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HUE UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
FACULTY OF AGRONOMY Dr. LE DINH HUONG.
B.Sc. ENGLISH LANGUAGE

ENGLISH FOR AGRICULTURE HUE CITY, 2010
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Unit 1
Lesson 1

The parts of plant and their function

I. Reading

Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. They include familiar
organisms such as trees, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae.
The scientific study of plants, known as botany, has identified about 350,000 extant
species of plants, defined as seed plants, bryophytes, ferns and fern allies. As of 2004,
some 287,655 species had been identified, of which 258,650 are flowering and 18,000
bryophytes. Green plants obtain most of their energy from sunlight via a process called
photosynthesis.
The basic parts of a plant are flower, fruit, seed, leaf, stem, root and shoot.

5. Grasses are monocotyledonous, usually herbaceous plants with narrow
leaves growing from the base. They include the "true grasses", of the
Poaceae (or Gramineae) family, as well as the sedges (Cyperaceae) and
the rushes (Juncaceae).
6. A vine in the broad sense refers to any climbing or trailing plant. The
narrower and original meaning is the grapevine
7. A fern (dương xỉ) is any one of a group of about 12,000 species of plants.
Unlike mosses, they have xylem and phloem (making them vascular
plants). They have stems, leaves, and roots like other vascular plants.
Ferns do not have either seeds or flowers (they reproduce via spores).
8. Mosses (rêu) are small, soft plants that are typically 1–10 cm (0.4–4 in)
tall, though some species are much larger. They commonly grow close
together in clumps or mats in damp or shady locations. They do not
have flowers or seeds, and their simple leaves cover the thin wiry
stems.
9. The green algae (tảo xanh) (singular: green alga) are the large group of
algae from which the embryophytes (higher plants) emerged.
10. Botany, plant science(s), phytology, or plant biology is a branch of
biology that involves the scientific study of plant life. Botany covers a
wide range of scientific disciplines concerned with the study of plants,
algae and fungi, including structure, growth, reproduction, metabolism,
development, diseases, chemical properties, and evolutionary
relationships between taxonomic groups. Botany began with early
human efforts to identify edible, medicinal and poisonous plants,
making it one of the oldest sciences. Today botanists study over 550,000
species of living organisms.
11. Extant is a term commonly used in biology to refer to taxa (taxon) (such
as species, genera or families) that are still in existence (living). The
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vascular tissue that circulates liquids. They neither have flowers nor
produce seeds, reproducing via spores.
18. Photosynthesis (from the Greek
[photo-]
, "light," and
[synthesis]
,
"putting together", "composition") is a process that converts carbon
dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy
from sunlight. Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and many
species of bacteria, but not in archaea. Photosynthetic organisms are
called
photoautotrophs
, since they can create their own food
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19. The term bloom refers to one or more flowers on a flowering plant, to a
cut flower, to the aesthetic experience derived from flowers or
comparable to that derived from flowers.
20. Blossom is a term given to the flowers of stone fruit trees (genus Prunus) and of
some other plants with a similar appearance that flower profusely for a period of
time in spring. Blossom normally appear in spring before the fruit actually grows.
Blossoms provide pollen to pollinators such as bees, and initiate cross-pollination
necessary for the trees to reproduce by producing fruit.
21. Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete
organism. Hence, a tissue is an ensemble of cells, not necessarily identical, but
from the same origin, that together carry out a specific function. Organs are then
formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues. The study of tissue
is known as histology or, in connection with disease, histopathology.



1. Yes/No Questions
auxiliary verb
subject
main verb

Answer
Yes or No
Do
You
Want
dinner?
Yes, I do.
Can
You
drive?

No, I can't.
Has
She
Finished
her work?
Yes, she has.
Did
They
Go
home?
No, they didn't.
Exception! verb be simple present and simple past


At 1pm.
Who
Did
She
meet?

She met Ram.
Why
hasn't
Tara
done
it?
Because she can't.
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Exception! verb be simple present and simple past

Where
Is
Bombay?
In India.
How
Was
she?
Very well.
3. Choice Questions
auxiliary verb
subject
main verb


White
or
black?
It's black.

Were
they
$15
or
$50?
$15.

VI. Home work:
Working Group: each group chooses one of topics as following, and presentation at
next time: (1) trees, (2) herbs, (3) bushes, (4) grasses, (5) vines, (6) ferns, (7) mosses,
and (8) green algae.(9) Flowers of a plant and their functions. (10) Fruit.
22. Plant embryogenesis is the process that produces a plant embryo from a fertilised
ovule by asymmetric cell division and the differentiation of undifferentiated cells
(các tế bào chưa phân hóa) into tissues and organs. It occurs during seed
development, when the single-celled zygote undergoes a programmed pattern of
cell division resulting in a mature embryo.
23. Ovule literally means "small egg." In seed plants, the ovule is the structure that
gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells. It consists of three parts:
The integuments forming its outer layer, the nucellus (or megasporangium), and
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the megaspore-derived female gametophyte (or megagametophyte) in its center.
The megagametophyte (also called embryo sac in flowering plants) produces the
egg cell for fertilization. After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed.
24. Gymnosperms are seed-bearing plants, whose seeds do not form inside fruits but
outside the ovum (ovum, singular; ova, plural).
25. The flowering plants (angiosperms) are the most diverse group of land plants.
Together with gymnosperms, they are the only extant groups of seed-producing
plants, but they can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of derived
characteristics. These characteristics include flowers, endosperm within the seeds,
and the production of fruits that contain the seeds.
26. Fertilisation (Sự thụ tinh) (also known as conception, fecundation and
syngamy), is the fusion of gametes to produce a new organism. In flowering
plant, After the carpel is pollinated, the pollen grain germinates in a response to a
sugary fluid secreted by the mature stigma (mainly sucrose). From each pollen
grain, a pollen tube grows out that attempts to travel to the ovary by creating a
path through the female tissue. The vegetative (or tube) and generative nuclei of
the pollen grain pass into its respective pollen tube. After the pollen grain adheres
to the stigma of the carpel (female reproductive structure) a pollen tube grows and
penetrates the ovule through a tiny pore called a micropyle.
27. A forest is an area with a high density of trees. There are many definitions of a

(or egg)—and a male produces the smaller (con nòng nọc) tadpole-like type—
called a sperm.
32. Liverworts. Like other bryophytes, they have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle,
in which cells of the plant carry only a single set of genetic information.
33. In ecology, a niche is a term describing the relational position of a species or
population in its ecosystem to each other. A shorthand definition of niche is how
an organism makes a living. The ecological niche describes how an organism or
population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors (e.g., by
growing when resources are abundant, and when predators, parasites and
pathogens are scarce) and how it in turn alters those same factors (e.g., limiting
access to resources by other organisms, acting as a food source for predators and a
consumer of prey).
34. Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms
that conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplasts capture light energy to conserve free
energy in the form of ATP and reduce NADP to NADPH through a complex set
of processes called photosynthesis.
35. Transpiration is a process similar to evaporation. It is the loss of water vapor
from parts of plants (similar to sweating), especially in leaves but also in stems,
flowers and roots. Leaf surfaces are dotted with openings called, collectively,
stomata, and in most plants they are more numerous on the undersides of the
foliage. The stoma are bordered by guard cells that open and close the pore. Leaf
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transpiration occurs through stomata, and can be thought of as a necessary "cost"
associated with the opening of the stomata to allow the diffusion of carbon
dioxide gas from the air for photosynthesis. Transpiration also cools plants and
enables mass flow of mineral nutrients and water from roots to shoots.
36. Guttation is the appearance of drops of xylem sap on the tips or edges of leaves
of some vascular plants, such as grasses. Guttation is not to be confused with dew,
which condenses from the atmosphere onto the plant surface

He played football
every Tuesday.
He plays football
every Tuesday.
He will / is going to play
football every Tuesday.
actions that happen one
after another
He played football
and then he went
He plays football and
then he goes home.
He will play football
and then he will go
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home.
home.
State
He loved football.
He loves football.
He will love football.
Seeing some education films (the past tense, the present tense, be present tense negative,
do and did, The future tense),

2. WH Question Words
We use question words to ask certain types of questions (question word questions). We
often refer to them as WH words because they include the letters WH (for example WHy,
HoW).
Question Word

asking what or which person
or people (object)
Whom did you see?
Whose
asking about ownership
Whose are these keys?
Whose turn is it?
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Why
asking for reason, asking
what for
Why do you say that?
why don't
making a suggestion
Why don't I help you?
How
asking about manner
How does this work?

asking about condition or
quality
How was your exam?
how + adj/adv
asking about extent or degree
see examples below
how far
Distance
How far is Hanoi from Hue?
how long
Lesson 3

The parts of plant and their function (continue)

I. Reading

A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant. The stem is normally
divided into nodes and internodes, the nodes hold buds which grow into one or more
leaves, inflorescence (flowers), cones or other stems etc. The internodes distance one
node from another. The term shoots is often confused with stems; shoots generally refer
to new fresh plant growth and does include stems but also to other structures like leaves
or flowers. The other main structural axis of plants is the root. In most plants stems are
located above the soil surface but some plants have underground stems.
Stems have four main functions which are: 1) Support for and the elevation of leaves,
flowers and fruits. 2) The stems keep the leaves in the light and provide a place for the
plant to keep its flowers and fruits. 3) Transport of fluids between the roots and the
shoots in the xylem and phloem. Storage of nutrients. The production of new living
tissue. 4) The normal life span of plant cells is one to three years. Stems have cells called
meristems that annually generate new living tissue.
In vascular plants, the root is the organ of a plant that typically lies below the surface of
the soil. This is not always the case, however, since a root can also be aerial (growing
above the ground) or aerating (growing up above the ground or especially above water).
Furthermore, a stem normally occurring below ground is not exceptional either (see
rhizome). So, it is better to define root as a part of a plant body that bears no leaves, and
therefore also lacks nodes. There are also important internal structural differences
between stems and roots.
The first root that comes from a plant is called the radicle. The three major functions of
roots are 1) absorption of water and inorganic nutrients, 2) anchoring of the plant body to

shoot immediately
39. An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem
that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of
branches. Strictly, it is the part of the shoot of seed plants where
flowers are formed and which is accordingly modified. The
modifications can involve the length and the nature of the internodes
and the phyllotaxis, as well as variations in the proportions,
compressions, swellings, adnations, connations and reduction of main
and secondary axes.
40. A cone (in formal botanical usage: strobilus, plural strobili) is an organ
on plants in the division Pinophyta (conifers) that contains the
reproductive structures. The familiar woody cone is the female cone,
which produces seeds. The male cones, which produce pollen, are
usually herbaceous and much less conspicuous even at full maturity.
The name "cone" derives from the fact that the shape in some species
resembles a geometric cone. The individual plates of a cone are known
as scales.
41. Shoots are new plant growth, they can include stems, flowering stems
with flower buds, leaves. The new growth from seed germination that
grows upward is a shoot where leaves will develop. In the spring,
perennial plant shoots are the new growth that grows from the ground
in herbaceous plants or the new stem and/or flower growth that grows
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on woody plants.
42. In vascular plants, the root is the organ of a plant that typically lies
below the surface of the soil. This is not always the case, however, since
a root can also be aerial (growing above the ground) or aerating
(growing up above the ground or especially above water). Furthermore,
a stem normally occurring below ground is not exceptional either (see

from
rhizóō
"cause to strike root")
[2]
is a characteristically horizontal
stem of a plant that is usually found underground, often sending out
roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes may also be referred to as
creeping rootstalks or rootstocks.
47. A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant. The stem
is normally divided into nodes and internodes, the nodes hold buds
which grow into one or more leaves, inflorescence (flowers), cones or
other stems etc. The internodes distance one node from another.
48. In botany, the radicle is the first part of a seedling (a growing plant embryo) to
emerge from the seed during the process of germination. The radicle is the
embryonic root of the plant, and grows downward in the soil (the shoot emerges
from the plumule). Above the radicle is the embryonic stem or hypocotyl,
supporting the cotyledon(s).
49. Cytokinins (CK) are a class of plant growth substances (plant