RELATIVE CLAUSES
MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ
I. Định nghĩa
- Mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề phụ được nối với mệnh đề chính bởi các đại từ quan hệ (who, whom, whose,
which, that ) hay các trạng từ quan hệ như (where, when, why). Mệnh đề quan hệ đứng ngay đằng sau danh từ, đại
từ trong mệnh đề chính để bổ sung ý nghĩa cho danh từ, đại từ ấy,phân biệt danh từ đại từ ấy với các danh từ đại từ
khác. Chức năng của nó giống như một tính từ do vậy nó còn được gọi là mệnh đề tính ngữ.
II. CÁC ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ
1. Who: -Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người làm chủ ngữ, đứng sau tiền ngữ chỉ người để làm chủ ngữ cho động từ
đứng sau nó Theo sau who là một động từ
Eg: The man who is sitting by the fire is my father. ->That is the boy who helped me to find your house.
2. Whom: -Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người làm tân ngữ, đứng sau tiền ngữ chỉ người để làm tân ngữ cho động từ
đứng sau nó Theo sau whom là một chủ ngữ
Eg: The woman whom you saw yesterday is my aunt >The boy whom we are looking for is Tom.
3. Which:Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ vật, làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ cho động từ sau nó. -Theo sau which có thể là
một động từ hoặc một chủ ngữ.
Eg: This is the book. I like it best.=> This is the book which I like best.
The hat is red. It is mine.=> The hat which is red is mine.
-Khi which làm tân ngữ, ta có thể lược bỏ which
Eg: This is the book I like best . .The dress (which) I bought yesterday is very beautiful.
4. That: Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ cả người lẫn vật, có thể được dùng thay cho Who, Whom, Which trong mệnh
đề quan hệ thuộc loại Restricted Clause (Mệnh đề xác định)
Eg: That is the book that I like best.=>That is the bicycle that belongs to Tom.
My father is the person that I admire most.
I can see the girl and her dog that are running in the park.
5.Whose:Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người, thay cho tính từ sở hữu. Whose cũng được dùng cho of which.
-Theo sau Whose luôn là 1 danh từ
Eg: The boy is Tom. You borrowed his bicycle yesterday.
=> The boy whose bicycle you borrowed yesterday is Tom.
John found a cat. Its leg was broken.
 John found a cat whose leg was broken.

dấu phẩy để tách hai mệnh đề. Mệnh đề này luôn đứng ở cuối câu.
Eg He admires Mr Brown, which surprises me.
Mary tore Tom’s letter, which made him sad.
V.DẠNG RÚT GỌN CỦA MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ: mệnh đề quan hệ có thể rút gọn theo 4 cách:
1.Using participle phrases (sử dụng hiện tại phân từ)
- Present participle: Dùng cho các động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể chủ động. Ta dùng present participle
phrase thay cho mệnh đề đó (bỏ đại từ quan hệ và trợ động từ, đưa động từ chính về nguyên mẫu rồi thêm –ing)
The man who is sitting next to you is my uncle.
 The man sitting to you is my uncle.
Do you know the boy who broke the windows last night?
 Do you know the boy breaking the windows last night?
2.Using past participle:
- Past participle: Dùng cho các động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể bị động (Bỏ đại từ quan hệ, trợ động từ và bắt
đầu cụm từ bằng past participle)
Eg1The books which were written by To Hoai are interesting.
The books written by To Hoai are interesting.
Eg2 The students who were punished by the teacher are lazy.
The students punished by the teacher are lazy.
Eg3 The house which is being built now belongs to Mr. Pike.
The house built now belongs to Mr. Pike.
3.Using “to infinitive” or “infinitive phrase” (for sb to do): Bỏ đại từ quan hệ, bỏ chủ ngữ và trợ động từ, bắt
đầu cụm từ bằng “infinitive”
English is an important language which we have to master.
=> English is an important language to master.
There is a good restaurant where we can eat good food.
=> There is a good restaurant to eat good food.
That is the hotel where we can stay.
=> That is the hotel to stay.
Here is the form that you must fill in.
=> Here is the form for you to fill in.

(a)few, both, half, each, one, two, several, many, much, + of which/whom
Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers.
I tried on three pairs of shoes, none of which fitted me.
He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer.
Two boys, neither of whom I had seen before, came into my class.
They have got two cars, one of which they seldom use.
There were a lot of people at the meeting, few of whom I had met before.
4. Các trường hợp sau đây thường phải dùng ‘that’
a. Khi cụm từ đứng trước vừa là danh từ chỉ người và vật
He told me about the places and people that he had seen in London
b. Sau các tính từ so sánh hơn nhất, first và last
This is the most interesting film that I’ve ever seen.
Moscow is the finest city that she’s ever visited.
That is the last letter that he wrote.
She was the first person that broke the silence.
c. Sau các từ all, only (duy nhất) và very (chính là)
All that he can say is this.
I bought the only book that they had.
You’re the very man that I would like to see.
d. Sau các đại từ bất định
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He never says anything that is worth listening to.
I’ll tell you something that is very interesting.
Phân BiỆt GiỮa Whose Và Of Which
WHOSE : dùng cả cho người và vật
This is the book .Its cover is nice
-> This is the book whose cover is nice .
-> This is the book the cover of which is nice
WHOSE :đứng trứoc danh từ
OF WHICH : đứng sau danh từ ( danh từ đó phải thêm THE )

25. One of the elephants had only one tusk. We saw these elephants at the zoo.
26. That car belongs to Dr. Clark. Its engine is very good.
27. You sent me a present. Thank you very much for it.
28. This is Mrs. Jones. Her son won the championship last year.
29. Rod Lee has won an Oscar. I know his sister.
30. Is this the style of hair? Your wife wants to have it.
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31. A man answered the phone. He said Tom was out.
32. 7.05 is the time. My plane arrives then.
33. Max isn’t home yet. That worries me.
34. Do you know the building? The windows of the building are painted green.
35. Last week I went to see the house. I used to live in it.
36. I don’t know the girl’s name. She’s just gone into the hall.
37. Be sure to follow the instructions. They are given at the top of the page.
38. Hoan Kiem lake is a historical place. Its water is always blue.
II. Fill in the blanks with Relative pronouns or Relative adverbs where necessary
1. Let me see all the letters _______ you have written.
2. Is there any one ________ can help me do this?
3. Mr. Brown, _________ is only 34, is the director of this company.
4. I know a place __________ roses grow in abundance.
5. It was the nurse ________ told me to come in.
6. The teacher with ________, we studied last year no longer teaches in our school.
7. They showed me the hospital ________ buildings had been destroyed by US bombings.
8. We saw many soldiers and tanks ______ were moving to the front.
9. Dr. Fleming, _______ discovered penicillin, was awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1945.
10. He joined the political party _______ was in power.
11. Love, ________ is a wonderful feeling, comes to everyone at some time in his life.
12. Freedom is something for _______ millions have given their lives.
13. It is easy to find faults in people ________ we dislike.
14. The really happy people are those _______ enjoy their daily work.

6. They live in the house that was built in 1890.
7. The papers that are on the table belong to Patrica.
8. The man who is talking to the policeman is my uncle.
9. The number of students who have been counted is quite high.
10. George is the man who was chosen to represent the committee at the convention.
VI. Replace the underlined clauses by an infinitive or infinitive phrase
1. I don’t like him playing in the street. I wish we had a garden that he could play in.
2. He simply loves parties. He is always the first who comes and the last who leaves.
3. The last person who leaves the room must turn off the lights.
4. The first man who was interviewed was entirely unsuitable.
5. I’ve got a bottle of wine but I haven’t got anything that I could open it with.
VII. Rewrite these sentences using a relative clause in place of the infinitive or infinitive phrases
1. The floor is dusty but I haven’t got a brush to sweep it. (with)
2. The pilot was the only man to survive in the crash.
3. He was the second person to be killed in this way.
4. I have just found a river to swim. (in)
5. This is a form for you to fill. (in)
VIII Choose the best answer
1) The book ____ I bought at the bookstore yesterday is expensive.
A. who B. whose C. that D. B & C are corre
2) What’s the name of the blonde girl ____ just came in?
A. who B. whose C. whom D. A & B are correct
3) I don’t like people ____ lose their tempers easily.
A. who B. whose C. that D. A & C are correct
4) Mexico City, ____ has a population of over 10 million, is probably the fastest growing city in the world.
A. which B. whose C. that D. A & B are corre
5) This is Henry, ____ sister works for my father.
A. who B. whose C. that D.All are correct
6) He’s the man ____ people like at first sight.
A. who B. whom C. that

20) Betty is the most intelligent girl ____ I have ever met.
A. who B. whom C. that D. All are correct
21) Do you know the music ____ is being played on the radio?
A. who B. which C. that D. B & C are correct
22) This channel often shows the cartoons of ____ the children are very fond.
A. whom B. which C. that D. B & C are correct
23) The dress ____ she bought last week doesn’t fit her well.
A. whom B. which C. whose D. B & C are correct
24) Do you know a shop ____ sells good coffee?
A. which B. that C. whose D. A & B are correct
25) The teacher punished the student ____ was naughty.
A. whom B. who C. which D. A & B are correct
26) She fell in love with a man ____ was from another country.
A. who B. whom C. which D. whose
27) I like to write to friends ____ are living far away from me.
A. who B. whom C. that D. A & C are correct
28) I bought some pencils ____ are in different colours.
A. whose B. which C. that D. B & C are correct
29) She ate an apple ____ was still green.
A. who B. which C. whose D. whom
30) This is my beloved school ____ I studied when I was young.
A. which B. that C. where D. A & B are correct
31) Here’s the paper ____ you need.
A. whom B. that C. who D. whose
32) The woman ____ has been arrested lives in an apartment.
A. that B. which C. whom D. A & C are correct
33) The teacher notices the students ____ often come to class late.
A. that B. which C. who D. A & C are correct
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34) The house in ____ I was born is for sale.

49) John, ____ I have known for a very long time, is one of my closest friends.
A. whose B. whom C. that D. B & C are correct
50) Sheila, ____ job involves a lot of travelling, is away from home a lot.
A. whose B. whom C. that D. which
51) This new stadium, ____ can hold 90,000 people, will be opened next month.
A. that B. whose C. which D. A & B are correct
52) My brother, ____ lives in Houston, is a doctor.
A. who B. whom C.that D. A & B are correct
53) My office, ____ is on the second floor, is small.
A. whose B. which C. who. .D. A & B are correct
54) She told me her address ____ I wrote down on a piece of paper.
A. which B. that C. whose D. A & B are correct
55) The sun, ____ is one of millions of stars in the universe, provides us with heat and light.

A. which B. that C. who D. A & B are correct
56) Tom made a number of suggestions, most of ____ were very helpful.
A. them B. which C. that D. B & C are correct
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57) Mary has three brothers, all of ____ are married.
60) The meeting ………I went was interesting.
A. to which B. which C. that D. B & C are correct
58) We were given a lot of information, most of ____ was useless.
A. which B. it C. that D. All are correct
59) There were a lot of people at the party, only a few of ____ I had met before.
A. them B. whom C. who D. B & C are correct
60) I sent her two letters, neither of ____ she has received.
A. that B. these C. which D. whom
61) A café is a small restaurant ____ people can get a light meal.
A. where B. which C. that D. All are correct
62) My room has a very large window ____ you can see the whole lake.

77) Tell me the countries ____ the traffic moves on the left-hand side.
A. where B. which C. that D. A & B are correct
78) We keep our bread in the bridge ____ it doesn’t go bad.
A. since B. so that C. although D. after
79) ____ these cars are cheap, they last a long time.
A. Because B. In order that C. Although
D. After
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80) You should give the iron time to heat up ____ you iron your clothes.
A. because B. so that C. even though D. before

A. Fill in the gap with: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, or WHOSE.
1. We talk about the party ____________Sarah wants to organize for my birthday.
2. Don is a friend with ____________ I stayed in Australia.
3. Mrs. Richmond, ____________is 42 years old, does morning exercise every morning.
4. We cannot find the person____________car is blocking our driveway.
5. The film about____________they are talking is thrilling.
6. My uncle, ____________you met yesterday, is a famous lawyer in the town.
7. The police are questioning the woman____________purse was stolen outside the supermarket.
8. The girl ____________showed me the way to your house has a beautiful oval face.
9. The book ____________I received on my birthday is informative.
10. The company ____________products have high quality is facing with financial problem.
B. Combine the following pairs of sentences by using: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, or WHOSE.
1. I have some homework. I must do them tonight.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_
2. Mrs. Brooks is an experienced teacher. I have great respect for her.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_
3. I have seen several houses. Most of them are quite unsuitable.

6. The man ____________I sat next to on the train smoked all the time.
7.The girl ____________showed me the way to your house has a beautiful oval face.
9. The book ____________I received on my birthday is informative.
10. Don is a friend with ____________ I stayed in Australia.
B. Combine the following pairs of sentences by using: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, or WHOSE.
1. John Smith is a farmer. I bough his land last year.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_
2. They are decorating the house. The house has many white curtains.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_
3. My grandfather enjoys hill walking. He is in his seventies.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_
4. The children are eager to learn. You met them at the party last month.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_
5. Graham took us to his office. It was fill with books.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_
6. The street is bad and narrow. It leads to the my school.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_
C. Reduce the following relative pronouns by using : VING, V3/VED, or TO-V
1. The man who teaches my son is my friend.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_
2. The computers which are used here are very old.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_

à………………………………………………….……………………………
10. You have no need to tell me the reason. You are often late for work for that reason.
à………………………………………………….……………………………
11. We visited the people. They are homeless after the flood.
à………………………………………………….……………………………
12. I don’t like the films. They have unhappy ending.
à………………………………………………….……………………………
13. I know the man. His son broke your windows.
à………………………………………………….……………………………
14. The girl is very kind. Her parents work with me.
à………………………………………………….……………………………
15. The village has around 200 people. The majority of them are farmers.
à………………………………………………….……………………………
16. She hasn’t eat anything. This makes her parents worried.
à………………………………………………….……………………………
17. The student is from China. He sits next to me.
à…………………………………………………………………………………………
18. I thanked the woman. This woman had helped me.
à …………………………………………………………………………………………
19. Mr. Pike is excellent. I am taking his course.
à…………………………………………………………………………………………
20. Shakespeare wrote plays . People have enjoyed them for four centuries.
à…………………………………………………………………………………………
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B. REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
1) Dùng phân từ:
a) Dùng cụm V-ing :
Dùng cho các mệnh đề mang nghĩa chủ động
Ex: a. The man who is standing there is my brother.
b. The man standing there is my brother

-bỏ who ,which và be
Ex: a. Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health.
à Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health.
à Football, a popular sport, is very good for health.
Ex: b. Do you like the book which is on the table?
àDo you like the book on the table?
PHƯƠNG PHÁP LÀM BÀI LOẠI RÚT GỌN:
B ước 1 : - Tìm xem mệnh đề tính từ nằm chổ nào
Bước này dễ vì mệnh đề tính từ thường bắt đầu bằng WHO,WHICH,THAT
B ước 2 :
Bước này chủ yếu là rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ thành cụm từ
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1. Nhìn xem mệnh đề có công thức S + BE + CỤM DANH TỪ không ? Nếu có áp dụng công thức 3 .
2. Nếu không có công thức đó thì xem tiếp trứoc who which có các dấu hiệu first ,only v v không ,nếu có thì áp
dụng công thức 2 (to inf. ) lưu ý thêm xem 2 chủ từ có khác nhau không ( để dùng for sb )
3. Nếu không có 2 trừong hợp trên mới xét xem câu đó chủ động hay bị động mà dùng V-NG hay P.P
EXERCISE 2: Use reduced relative clauses in place of the relative clauses
1. The child is lonely, he would be happier if he had someone that he could play with.
à…………………………………………………………………………………………
2. I’ve got a bottle of wine but I haven’t got anything that I could open it with.
à…………………………………………………………………………………………
3. I don’t like him playing in the streets; I wish we had a garden that he could play in.
à…………………………………………………………………………………………
4. The floor is dirty but I haven’t got a brush that I can sweep it with.
à…………………………………………………………………………………………
5. My files are all over the place. I wish I had a box that I could keep them in.
à…………………………………………………………………………………………
6. She said that she wasn’t going to buy any cards; she hadn’t anyone to whom she could send cards.
à…………………………………………………………………………………………
7. You are the last person who saw her alive.

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2. The plants which______________ in the living room need a lot of water.
A. are B. be C. is D. was
3. She’s the woman_______________ sister looks after the baby for us.
A. who B. which C. that’s D. whose
4. That’s the doctor for________________ Cliff works.
A. that B. which C. whom D. whose
5. Marie,______________ I met at the party, called me last night.
A. that B. whom C. which D. whose
6. I remember Alice,______________ rode the bus to school with.
A. I B. whom I C. which I D. who
7. I used to enjoy the summer, ______________ we had a big family picnic.
A. where B. when C. which D. that
8. Tell me about the city ______________ you grew up.
A. that B. where C. which D. ø
9. Anna found the book that ________________ wanted at the bookshop.
A. ø B. where C. she D. which
10. Please remember to take back to the library all the books ________ are due this week.
A. ø B. that C. when D. they
11. He likes the dress. Huong is wearing it
A. He likes the dress which Huong is wearing it
B. He likes the dress Huong is wearing it
C. He likes the dress who Huong is wearing
D. He likes the dress Huong is wearing
12. Most of the classmates couldn't come. He invited them to the birthday party
A. Most of the classmates he invited to the birthday party couldn't come.
B. Most of the classmates he was invited to the birthday party couldn't come.
C. Most of the classmates that he invited them to the birthday party couldn't come.
D. Most of the classmates which he invited to the birthday party couldn't come.
13. What was the name of the man? You met and talked to him this morning.

14. The girl whose parents work with me is very kind.
15. The village has around 200 people, the majority of whom are farmers.
16. She hasn’t eat anything, which makes her parents worried.
17. The student who/that sits next to me is from China.
18. I thanked the woman who/that had helped me.
19. Mr.Pike, whose course I am taking, is excellent.
20. People have enjoyed plays which/that Shakespeare wrote for four centuries.
EXERCISE 2: Use reduced relative clauses in place of the relative clauses
1. The child is lonely, he would be happier if he had someone to play with.
2. I’ve got a bottle of wine but I haven’t got anything to open with.
3. I don’t like him playing in the streets; I wish we had a garden for him to play in.
4. The floor is dirty but I haven’t got a brush to sweep with.
5. My files are all over the place. I wish I had a box to keep in.
6. She said that she wasn’t going to buy any cards; she hadn’t anyone to send cards to.
7. You are the last person to see her alive.
8. He simple loves parties. He is always the first to come and the last to go.
9. The Queen Elizabeth is the largest ship to be built on the Clyde.
10. He was the second man to be killed in this way.
11. Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon.
12. Lady Astor was the first woman to take her seat in Parliament.
13. Here are some accounts for you to check.
14. People listening to very loud music may suffer gradual hearing loss .
15. He was the man saved in the fire .
16. Anyone not wanting to take part in the meeting must inform the board.
17. The teacher taking the responsibility for the class is Ms Lan.
18. .She’s just bought a handbag made of crocodile skin.
19. I met a man working in this factory for a long time.
20. The story told by my grandma was interesting.
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