that I’ll have another helping
Exercise 14/30
1. Gerald never had enough to live on until he married that rich businesswoman. (short)
Gerald was (always) short of money until/before he married that rich businesswoman
2. William decided that an actor’s life was not for him. (cut)
William (decided that he) was not cut out to be an actor

The person whom you wanted to see died days ago.
The one to whom he wanted to talk was out.
Mr. Ba, from whom we got news, was escaped yesterday.
c. WHOSE: Là tính từ quan hệ chỉ người, dùng để thay thế cho tính từ sở hữu, kết hợp với một danh từ,
làm chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ của mệnh đề quan hệ.
Eg. This is the lady whose son cheated me.
The country whose people were struggling against floods announced the situation of
disasters yesterday.
d. WHICH: Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ vật, dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ vật, làm chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ
của mệnh đề quan hệ.
Eg. The book which you liked was sold. This is the bike which is my birthday present.
The house, which was on fire, was built long ago
e. THAT: Là đại từ quan hệ thay thế, dùng để thay thế cho các đại từ quan hệ như WHO, WHICH, làm
chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ của mệnh đề quan hệ, ngoài ra còn được sử dụng trong câu chẻ.
Eg. The book that you liked was sold. This is the bike that I want to buy.
The one that told you I was out met me in the park./ The person that you wanted to see
died days ago
f. WHEN: Là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ thời gian, có vai trò là mệnh đề quan hệ trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian.
Eg. The day when she left was rainy.
The time when we reunite is uncertain.
g. WHERE: Là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ nơi chốn, có vai trò là mệnh đề quan hệ trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn.
Eg. This is the house where he lived in his childhood.
The place where we play football is a football ground.
h. WHY: Là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ lí do, nguyên nhân, có vai trò là mệnh đề quan hệ trạng ngữ chỉ
nguyên nhân.
Eg. The reason why she left was unknown.
That’s why we are worrying now.
Exercise 15/30
1. Alice and Charles did not decide to move to a bigger house until after the birth of their second child.
Only when A and C (had) had their second child did they decide to move to a bigger house

a. Present Participle Phrase: (V-ING phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng một ngữ danh động
từ V-ING để thay thế cho mệnh đề quan hệ nếu động từ chính của mệnh đề đó ở thể chủ động.
Eg. The man who is sitting next to you is Mr. Mike. = The man sitting next to you is Mr. Pike.
Do you know the boy who broke the window yesterday? = Do you know the boy breaking ….?
b. Past Participle Phrase: (V-ED phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng một ngữ tính từ V-ED
để thay thế cho mệnh đề quan hệ nếu động từ chính của mệnh đề đó ở thể bị động.
Eg. The man who was arrested by the police is Mr. Mike. = The man arrested by the police is Mr. Pike.
Do you know the boy who was punished by the headmaster yesterday? = Do you know the boy
punished by the headmaster yesterday?
c. Infinitive Phrase: (to V phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng một ngữ động từ to V để thay
thế cho mệnh đề quan hệ trong trường hợp mệnh đề có chứa các từ FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, LAST,
ONLY có thể dùng với cấu trúc “for O + to V”, hoặc một số mệnh đề mang tính ràng buộc nhiệm
vụ…
Eg. English is an important language which we have to master. = English is an important
language to master/ for us to master.
He is the only one who know the answer. = He is the only one to know thư answer.
d. Noun Phrase: : (Noun phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng một hoặc một cụm danh từ để
thay thế cho mệnh đề quan hệ nếu mệnh đề đó mang ngữ danh từ (thường chỉ nghề nghiệp).
Eg. Mr. Ba, who is our new form teacher, is a B.A. = Mr. Ba, our new form teacher, is a B.A.
The man who is a new manager of the office is still young. = The man - a new manager of the office
- is still very young
Exercise 16/30
1. People don’t want to buy cars with large engines any more. (call)
 There isn’t much call for cars with large engines
2. Twenty years ago this region produced twice as much coal as it does now. (halved)
 Coal production/The coal produced in this region has (been) halved in the last 20 years
3. The prime Minister is unlikely to call an early general election (likelihood)
 There is little likelihood of the PM calling a(n) (early general) election
4. Nobody could possibly believe the story he told us (beyond)
 The story he told us is/was beyond belief

 It came as no surprise to us (to hear) (that) he was/had been successful.
4. “That’s a lovely new dress, Jean” said her mother.
 Jean’s mother complimented Jean on her lovely new dress.
5. We couldn’t relax until all the guests had gone home.
 Only after/when all the guests had gone home/could we relax/were we able to relax.
6. We couldn’t find George anywhere. George was nowhere to be found
7. Customs officials are stopping more travelers than usual this week.
An increased number of travelers is/are being stopped by customs officials this week.
8. She listens more sympathetically than anyone else I know.
 She is a more sympathetic listener than anyone else I know.
Exercise 18/30
1. The minister’s popularity suffered as a result of the scandal. (effect)
 The scandal had a bad/negative effect
2. The teachers agreed to introduce the new methods. (agreement)
 There was (an) agreement among the teachers to introduce new methods
3. Jenny didn’t feel like going to the party. (mood)
 Jenny wasn’t in the mood to go to the party/for (going to) the party
4. The councilor answered every question frankly. (frank)
 The councilor gave frank answers to every question
5. It is said that he has been to prison several times (reputed).
 He is reputed to have been (sent) to prison
6. Most stores will accept a credit card instead of cash. (alternative).
 Most stores will accept a credit card as an alternative to cash
7. Our opinions on the subject are identical. (difference)
 There is (absolutely) no difference in/between our opinions on the subject
8. Local residents said they were against the new traffic scheme. (disapproval)
 Local residents expressed/voiced then disapproval of the new traffic scheme.
KẾT THÚC BUỔI 22
Buổi 23 - Bài 12. INDIRECT SPEECH – CÂU TRỰC TIẾP, GIÁN TIẾP
1 . definition:

bring, build, buy
cut, draw, feed, tell
find, get, give
hand, leave, lend, write
make, offer, owe
paint, pass, pay
promise, read, sell
send, show, teach
S + V + Od + for/ to + Oi
S + verb + Oi + Od
Eg. Correct : They gave it to us./ Incorrect: They gave us it.
4. notes
John gave the essay to his teacher.
John gave his teacher the essay.
The little boy brought some flowers for his grandmother.
The little boy brought his grandmother some flowers.
I fixed Maria a drink./ I fixed a drink for Maria.
He drew a picture for his mother./ He drew his mother a picture.
He lent his car to his bother./ He lent his brother his car.
We owe several thousand dollars to the bank./ We owe the bank several thousand dollars
Exercise 19/30
1. No one has challenged his authority before.
This is the first time that) someone has challenged his authority
2. “If Brian doesn’t train harder, I won’t select him for the team,” said the manager.
 The manager threatened not to select Brian (if he didn’t train harder/unless he trained harder).
3. The hurricane blew the roof off the house.
 The house had its/the roof blown off by/in/during/because of the hurricane
4. You’ll certainly meet lots of people in your new job.
 You are bound/sure/certain to meet lots of people
5. I left without saying goodbye as I didn’t want to disturb the meeting.