VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI
UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES
**************** KERIM KARA COMMON ERRORS OF ENGLISH FRICATIVES
MADE BY FIRST YEAR ENGLISH MAJOR
STUDENTS AT HANOI UNIVERSITY

(Các lỗi sai phổ biến trong việc phát âm các phụ âm xát ở
sinh viên năm thứ nhất trường Đại Học Hà Nội)

M.A. MINOR THESIS

Field: English Teaching Methodology
Code: 60140111
HA NOI-2014
VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI
UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES
**************** KERIM KARA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost I offer my sincerest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Huynh Anh Tuan,
who has supported me throughout my thesis with his patience and knowledge whilst
allowing me the room to work in my own way. I attribute the level of my Masters degree
to his encouragement and effort and without him this thesis, too, would not have been
completed or written. One simply could not wish for a better or friendlier supervisor.

Besides my advisor, I would like to thank to my colleagues Mr. Kadir Basaran and
Mr.Abdil Karakoc, for their encouragement, insightful comments, and hard questions.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank my family: my mom Fikriye Kara and my
brother Sinan Kara , for supporting me spiritually throughout my life.



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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: English consonants (Gimson,1989) ………………………. …………… …. . 7
Table 2: English fricatives ( Raoch,1991) ……………………. .………………… … 9
Table 3: Vietnamese consonants ( Trang Ngoc Dung, 2010) ………………… …. … 12
Table 4: Vietnamese initial consonants ( Tran Ngoc Dung, 2010) ………………… …13
Table 5: Vietnamese final consonants( Tran Ngoc Dung, 2010)……………………. …13
Table 6: Confusion of fricatives ………………………………………………… … 29
Table 7: Intra-language replacement of English fricatives ……………………… … 31
Table 8: Replaced and replacing consonants …………………………………… … 32
Table 9: Inter-language replacement of English fricatives………………… …… … 34
Table 10: Omission of fricatives………………………………………………… …….35
Table 11: Sound addition in pronouncing English fricatives ………… ……… …… 38 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Vietnamese syllable structure ( Ngo Nhu Binh, 2009)……………… ……. 16
Figure 2: Vietnamese syllable structure ( Doan Xuan Kien, 2005)………… … … 16

PART II: DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER I : LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………… …5
2.1.1 Received Pronunciation………………………………………………… ….5
2.1.2 English sound system … ………………………………………………… … 6
2.1.3 English consonants and classification…………………………………… 6
2.1.3.1 Place of articulation…………………………………………………… … 6
2.1.3.2 Manner of articulation ………………………………………………… …7
2.1.3.3 Voicing………………………………………………………………… … 8
2.1.3.4 Positions of the soft-palate…………………………………………… 8
2.1.4 English consonants characteristics ……………………………………… …….8
2.1.4.1 The position of English consonant in a syllable ……………………… ……8
2.1.4.2 The distinction of voiced and voiceless consonants ………………… ……9
2.1.4.3 English Fricatives …………………………………………………… ……9
2.1.4.4 Production of labio-dental fricatives /f/ and /v/……………………… 10