TUTUONG
HO
CHI MINH VE
NHA
NUOC
VA PHAP LUAT
TIEP
TUC SOI SANG
TRONG SLJ
NGHIEP XAY
DL/NG
NHA
NUOC
PHAP QUYEN VIET NAM XHCN
HIEN
NAY
THS.
CHU
THI
TRANG VAN
Gidng vien Khoa Lugt, DHQG Ha Ngi
Den nay, Nha
nudfc
phap quyen (NNPQ)
khong
con la khai niem
xa la
v6i
cac nha khoa hoc phap
ly
noi rieng va cac nha khoa hoc xa

tay
chan )
deu
tim
thay
b
hoc thuyet nay vu khi tinh than trong cuoc
da'u tranh de sinh ton va phat trien.
"Su phdt trien cua
van minh
nhdn
loqi
phdn
l&n duc/c
quy dinh bdi
sit
phat trien cua xa hoi cong ddn va
Nha
nude
phdp
c/uyen"^^\
Tuy nhien, viec nhan
thuc
ve tu
tuong
NNPQ va qua trinh van dung vao thuc
tiln
phai xua't phat
ttr nhiJng
dieu kien

tin Khoa hoc Xa hoi,
Vifin
Khoa hoc Xa
h6i
Viet Nam (1991), NNPQ va
xa hoi c6ng dan,
Sixu
tap
chuySn
de.
Ha
N6i,
tr. 6.
65
1.
Xay dung Nha
nirdc
phap quyen XHCN Viet Nam
Cac gia tri pho bien cua NNPQ trong su phat trien cua xa hoi ma
da
duoc
thira nhan chung, do la: (1) Nhan dan la chu the
ciia
quyen
luc Nha nu6c; (2) Bo may Nha nuoc
duac
to
chiic
theo nguyen
tdc

tinh dac thu ciia Viet Nam. Dieu do
CO nghia
la cho du giua cac
nude
XHCN hay cac
nude
phi XHCN
hien nay cd nhirng quan diem khac biet, nhiing tieu chi khac nhau
trong qua trinh xay dung mo hinh NNPQ ciia minh thi ve nguyen
tac,
nhirng gia tri pho bien cua NNPQ da trinh bay d tren ve ca ban van
thong nha't vdi nhau. Tuy nhien, nhirng gia tri pho bien ay se duoc
tiep bie'n trong qua trinh
xay dirng
NNPQ
a
Viet Nam va
duat
chuyen thanh nhirng yeu cau cu the. Van de
dugc
dat ra la chiing ta
cd the
ciing
mot luc xay dung cac tieu chuan can ban noi tren khong.
Dieu dd that khd khan bdi tren thuc te', do dieu kien cua dat
nude,
do
su han che' ve nhan luc, vat luc, tri
thiic
ma qua trinh tiep bie'n,

Nguyin
Van Nien
(1996),
My dicng
NNPQ Viet Nam - Mot so van de ly
hidn
va
thuc tiin (Sach tham khao), Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc
gia.
Ha Noi.
66
Dang Dung'", Hoang Thi Kim
Que<^\
Pham Duy
Nghia''*,
triet gia
Dao Ngoc
Tuan'"'
va cac
sir
gia nhu Phan Huy Le, Vu Minh
Giang*^*.
Trong cac bai vie't, sach chuyen khao cua minh, cac nha khoa hoc
dd da dua ra nhirng tinh chat rat dac
thii ciia
con
ngudi
va xa hoi Viet
Nam, coi dd nhu la nhirng dac thu trong qua trinh xay dung NNPQ
Viet Nam ma chiing ta khong the khong quan tam. Nghien

dao quan chiing
lat
do
che'
do phong kien va xay dung nha nude tu san theo cac tieu chi
NNPQ.
CJ
Viet Nam, cuoc each mang lat do phong kie'n
lai
hoa quyen
khong the tach
rdi
vdi cuoc da'u tranh giai phdng dan
toe
khoi ach dd ho
thuc dan de'
qud'c,
tiic
la cuoc da'u tranh chdng lai chu
nghia
tu ban d
hinh
thiic
chin muoi, va tieu bieu nhat d thdi ky dd. Lich sir doi hoi phai
cd mot chinh dang
dii
kha nang
diing
ra lanh dao quan chiing de cd the
tie'n hanh dong thdi ba nhiem vu: phan de', phan phong,

phdp
hidt
- Nhung
nhdn to NNPQ, Tap
chi
NCLP so 03/2002.
<^'
TS. Pham Duy Nghia (2004), Chuyen khao htdt kinh te (Sau dai hoc), Nxb. Dai hoc
Quoc gia Ha Noi, Ha Noi, tr. 3-24.
*"'
Dao Ngoc
fuah
(2002), Tinh pho bien vd tinh dac
thii
trong xdy dung NNPQ Viet
Nam,
Luan an Tien
sT
Triet
hoc.
Hoc vien
CTQG
H6
Chi
Minh, Ha Noi.
*'''
Phan Huy Le va Vu Minh Giang (1996), Cdc gid tri
triiyen
thong vd con ngudi Viet
Nam Men nay, De tai KX 07.02. Tap II, Ha Noi.

ly
tudng trong tuang lai. Bdi vay, NNPQ Viet Nam XHCN se la mot md
hinh nha
nude
mang trong minh nhiing dac trung
phd
bie'n cua mo
hinh NNPQ
neu
d tren va ben canh dd la nhiing dac trung dac
thii phii
hgp vdi dieu kien kinh
te",
chinh tri va xa hoi Viet Nam sau:
- NNPQ Viet Nam la nha
nude
cua nhan dan, do nhan dan va vi
nhan dan; ia'y lien minh giiia giai ca'p cong nhan vdi giai ca'p ndng dan
va tang
Idp
tri thiic lam
nen
tang, do Dang Cong san lanh dao;
- Trong NNPQ Viet Nam, tat ca quyen
lire
nha
nude
thugc ve nhan
dan; Quyen luc nha nude la thong nhat, cd su phan cong va phdi hgp
va giam sat

nhdn
ddn, do nhdn ddn vd vi nhdn
68
ddn.
Ta't cd quyen
luc Nhd
nude
thugc
ve nhdn ddn md nen tang
Id
lien minh giita giai cap cong nhdn vdi giai cap ndng ddn vd dpi ngu tri
thiic. Quyen
lue
Nhd nude
Id tho'ng
nha't,
cd
suphdn
cong vd phdi
hgp
giita cac ca quan trong viec thuc hien cdc quyen lap phdp, hanh phdp,
tuphdp."^^\
Nha
nude
Viet Nam khang dinh vdi nhan dan va cac qud'c
gia khac muc tieu xay dung NNPQ khong dan thuan la mot tuyen bd'
chinh tri ma da la mot nhiem vu chinh tri - phap ly. Dieu nay cung phu
hgp vdi thuc tien ciia the' ky XXI hdm nay khi ma hgc thuyet NNPQ
da chuyen thanh thuc tai trong thuc tien qud'c te', hay chinh xac han -
"la hien thuc sinh ddng d rat nhieu nai tren the'

nhien, qua trinh van dung tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ve Nha
nude
va phap
luat can phai quan triet mot so va'n de mang tinh nguyen tac nhu quan
diem thuc tien, he tho'ng, phat trien, lich
sir
va
ldgic'''\
Nghien
ciiu
tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ndi chung, tu tudng cua Ngudi
ve Nha
nude
va phap luat ndi rieng, van de dat ra khong chi d ehd la
thiira
nhan va khang dinh nhiing gia tri to
Idn
dd trong cong cuoc doi
mdi theo tinh than Nghi quye't Dai hoi IX
ciia
Dang la Ddng vd nhdn
ddn ta quye't tdm xdy dung dat nude Viet Nam theo con dudng XHCN
tren nen tang Chu nghia Mde-Lenin vd tu tudng Ho Chi Minh. Dieu
"*
Nghi quye't
51/QHX cQa
Quoc hoi khoa X
niidc
cong hoa XHCN Viet Nam ve viec
sufa

Chuong
trinh khoa hoc c6ng nghe ca'p Nha
nude
KXu02,
De
tai
KX-02-13,
Vidn
nghien
ciiu
khoa hoc phap ly, tr. 37.
69
quan trgng han la tu tudng Ho Chi Minh tiep tuc soi sang cho cuoc song
hdm nay. Tuy nhien, tirng
linh
vuc van dung la ea mot ndi dung
Idn.
Mait
khac, thuc tien da't nude khong ngirng bien doi trong su thay doi
Idn
lao va khd lugng
ciia
the gidi. Vi vay,
each
tot nha't la phai
ndm
virng quan diem
"dl
bat bien
idig

the hien ban chat khac biet so vdi NNPQ tu san chinh la vai trd lanh
dao
ciia
Dang cong san. Trong tu tudng Hd Chi Minh ve Nha nude va
phap luat, dac biet ve ban chat Nha nude, Hd Chi Minh
ludn
khing
dinh Nha
nude
ta dat dudi su lanh dao cua Dang cong san
nen
viec
khong ngiing doi mdi vai trd lanh dao ciia Dang cong san la dieu can
thiet de thuc hien thanh cong su nghiep doi mdi va xay dung da't nude.
Dang phai giir vai trd lanh dao Nha nude thi Nha nude mdi thuc su
cua dan, do dan va vi dan. Chi cd mot Dang Cong san viing manh ve
chinh tri, tu tudng, to chiic thi mdi dii
siie
lanh dao dugc Nha nude,
xay
dung dugc mot Nha nude virng manh ve mgi mat, du
siic
thuc hien
dudng
Id'i,
ehii
truang do Dang de ra. Dai hoi Dang lan IX da nha'n
manh "Ca/ each to ehue vd
hoqt
dong cua Nhd nude gdn lien vdi xdy

dung Dang ta
thanh mot dang mac
xit-ieninit
doan ket, tho'ng nha't, virng manh ve
chinh tri, tu tudng va to
ehiie,
ddng thdi Ngudi cung khong coi nhe boi
dudng cho can
bg.
Dang vien ve phuang phap cong tac va le
Id'i
lam
viec.
Ngudi da nghiem
khdc
chi ra va phe phan nhirng sai lam, khuyet
diem ciia mot sd can bg, Dang vien cd hai cho su nghiep khang chie'n,
nhu dau dc be phai, dia phuang, hep hoi, quan phiet, vd to
chirc,
vd ky
luat Ngudi
dac biet
chii
trgng giao
due
can bg, dang vien ve tu each
dao
diie
each mang, ve phuang phap va
each

phue
vu giai cap, ddng vien phdi trd thdnh ngudi eon hieu thdo
ciia
To
quoc, cua giai cap. Ddng phdi rat manh, rat trong
sgch"^^\
Hgc tap chu nghia,
diii
mai tu tudng, nang cao ly luan, chinh ddn
to chiic - la nhirng viec can kip
ciia
Dang. Ngoai ra, d cac ca quan lanh
dao cac ca'p, ve le
Id'i
lam viec, ve
chii
truang va
each
lanh dao con cd
nhiing khuye't diem kha pho thdng va nghiem trgng, ay la nhiing benh
chii
quan,
quan lieu, menh
lenh,
hep hoi va benh cong than. Dieu nay
doi hoi phai that su thi hanh dan chu trong Dang va trong quan chiing.
Mot trong nhirng nhiem vu quan trong hien nay
ciia
Dang va Nha
nude ta la nang cao vai trd lanh dao cua Dang cong san, doi mdi va

chinh sach
ciia
Dang thanh phap luat, nha't
la chu truang ve thuc hien quyen lam
chii ciia
nhan dan tren cac
ITnh
vuc kinh te, chinh tri, van hoa, xa hoi.
- Giai phap thugc ve su phat trien ndi tai va trudng thanh
ciia
to
chiic Dang va
ciia
doi
ngQ
can bg dang vien. Dieu nay gdn lien vdi
cong tac xay dung, chinh ddn Dang. Dau tien, bg may to chiic Dang,
doi ngii can bg Dang vien phai trong sach, virng manh, nghia la
xiing
dang thuc su vira la ngudi lanh dao, viia la ngudi day td trung thanh
ciia
nhan dan, thi mdi giir dugc mdi quan he td't giira Dang vdi Nha
nude.
Dang phai tang eudng kiem tra to chiic ca sd Dang va Dang vien
trong cac doanh nghiep, cac to chiic su nghiep, cac ca quan quan ly
Nha
nude
dd'i vdi viec thuc hien cac Nghi quyet cua Dang, cac quy
dinh
ciia

tir
va'n de con ngudi. Mdi con ngudi trong bg may Nha nude
dd
cdn
phai mang trong minh nhiing pham cha't td't dep
ciia
"con ngudi
mdi XHCN" ma Hd Chi Minh da de cap.
Trudc tien, ngudi can bg khong dugc quan lieu.
Cdn
phai "tdy
sach benh quan lieu menh lenh". Benh quan
lieu
- theo Ho Chi Minh,
nguyen nhan eua no
vi
xa each quan chiing, khong hieu bie't dan
72
chiing, khong hgc hoi dan chiing, sg dan chiing phe binh'". Thang
thud'c chiia benh quan lieu, cung theo Ngudi:
- Phai dat
Igi
ich dan chiing len tren het, trudc het.
- Phai gan giii dan, hieu bie't dan, hgc hoi dan.
- Phai that tha thuc hanh phe binh va tu phe binh.
- Phai lam kieu
mdu:
Can, Kiem, Liem, Chinh, Chi cdng vd tu.
Nguyen nhan
ciia

ngudi can
bg,
cdng chiic khi dam nhiem mot viec gi deu phai nhan thiic dugc
gidi han cua nhirng viec minh lam. Trong phien hgp cdng khai dau
tien cua Dang ke tit khi mdi thanh lap tir 11-19/02/1951, tai Tuyen
Quang, da thao luan va thdng qua bao cao chinh tri do Chu tich Hd
Chi
Minh (Dang
liic
nay doi ten thanh Dang lao ddng Viet Nam). Khi
td chiic Chinh
phii
1dm thdi, cd nhirng d/c trong Uy ban Trung uong do
Qud'c dan dai hoi bau ra, dang le tham du Chinh phu, song cac d/c ay
tu ddng xin
lui,
de nhudng chd cho nhiing nhan
si
yeu nude nhung con
d ngoai Viet Minh. Dd la mot cir chi vd tu, td't dep, khdng ham chuong
dia vi, dat
Igi
ich ciia dan tgc,
ciia
doan ket toan dan len tren
Igi
ich ca
nhan. Do la mot cir
chi
dang khen, dang kinh ma chiing ta phai

neu
quan diem
ciia
minh phai tay sach nan tham d,
lang phi va benh quan lieu. Tham d la trdm cudp. Lang phi tuy khdng
lay cua cdng
diit
tiii,
song ket qua cung rdt tai hai cho nhan dan, cho
Chinh
phii.
Cd khi con tai hai han nan tham d. Ma cd nan tham d va
lang phi la vi benh quan lieu. Tham d, lang phi va benh quan lieu la ke
thu cua nhan dan.
Ngudi can
bg.
Dang vien phai bie't phe binh va tu phe
binh'^'.
Day
cung la mot pham ehdt can cd cua ngudi can bg, cdng chirc trong bg
may Nha nude. Tuy nhien, khi van dung dieu nay trong bdi canh xay
dung va doi mdi bg may Nha
nude,
chiing ta can quan triet nguyen
tde:
Phe binh la ed't nhau sira chiia khuyet diem, cho nen thai do
ciia
ngudi phe binh phai thanh khan, nghiem trang,
diing
muc. Phe binh la

cap tren giao cho ta viec gi, bat ky to hay nhd, khd hay de, ta cung dua
ca tinh than, luc lugng ra lam cho den nai de'n
ehdn,
vugt mgi khd
'"
H6
Chi
Minh, toan tap, Tap 6, Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc
gia.
Ha
N6i,
1995, tr. 484-502.
*^>
Ho
Chi
Minh, toan
tap.
Tap 6, Nxb. Chinh tri Qu6'c
gia.
Ha
N6i,
1995, tr. 241-243.
*^'
Ho
Chi
Minh, toan tap, Tap 10, Nxb.
Chi'nh
tri Qu6c
gia.
Ha Noi, 1995, tr.578.

quye't tam va bien phap thi rdt khd vugt qua dugc khoang cdch dd de'
giai quye't tren thuc tien nhirng cdng viec hdm nay. Dang ta da cd
nhiing ddnh gia diing thuc trang ddi ngii cdn bd, xdc dinh tieu chuan
chung vd tieu chuan cu the mot sd loai cdn bd trong thdi ky mdi, cdc
nhiem vu va giai phap
Idn
ve
xay
dung quy hoach va dao tao, bdi
dudng cdn bd, xay dung cdc quy che' cdng tdc cdn bd va ddi mdi, hoan
thien he thdng chinh sach cdn bd. Dai hdi IX khang dinh "tie'p tuc ddi
mdi,
hoan thien he thdng chinh
sdeh
cdn bd", "hoan thien che' do cdng
vu, quy che' can bd, cdng chiic".
Song cung phai manh dan ma nhin thing vao thuc te' la cd nhirng
ban khoan trong qudn chung, nhan dan, cdn nhieu nhiing cau hdi dat
ra md chua cd
Idi
giai ddp. Ddu chi la nhirng "con
sau
lam rau ndi
canh" nhung rd rang la vdi su xud'ng cap ve dao
diic
cdch mang cua
mot so cdn bd Nha nude thdi gian qua da phan nao lam giam long tin
ciia ngudi dan vao ddi ngii "cdng bdc"
ciia
dan. Viec trgng dung

dong.
Ha Noi, tr.
158.
'2'
H6
Chi
Minh, toan
tap.
Tap
5^
Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc
gia.
Ha Noi, 1995, tr. 641.
75
diing
miic.
Dgc suy
nghi ciia
ngudi dan thay ho cd nhiing bat binh vi
nhiing dieu dd.
Nghi quye't Dai hdi Dang IX, trong phan "day manh cai cdch td
chiic vd hoat ddng
ciia
Nhd nude, phdt huy dan chu, tang eudng phdp
che"
da ndi rd viec "dinh ky kie'm tra, danh gid ehdt lugng cdn bg,
cdng chiic, kip thdi thay the nhirng cdn bd, cdng chiic yeu kem vd
thodi hod". Day la mot dinh hudng diing va neu 1dm td't dugc dieu nay,
chiing ta se cd dugc mot ddi ngii cdn bd cd
dire

tin dieu ton giao, phong tuc, tap qudn td't dep cua
cdng ddng ma neu nhu chiing biet ket hgp vdi nhau thi dat dugc
hieu qua tdi da
ciia
viec dieu chinh xa hdi. Chang han, ben canh mot
phap luat xir ly nghiem minh nhiing vi pham, mot van de cdn coi trgng
la khau tuyen truyen, van ddng, pho bie'n phdp luat cho ngudi dan de
hg tu nguyen tuan thu phap luat do Nha nude ban hanh. Mud'n vay,
phai lam cho ngudi dan tin tudng vao phdp luat, tu nguyen tuan theo
phap luat. Trudc nhiing sai pham, vi pham ma chiing ta cdn tdn tai
nhiing ea che' gidi quye't theo kieu "ndi bd", "dn bd
tiii",
khdng cdng
khai minh bach thi that khd cd the xay dung dugc long tin tudng
ciia
ngudi dan vao tinh cdng minh, cdng bang eua phdp luat.
Trudc nhiing thay doi
Idn
lao cua ddi sd'ng xa hdi, nhirng bie'n doi
76
ve thang bang gid tri dao
diic,
tinh trang dao dii:c xud'ng cdp, phdp luat
ngay cdng cd vai trd quan trgng de hd trg cho qud trinh bien ddi nay.
De cho nhirng ye'u td dao
diic
dugc dam bao, xa hdi phdi cdn de'n su
bao ve, hd trg ddc luc, hiiu hieu cua phdp luat thdng qua hoat ddng ciia
Nha nude. Phdp luat cua Nhd nude ta la mot trong nhiing hinh thiic
bao ve, phdt huy cdc gid

va bao la,
quan niem
ciia
Ngudi ve con ngudi khdng
ehi
bd hep trong pham vi dan
tdc,
qud'c gia ma la ca nhan loai. Chii "ngudi" da dugc Hd Chi Minh
dinh nghia
"ngliTa
hep vd gia dinh, anh em, hg hang, bdu ban. Nghia
rdng
Id
ddng bdo cd nude. Rdng nita
Id
cd
lodi
ngudi"\
Hd Chi Minh la
hien than cua
Id'i
sd'ng tinh nghia, mot truyen thdng td't dep
ciia
cha dng.
Tuy nhien,
tinh
yeu thuong eua Ngudi ddi vdi con ngudi khdng dirng lai
d cau ndi, bai vie't ma no chinh la nhirng hanh ddng cu the cua Ngudi.
Vd chinh Ngudi da bien tinh thuong thdnh viec lam cu the nham thuc
hien nhirng quyen ca ban, nhirng

ciiu
lap phap, so 8/2002, tr. 71.
' Ho
Chi
Minh, toan
tap.
Tap 5, Nxb. Chinh trj Quoc gia, Ha Noi, 1995, tr. 644.
77
nhiing gid tri tien bd
ciia
truyen thdng phdp luat Viet Nam, nhiing tinh
hoa van hod dan tdc vd nhan loai. Vdi Ngudi, ly luan ve nha
nude
va
phdp luat d Viet Nam dugc nang
len
mot trinh do mdi, ngay cang hod
nhap vdi ddng chay ciia tu tudng nhan loai ve NNPQ.
Ngay nay, trudc nhirng bien ddng khdng ngirng
ciia
tinh hinh
the"
gidi,
su thay ddi tirng ngay cua mot xa hdi dang ddn tirng budc hien dai
hod, cdng nghiep hod, Viet Nam da thu dugc nhieu thanh tuu ddng ke'
tren cdc
ITnh
vuc eua ddi sd'ng kinh te' - xa hdi ma chung ta cdn phdi tu
hao.
Qud trinh xay dung NNPQ Viet Nam da bdt ddu va viec trien khai