VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI
UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDES

NGUYỄN THÙY TRANG

APOLOGIZING STRATEGIES BY AMERICAN SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH
AND VIETNAMESE SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH
CHIẾN LƯỢC XIN LỖI BẰNG NGÔN NGỮ ANH CỦA NGƯỜI MĨ VÀ NGƯỜI VIỆT M.A. COMBINED PROGRAM THESIS HÀ NỘI, 2010
Field: English Linguistics

5. The organization of the study ……………………………………………….
4
PART B: DEVELOPMENT

Chapter 1: LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1. Cross-cultural communication

1.1.1. Cross-cultural communication ……………………………………
5
1.1.2. Potential problems in Vietnamese-American cross-cultural
communication …………………………………………………….
7
1.2. Speech acts theories

1.2.1. Speech acts …………………………………………………………
9
1.2.2. Three – dimension speech act ……………………………………
10
1.2.3. Classification of speech act ………………………………………
11
1.2.4. Apologizing as a speech act ………………………………………
12
1.3. Politeness

1.3.1. Politeness theories …………………………………………………
15
1.3.2. Politeness in apologizing ………………………………………….
18
1.4. Situations which elicit apologies in American culture and Vietnamese

3.2. Choices of apologizing strategies by situations ……………………………
50
3.2.1. Choices of strategies by Vietnamese speakers of English …………….
50
3.2.2. Choices of strategies by American speakers of English ………………
52
3.2.3. A comparison of the strategies preferences by two groups of subjects
53
3.3. Preferences of apologizing strategies as seen from communicating
partner’s parameters ………………………………………………………………
58
3.3.1. Vietnamese’s apologizing strategies as seen from communicating
partner’s parameters …………………………………………………………………
58
3.3.2. American’s apologizing strategies as seen from communicating
partner’s parameters …………………………………………………………………
60
3.3.3. A comparison of Vietnamese and American subjects’ apologizing
strategies as seen from communicating partner’s parameters ………………………
62
PART C: CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

1. Conclusion …………………………………………………………………….
67
2. Implications for cross-cultural communication and TEFL in Vietnam ……
69
3. Limitations of the study and suggestions for further study …………………
70
BIBLIOGRAPHY
72

strategy Offer of repair to apologize, the Vietnamese ones preferred to show Concern for
the hearer sharpening the images of the cultural traits of a sentimental Vietnamese culture
and a rational American culture. The Vietnamese’s apology realizations from this study
moreover reflect the more power and distance-sensitivity towards the selection of
apologizing strategies than the American groups, which has cemented the theories of
Brown and Levinson (1983), Trosborg (1989) and many other previous studies on the
influential factors of the speech act realization.
The accomplishment of the thesis is hoped to serve as a useful source of reference for
researchers in related fields, Vietnamese teachers and learners of English as well as those
with regular Vietnamese – American cross-cultural contacts. Important findings have also
cemented the inevitability of incorporating culture into the teaching of English so that
Vietnamese learners of English will be provided with both linguistic and cultural input
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