CHirONG
5
MOT SO VAN DE LI LUAN LIEN QUAN DEN THIET KE
NQI DUNG CAC MON TIENG ANH KHONG CHUYEN
O
DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI
5.1.
Dat
van de
Trong md hinh thiet ke mgt chucmg trinh mcrn hgc, ndi dung giang day co vai
tro
dfic
biel quan trgng. bcVi
\ i
thieu ncS ngucri ta se khcrng the tien hanh bat ki hoat
dgng nao trong
mc^)
hinh nhu phucrng phap giang day va kiem tra - danh gia. Ngi
dung giimg
da\
lien quan den
hai
khau trong
qu\
trinh thiet ke chuang trinh mcrn
hge:
thiet ket
nc)i
dung
mc*>n
hge \a phat trien
tu heu
eiane
da\
) eho eae mcrn tiene Anh khone chu\en d Dai hoc Quoc
eia
I
la Noi trone Chucrne
6.
'
Chune
tc">!
sir
IIUHL:
khai niem "cac
mcrn hge tieng Anh" vi hai li do. Thir nhat, tieng
.Ajih
chiem
mc^t
IIUTI
Urcmg
rat dang ke trong chucmg trinh eu nhan \a chucmg tnnh cao hoc a
Dai
hoe
i)ubc gia lla
Nc>i:
14 140 tin ehi
trong chucrng tnnh eua nhan (chiem ti le 10%)
\a 7
Ml tin
ehi trong
\a diioc
phim thanh mcrt so cap dc) de co the do dugc su lien bg cua
nguoi
lioe mbi
e.ieh
ro rang
hem
trong
timg
giai doan hge tap.
150
5.2.
NhQ-ng van li luan lien quan den
thilt
ke
6e cu-crng
mon hoc
De cuong mon hoc lien quan
true ti§p d§n
viec chi tilt hoa va cu
thi
hoa
nhung
nOi
dung mon hoc
dn
day. Voi tiing Anh khong chuyen
a
bac dai hoc. dl
CO thi
hgc
lAn
dk\
tien nam 1956. nhimg mai chi
dimg lai
a
giai doan lap trinh. Phai den tam nam sau khai niem
•"ngCr
vuc" moi
dugc chi tiet hoa mgt
each
day du va co he thong trong cong trinh ngon ngu hoc
noi tieng co nhan de The Linguistics Sciences and Language Teaching (Cac khoa
hgc ngon ngir va day ngon
ngir) ciia
ba nha ngon ngu hoc nguai .A.nh Michael
Halliday, Angus Mcintosh va Peter Strevens (1964). Theo
Hallida>
et al.
(1964).
khi chiing ta quan sat hoat dgng ngon ngir trong cac ngon canh khac nhau trong do
ngon ngir
.xuat
hien, chiing ta thay nhirng su khac nhau \ e kieu ngon ngir dugc lua
chon
phii
hgp cho cac kieu tinh huong khac nhau. Mac
dii
co
the
ciia
ngon ban, khong
khi
hay moi quan he
giua
nhu:ng
ngucri tham gia giao tiep (thi
du,
vai dien xa hgi) trong ngon ban, va
phirong
thirc hay kenh giao tiep (noi hay viet)
ciia
ngon ban. Ba thanh phan nay
ciia
ngon canh tinh huong hinh thanh nen bien the chirc nang
ciia
ngon ngu
v^
dugc ggi la
"ngu'
vuc"
(register).
Tiep thu khai niem ngir vuc tir ngon
ngii
hgc, cac nha ngon ngur hgc img
dung Anh-MT (thi du,
f wver
&
Ilughes-Davies
1972; Swales 1988) da tien hanh
"tieng
Anh chuyen
nganh" hau nhu chua he duge ai de cap den. 0 bac dai hge nguai ta chi phan
khung thai lugng danh eho mon ngoai ngir trong do co tieng Anh con day cai
gi
(ngi
dung giang da\) \a day nhu the nao (phucmg phap giang day)
tiiy thuge
vao
nmion
hre eua
turn:
truant
dai hoc.
^^on^
so cac
nsoai
ngii duac dav
a
cac trucmg
dai
hoe hge Viet Nam
hie
do, so
knmg
cae
tnrong
dai hgc day tieng Nga chiem
moi 11
le rat eao. tiep \hco db la so lugng eac trucmg dai hgc day tieng Trung Quoc,
n^ir
phap - djch,
chii
trgng dac biet
din
ba khu vuc tir vung, cku triic ngir phap va doc
hieu, lay bai khoa (text) lam ngudn ngir
lieu
de day, va \ky dich lam phuang tien
de ciing
CO nhu^g
gi nguai hgc hgc dugc trong ba khu vuc nay. Sach dugc
t6
ehire
theo nhimg chu de lien quan den nhiing
vAn
dc xa
hc)i,
chinh tri - nhirng moi quan
tam
chii
yeu
ciia
xa hgi Viet Nam
liic
bay gia, va duge dung de day eho tat ca
nhirng doi tucmg sinh vien thuge cac trucmg dai
hc.)c
khac nhau, ki: ea nhCrng do\
tugng khong phai la sinh vien.
Nguyen Duy Nhat va Hoang Xuan riep
ciing ducrc bien soan theo ducmg hucVng ngfr phap - dieh, cac
chii
de trong hai giao
trinh cung de cap den nhung van de xa hc)i - chinh tri
liie
do nuoc ta dang quan
tam. Hoat
dc)ng
day
hc)c
tren lcrp
chii
yeu la dgc. dieh va lam bai tap \e tu
\a
ngir
ducri
ciic
hinh thirc
tha>
the va
chusen
hcSa.
Cac kT nang giao
liep
nhu nghe. noi.
viet
thucrnu
bi
bc)
cac trucmg dai hgc chuyen
ngii
va cac truang dai hgc co cac khoa tieng Anh
chuyen dugc cir di hgc khoa Graduate Diploma (mgt kieu van bang chuyen tiep
giiia cir nhan va thac
sT)
hoac cac khoa thac sT ve day tieng Anh nhu la mgt ngoai
ngir tu Anh, Australia, New Zealand, v.v.
'^nhap
khau''
ve. Tuy nhien, do chua tim
hieu hoan canh ra dai
ciia
tieng Anh chuyen nganh
mc)t each
thau dao, cho nen
mot so truang dai hge, cu the la trucmg Dai hgc Ngoai
ngii
Ha Ngi (nay la truang
Dai hgc Ha Ngi) da trien khai vice day tieng Anh chuyen nganh theo hucmg nghe
nghiep lurn la theo hucrng hgc thuat. phuc vu
chii
yeu cho sinh vien va nhiing doi
tugng nguiri hge dang lam
vice
trong eac nganh du
lieh,
kinh
te, v.\. Trong thai ki
nav, da eo mot so
h^^3.
\an de da\
nuir
\uc nao cua mot
nuoai
n^ir
tr
cac truong
dai hv^e \'iet
Nam cang thu hut su
ehii
y
ciia
cac nha giao hgc phap. cac nha thiet
ke
ehuouL:
irmh
\a
hien
soan
^iao
trinh.
Ironu
thiri
eian
nav. tren thi truang sach
lieuLi
Anh o \'iet Nam. ben canh
nhirn^
siao trinh tiene Anh dai
va John
McEwan (2000), Oxford English for Computing cua Keith Boeckner & P. Charles
Brown
(1999),
Business Matters: The Business Course with a Lexical Apprroach
cua Mark Powell (2000); English for International Tourism cua Imaria. Jakob
8L
Peter Strutt (2004), Market Leader: Advanced English Business Course Book cua
Iwonna Dubicka & Margaret O'Keeffe (2004), va Market Leader: Pre-
intermediate Business English cua David Cotton, David Falvey va Simon Kent
(2006),
v.v. Nhtrng giao trinh nay
dhu
do nguai nuac ngoai bien soan,
dugc
photo
lai theo nhieu hinh thuc khac nhau.
V^
noi dung, moi giao trinh
dugc
dn dinh phuc
vu mot kieu ddi tugng nguai hgc cu
tha,
a mgt trinh do cu Xhk va duac xav
duno
tren niem tin rang sau khi hgc nhu'ng giao trinh nay ngucri hge
cc) thC
giao
tiCp
dugc vox nguai nuac ngoai bang tieng Anh trong ITnh vuc chuyen mon hoac nghe
ti^ng
Anh
chuyen
nganh dugc du nhap vao he
[hbng
giao due dai
hoc.
155
5.2.2.1.
Quan diem day tieng Anh dai
cirong
Tieng Anh dai cucmg con c6 mgt ten ggi khac la tieng Anh chung. Nhirng
nguori
chii
truang day tieng Anh dai cucmg
a
bac dai hgc thuang lap luan ring
tieng Anh chuyen nganh chi la mgt bg phan cua tieng Anh dai cucmg va neu coi
tieng Anh dai cuang va tieng Anh chuyen nganh la hai ngii vuc thi ve ca ban
chiing khcmg khac nhau. Ca hai ngir vuc deu co chung mgt he thong am vi va cau
triic ngir phap. Diem khac nhau duy nhat giira chiing nam a khu vuc tir vung. ma
cu the la nhumg thuat ngii' chuyen nganh. Nguai dau tien len tieng su ung ho cho
chii
trmmg
da\
tieng Anh dai cuong a bac dai hgc a nucVc ngoai co le la
Wiliams
(197X). Chat vim ve su
phii
hcrp
thuat
ha\
lieng Anh
klu^a
hoe nen ducre xem
nhu
la
"sir Imh
te
"ngir
\uc^
chir
kluMiL:
phai
la
mc)l kieu
ngon ngir rieng biet" \a quan diem
na\
duiTc
the hien
rc^
ranu
hon Irong
ecMig
tnnh
hjiglish
for Specific Purposes (Tieng Anh eho eac muc
dieh
eu
ihe)
boi cac dac diem
khai
mem
\.i phuirng
phap
diie ihii
eua eae nganh hge eu the.
Mc)t
so cong trinh nghien
euu
khae.
dae biel la
eiie ec>niz
trinh nehien eiru the loai
nec^n
ban
ciia Svsales
(h>SI.
:()()())
ung ho
numh nic
khang
dinh
na\. Trong thuc to. Hutchinson vi
W .Iters ( h)SI 1 qiKin lain hu \cu
don ticng Anh
ki
thuat.
dac
biet la viec
no,
CO
kha nang bi ran nirt vi ba li do: vi
thi
khong chac chan. khong co lien he
vdi
cac khoa chuyen nganh, va thieu su lien he vai
thi
giai hicn thuc
ciia
nguai hgc".
Ong cung da lap luan
iing
hg cho quan diem can phai xem xet cac
y6u tc")
nhu xa
hgi,
chinh tri, hau can, quan li, va lam
li-giao
due.
Dua vao hai khai niem
''nami
luc ngcm
niiir"
(nuCr nanu)
va
"the
hien
n^c')n
ngu''
sir
quan tam
mc)t
each hcrp li nao di) eung deu cb the \u li duge
lucmg thcmg tin mcVi
mc)t each
hieu
qua"
trong bat ki nganh hgc nao. Dieu nay tao
nghi
ngcV,
dac biet
lii
ducVi anh sang cua nhung cong trinh nghien eiru gan
da\
trong
linh
vuc nghien ciru tam li hgc xa
hc)i
trong
ciie
khu \ ue (mon hgc) ngi dung.
Chii
truang day tieng Anh chuyen nganh
ciia
cac nha nghien eiru cb the diing
dcM
vcVi viec sir
dunu
m^cm
ti^ng
Anh chuyen nganh khong lucmg truac dugc la kien thirc ve nhirng quy uac ngon
ngu dac
thii
cho nganh hgc nhu la mgt phan
ciia
nang luc ngon ngir ban ngir cua
hg.
Theo Bhatia
{Ibid.),
ca nguai ban ngir va nguai
ngucjc
ngoai deu gap phai
nhirng kho khan giong nhau doi vai phan nang luc nen nay va phai dugc hgc
nlu
hg muon lam
chii
day
dii
viec sir dung bat ki kieu ngon ngu chuyen mon nao.
Trong khi hgc tieng Anh chuyen nganh. co the co nhirng su khac biet nao do trong
su the hien ngon
ngir giiJa
nhtrng nguai hgc noi tieng Anh nhu la ngon ngu thir
nhat va nhung ngucri hgc noi tieng Anh nhu la ngon ngu thir hai. nhung nhirng
sir
khiie
biet do chi la van de mire dc). Thuc te van ton tai la su chua dugc lam quen
vcri kien thirc chuyen nganh ciing nhu
\b\
) rang ban chiit
eiia
nang luc nen ducrc yeu cau de
di^\
pho \b\ eae
bii'ii
the lieng ,\nh khac nhau la giong nhau. Nhieu nha nghien
ciru
eho rang \ ice su dung ngcni ngir hang
nga>
dai cucmg khcmg chuyen nganh va viec
su dunu
nucMi
nuir ehu\en
nuanh duima
nhu nam tren mot
necm
pho ma a dau nay
ehung ta eo
kieu sir
dung ngc")n ngu hang
nga>
giong nhu hc)i thoai tu nhien
ciia
hai
ngucri hang
\c>m
b mgl
buiM
sang
di
chuyen khoi khu vuc su dung ngon ngu pho
»
* •
ihone hanu
m:a\
^anu
khu \ ue
su
dune neon
mzir
ehu\en mzanh,
nhirne
veu cau vc
158
chuyen mon va nhtrng quy udc ngon ngir dac
thii
cho nganh hgc cd
thi
cang gia
tang va do dd ngi dung cang khd hilu vdi nhtrng ngudi ngoai chuyen mdn dd. Do
do,
vdi lap luan cho rang su khac nhau duy nhk giira tiing Anh chuyen nganh va
tieng Anh dai cuang the hien chu yeu d khu vuc tir
vimg
va tiing Anh dai cuang
va tieng Anh chuyen nganh nam tren
cimg
mdt ngdn phd, cac nha nghien cim
iing
cuang nhung do hg tu hgc ngir vuc tieng Anh thuc)c chuyen nganh
ciia
minh eho
nen den nay hg van
liim
viec
duc;c
bang tieng Anh trong chuyen nganh
eiia
ho: hg
dgc dugc tu lieu chuyen mon, viet dugc cac bai bao khoa hge, hieu
dugc
dong
nghiep nuac ngoai ncri ve chuyen mon, va tham chi con co the dien dat de
dcmg
nghiep nuac ngoai dugc
hieu
minh bang tieng Anh trong eac
hc)i
nghi.
hi>i
thao
quc)c
te ve
chuyen mem ciia
hg.
Mc)t
chirng cir khac ma nhirng nguiri chu trucmg
day tieng Anh dai cuang thuang dan ra de bao ve cho quan diem
eiia
nam
trong ngu vuc dai cucmg hay khoa hgc thucrng thirc. \\g bo sung
theMii riing
hgc
ticmg
Anh chuyen
ngiinh
se khong
cc)
hieu qua bai vi nguoi hge eo the
dii
hiet
kien thirc
\k
chuyen nganh
trircVc
khi hg dugc hge
eiie
tir ngu dien dat kien thirc do
159
bang tieng Anh, va dieu nay se lam cho nguai hgc mat himg thu, boi vi cai hg
dugc day chi la v6 am thanh
ciia
tieng nucrc ngoai va, do do, hg se khong co
nhi^u
dgng ca de hgc cai ggi la
"tieng
Anh chuyen
nganh"
nhu no thucmg dugc ggi theo
diem
day tieng Anh dai cucmg ket hgp
\c>i
tieng Anh chuyen nganh
trong
dcS
da\
tieng Anh dai cucmg trucre, day tieng Anh chuyen nganh sau ducmg
nhu dugc nhieu giao \ ien
da\
tieng Anh khcmg chu\en b cac trucmg dai hgc Viet
Nam mile nhien
ccnig
nhan (mac
dii
quan diem
na\
chua he dugc phat bieu mgt
each hien ngi)n). Nhirng ngucri theo quan diem
na>
ducrng nhu dua vao cam giac
chu quan nhieu
hem
la \ ao eac can cir khoa hgc va ducrc nhin tir
gck
do
ciia
nhirng
ngiroi da\ ngoai ngir khong biet \e chuyen nganh. Dua \ao dieu kien cu the
ciia
Anh. nguiri hoe
irucVe
het eim
phiii
ducrc
da\
ngir \ ue tieng Anh dai cuang: hg
phai
160
dugc ren luyen them
each
phat am, phai
dirge
cung
c6
va bd sung them nhimg tir
ngu phd thdng de
sir
dung trong giao
ti§p
h^ng
ngay, phai
dugc
ren luyen them
v€
cac kt nang nghe, ndi, doc va viet. Lien quan
d^n
cau hdi
"Day
tiing Anh dai
nganh den dau cho den nay van chua co mgt cong trinh nghien eiru nao ducrc ccmg
bo.
Tuy nhien, dieu ma ngucri ta biet chac chim rang a nhieu truirng dai hgc Viet
Nam, tieng Anh chuyen nganh hau nhu bi tha nbi (cf. Chucmg 2 cua cong trinh
nay).
5.2.2.3.
Quan diem day tieng Anh chuyen nganh
Ngugc lai vcri hai quan diem trim, nhirng ngucri theo quan diem thir ba
ehii
truang nen bat dau day tieng Anh chuyen nganh ngay ti: dim. Quan diem nay eo
nguc^n
gdc tir nhirng
vice
lam thuc te
ciia
cac truirng dai hgc a cac nuac noi tieng
Anh
muc^n
thu
hiit nhiclu
sinh vien trong cac nucrc the gicVi thir ba sang hgc cr
truirng minh. Trong mgt bai viet mang tinh chuyen de, danh
giii
thanh tuu cua hai
mucri nam giang day
ti^ng
Anh cho cac muc dich eu the
ha\
tieng Anh
chu\en
gan day no la hinh thirc day tieng Anh duy nhat.
Sinh
vien hgc khoa hgc va cong
nghe tucmg lai thucmg gap phai ba bat
Igi
trong han chat
ciia
viec day tieng Anh co
san cho hg:
(a) Nhieu thcri gian va
cc)
gang dugc danh vao tu heu hgc tap khcmg phai la moi quan
tam
dc)i
vcri hg (nghTa la, su bat
Igi
ve lang phi thcri gian).
(b)
Ngucri hge khcmg dugc hgc nhung tu lieu ma la moi quan tam chinh yeu
ciia
hg
(nghTa la. su
hiil
Icri ve nhung khoang trong trong kien thirc
ciia
ngucri hgc):
(e) Trong nhieu trucmg hcrp thai
dc>
eua giao vien van hgc khong co thien cam vcri
khoa hgc (nghTa la, su bat
ciia
tu
tucrng na\ duoe
ihe
hien
Iim diiu \\cn
trcmg cubn
chu\en
khao ma img la dong tac
gia
\cri
llalhda}
\a Mcintosh (
1*')64)
ehung
ti)i dii
dc cap trong Muc
5.2.1.
V)uA
\ao nhimg lap luan dim ducrng eua
Stre\ens,
nhirng ngucri
iing
hg quan
diem da\
licMig
Anh
ehu>en
nganh eho rang \i tieng Anh dai cuang va tieng
Anh
day tieng Anh chuyen nganh tin ring chi cd day tiing Anh chuyen nganh thi ngudi
hgc mdi cd the dugc hgc cai hg can, mdi cd
thi
trao ddi dugc nhung van
dh
chuyen mdn vdi ddng nghiep
nude
ngoai theo
nhOng
nhu cau rieng
ciia
hg. va do
do,
mdi thu dugc nhCrng kien thuc mdi
ciia nude
ngoai nhanh nhat thdng qua tiing
Anh.
5.3.
Ba
du-dng hirdng
thiet ke noi dung cac mon hoc tieng Anh khong
chuyen
a
bac dai hoc
5.3.1.
Duong huong lay nhu cau nguoi hoc
h\m
trung tam
Nhu da dircrc de
cap,
eho
dc'^
tucrng nao dugc cac
nhii
giao
hc)c
phap day tieng Anh nhu
mc3i
ngoai ngir dae biel
quan tam. Phan Icrn cac cong trinh nghien cim phat trien li
thu\c:t
thiet ke ehucmg
trinh day tieng Anh tir do
dcMi
nay thuang dua vao gia dinh eho rang
nc:u
nhu
eiiu
hgc ngoai ngu
ciia mc)t nhbm
ngucri hgc dugc cu the
hcni
ducrc mbi each ehinh xac.
thi
sir
cu the
hcSa
nay
cc)
the dircrc sir dung de
hgc tieng Anh
phii
hgp,
tich hgp dugc nhirng ket qua
ciia
su phan tich nhu cau
nguai hgc vao qua trinh day hgc.
^
»
* ^
Nhu da de cap a tren, gia djnh ve
sir
can thiet phai xac dinh ngi dung mgt khoa
hgc tieng Anh, dac biet la khoa hgc tieng Anh chuyen nganh dua vao phan
tich
nhu
cau nguai hgc co ca sir tir nhirng nhan dinh trong cong trinh noi tieng ve ngon
ngCr hc)c
vii
giang day ngoai ngir
ciia
ba hgc gia Halliday, Mcintosh va Strevens co
nhan de The Linguistic Sciences and Language Teaching (Cac khoa hgc ngon ngu
va day
ngc'in
ngii).
Trong cong trinh vira mang tinh chuyen de vira mang tinh dan
ducrng nay, Halliday et al.
(1964)
da de cap
dinh
\a eae
ngir
vuc khac nhau ducre tien hanh tren ca scr thu
thap si) lucrng Urn eae mau ngon ngir duge su dung boi nhirng ngucri cu the co lien
quan.
llalhda)
et
al
(Ibid.) khimg dinh tiep:
Hoiin
loan co
the}
tim ra diing kieu tieng Anh nao dugc sir dung trong van hanh
eiie
tram dien b
\n
^)c^:
mgt khi cong viec nay dugc thuc hien, ghi lai, va
phari
tieh, mgt khoa hge
iru\t:n
thu
hiinh
\
i
ngon ngir ay euoi ciing eo the dugc thiet ke
\oi
su ehae chan \a do tu tin
(Hallida\
Cuon sach nay hen quan den thiet ke noi dung mon hoc. Cu the hon, luan diem
cua no la, khi muc
dich
ma d6i vdi no ngu dich duac yeu
c4u
co
\ht
xac dinh
dugc,
thi
sir cu \hh
hoa noi dung mon hoc co
th^
hk nguon true tilp tu viec xac
dinh cac nhu cau giao tiep trudc do cua ngudi tham du cu
thi
hoac dinh kiin
ciia
ngudi tham
du
(Munby 1978: 218).
Dudng
hu-dng
thiet ke noi dung chuong trinh do Halliday et al. (1964) va
Munby (1978) de xuat dugc ggi mdt
each
khai quat la dudng hudng thilt kl
chuong trinh dua vao nhu cau ngudi hgc; nghTa la, viec cu
thi
hda cac nhu cau
tic:ng
Anh chuyen nganh img
hc3.
Niem tin ea ban ma quan
diem
niiv
dua vao chinh la tu tuirne phan
tien^
Anh ra thanh cac neu \ uc hav cae
chuyen nganh
ciia
Halliday et al.
(1964)
mil ehiing tcri da de cap a tren. \a theo
ciie
hgc gia nay,
iTic)t
khi cai
ngcHi
ngir ma nguiri hgc se phai hgc dugc \ae dinh \a mo
ta, thi ngi dung mon
here
co
the:
dugc thiet ke vcri
sir
chac
chiin
\ a do tu tin thong
qua viec
tieu
chi dugc diing de xac djnh cai ma nguoi hgc euoi
ciing phai dat dugc tinh theo hanh vi euoi ciing. Cac yeu to nhu tinh co the hgc
ducrc, tinh co the day dugc
ciia
chuong trinh dugc cho la c6 lien he vcri phuang
tien va chi ducrc
viclm
dim nhu la nhimg su xem xet ngau nhien dc thuc hien nhung
thay di)i nho cho viec thiet kc: ngi dung mon hgc.
Mac dii ducrc nhieu nha giao hgc phap ngoai ngir hoan
nghenh,
nhung each
thiet ke nc)i dung
mc'rn
hgc theo ducmg hucrng lay dich lam trung tam nay cung da
chill
khc')ng
it
sir
phe phan. Ngucri dim tien
ehi
ra han ehe eua ducmg hucrng lay nhu
ciiu
ngucri
hc.)c
va muc tieu
mcni hcK
lam can cir de thiet ke ngi dung mon hgc c6
15
\a kien thirc ngon ngu ma
ehuny
ta du djnh
s^m
sinh trong ngucri hgc cua chiing ta, chiing ta phan tieh cac
thanh
phiin
neon neir
eiia
su the
hien
ngon ngir theo mong muon va tach cac dcm
\
1
eua no. Sau do ehung ta
da>
eac dcm \
i
theo timg mau mcrt de tra lai chinh vi
tri
ina
ehung ta
dii bai
dau (Wilkins.
l^'^b:
5).
vAn de
xuAt hiim
trong phan bac
ciia
phap-ngu nghia (thi du, tkn sd xuk hien,
chuyin
ddng. vi tri) va cac pham tni
thuoc chuc nang giao tiep ngudi hgc
cAn
phai dien dat dugc cu
thi
hda trong
Notional Syllabuses
(NhO-ng
ngi dung mdn hgc theo y niem)
ciia
Wilkins. ngudi ta
van thay nguyen tac cho phep nhu cau hudng tdi dich dl xac dinh ndi dung khda
hgc dugc giu lai nhu la nguyen tac td chuc co ban trong dudng hudng thilt kl ndi
dung khda hgc dua vao y niem
ciia
dng. Doan trich dudi day
the
hicn rd quan dicm
nay:
r
,
Qua trinh quyet dinh day cai gi ducrc dura tren nhinig su xem xet ve cai gi
ngmVi
hgc
CO
the phai giao
ticip mc)t
each co hieu qua bang ngoai ngir. Khi cong \
tom lai,
nc)i
dung
ngc^n
ngir ducre lap ke hoach theo nhimg
>eu
eau \e ngir nghia
ciia
ngucri hgc
(Walkins,
1^)76:
19).
Cai mcri mil Wilkins mucrn ncSi cr doan trich tren the hien a
ehi^
no dinh nghia
lai cac dcm vi
hc)c
tap nhu
lii ^'cac y
niem va cac chirc
niing"
ehu khong phai la eac
c3u
triic. Tuy nhien,
neu
phim tieh kT ngucri ta van
tha\
ehinh
eiie
don \i hge tap
so vai
cac kh6a hgc tieng Anh dai cuang trong viec cu the hoa kieu ngon ngir nao ngucri
hgc euoi ciing phai lam viec va sir dung. Mgt lan nira su khac nhau giira tieng Anh
dai cucrng va tieng Anh chuyen nganh nam a cho kieu ngon ngur nao dugc dac
trung bang
each
nao. Halliday et al. (1964)
nghi
theo kieu tieng Anh
gi
dugc sir
dung va noi ve
"cac kic}u ngc'rn ngir
han
dinh"
hay
""cac
ngir vuc chuyen biet". Do
di),
moi quan tam
ciia
hg dugc dat vao cac hinh thirc ngon ngir ma
sir
tac dgng cua
no
CC)
the ducre dimg de xac dinh nhirng
bit}n
the khac nhau
ciia
I lalliday (7
al
i/biJ
} dim den
\ic}e
mc") ta
bitrn
the ngcm ngii nhu la
ng(')n han duoc dmh nghia la each ma
mc")l ngc')n
ngir eu the nao do ducrc the hien
khi no dugc
diil
\ao eae mue
dieh
eu the.
\*cVi each nhin
na\.
nhirng nhan dinh ve
tan
sc^
xiiiil
hien eua thuat ngir. eua dang bi
dc^ng
hay cua cae
dc")ng
tu tinh thai
trong ngir
\ire lic}ng
Anh khoa hge la nhirng nhan dinh lien quan
dang bi
dc^ng ha>
eae
dc^ng
tir tinh thai trong tieng Anh
dugc dung de hucvng dan each phim
tieh
\a
giai
thieh khoa hgc la nhirng nhan dinh
\e vice
m:c">n
ban hoa
troui:
tienii
\nh eua
m^ibn
ban khoa hgc.
168
Cng
vdi hai quan diem tren, chiing ta cd hai
each
md ta mdt
biln thi
tiing Anh
cy
the dugc xac djnh nhu la dich cudi ciing cua mgt nhdm ngudi hgc cu
thi.
Cach
thu nhat md ta
hoai nghi rang day la
each
co
Icri nc}n
di theo, giai thich cho chirc nang
giao tiep
ciia
ngon ngu Han
nira,
each
mo ta nhu vay co the dugc sir dung de vien
dan cho cac khia canh phuang phap
ciia
cac mon hgc chuyen mon va vi vay co the
phii
irng vai ducmg hucrng
thic^t
ke ngi dung
khcSa
hoc hucrng tcri qua trinh. 0 day
CO
the nhan dinh rang cho
dii
chimg ta co mo ta ngcm ban hay each ngon ban hoa,
theo
ngir
vuc hay theo
phc^p hiing
bien, va neu chiing ta cho rang su mc") ta ngcm
ngii"
dung
mem
hge. cho du dieu
nay dugc thuc
hicim
theo hinh thirc ngon ngir hay ehue nang giao tiep. thi chirng ta
gia dinh ve
sir
can bang giira day va hgc; nghTa
lii,
nhung
nc)i
dung ducre hgc phai
ducrc day
mc)t ciich re") riing
va
hicMi
ngcm. Ay the nhung. Widdowson (Ibid.) nhan
manh, tat ca chiing ta dcu
bici
rimg ngucri hgc eo xu
hucVng
kho chiu doi \ai hanh
dgng
dc}c
lap va sc thucrng xuyen di theo nhirng
mini
thirc hge tap rieng eua ho
bin
chip nhirng mau thirc giang day
day. Nhu da dugc cong nhan rgng rai hien nay, mac
dii
nhimg dac diem nay
ciia
ngon ngir ngucri hgc c6 the chi ra su that bai
ciia
day hgc the hien a cho chung di
chech khoi chuan hien tai, nhung chimg cung la nhirng chimg cir ve kha nang phat
trien cac qua trinh hoc sang tao rieng
ciia
ngucri hgc.
Phe phan hai each thiet ke ngi dung mon hgc
ciia
Halliday et al. (1964) va cua
Wilkins
(1976),
Widdowson (1987) chi ra rang phuang trinh su pham ma ducmg
hucrng djnh hucrng tcri dich dua vao la sai lam, bcri vi hai ve
ciia
phuang trinh ve
ccr ban thuc)c hai kic}u khac nhau. Ve giang day co the ducrc xem nhu la mgt kieu
san
phiim,
mc)t tap hcrp
ciic
dcm vi hinh thue va chirc
niing
ducrc chira dung trong
cliui
nhu la
nmrcri
hoe
lai
ec^
W\cn
no thanh
nium lucrnu
de thiic da\ cac chien luoe thu dac
ngc")n
ngir
ricMig
eua hg.
Do do,
miiu tluiim
ecr ban ducrc tao ra giira cai ma nguiri hge can lam trong khi
hoe \a
eiii
ma ho eim phai dat ducre sau khi hge. Duimg hucmg thiet ke noi dung
mc'>n
hge hucrng
toi dieh diit
trgng
tiim
\ao ni)i dung thu hai va dieu sai lam a day
la gia dinh eho rang cai ma nguai hoe
eiin
dat dugc phai dugc day mgt each
true
tic}p.
Miui lluiim
chgn khong phai vi no dai dien
cho cai ma ngucri
hc)c
se phiii xir li sau khi ket thiic mcrn hgc ma bai vi
nc)
cc)
the}
kich hoat cac chien luge hgc tap trong khi
mem hcK
dang dien ra. Do
dc),
trim
nguyen tac nguiri ta co the xem
mem
hgc tieng Anh chuyen nganh chira dung rat it
diJ
lieu ngon
ngir
co quan
he
vcri muc dich
chuyc}n bic}t mc^t
khi cai ngon ngu ma
no thuc
sir
chira dung co hieu qua trong
\\cc
phat trien kha nang dat ducre mue
dich chuven biet sau khi
kc}t
viec mo ta theo thuat
hiing
bien
ciia
bien the ngcm ngir. Neu ehiing ta
tranh
vice
trinh bav ncri
dun^
ciic tiic
pham \ im hoe eho
nhirmz
sinh \
ic}n
klioa hge
va cdng nghe ma muc dich
ciia
hg la dgc cac giao trinh va cac bai bao khoa hoc \c
nhirng chuyen nganh cua hg, thi dd
khc)ng
phai la vi cac tac pham \ an hoc khong
cd igi cho sinh
vien
cac
chuycMi
nganh khoa hgc va cdng
nghe
ma la
\i
chung ta
dat dugc thcmg qua viec thuc thi kha nang ma hg da thu dugc. Ducmg hucrng
thilt
ke
nc)i
dung dua vao dich
mem
hgc cho rang
vice
hoan thanh giang day
mcjt
mon
hc,)c
danh
diiu
su hoan thanh
ciia
su hoc tap va tat ca
nhurm ui
duac de lai de
nsucri
hc)c phai lam la ap dung kien thirc ci) san. Ngugc lai, ducmg hucrng
thit}t
ke ngi
dunu
mc^n
hoc dua vao
quii
trinh cho
rane
hoc se
ngir bcri vi
ciie
mb hinh
na> qu>et
dinh
\ic}c
xac dinh
neu
dung. Ngugc lai. neu di theo ducmg
hucriiL:
ihiei
ke
IU'M
dung hucrng tcri qua trinh
thi
ngucri thiet ke ehi phai quan tam
den eae
khia
canh lien quan den \ iec
ngucTi
ta hgc ngoai
ngii
nhu
the}
nao. Da
c6
nhieu
ec'Mig
trinh \iet \e
ehii
mc3t
khi chimg ta
thue su mnbn co nhirng cimg trinh nghien eiru \'a phiit trien cac khoa hge tieng
172
Anh khdng chuyen
phii
hgp va cd y nghTa trong mdi trudng ngoai
ngir,
mdt mdi
trudng ma dudng nhu ngudi hgc khdng cd nhu cku giao tilp
true
tilp bing tiing
Anh, ke ca tieng Anh chuyen nganh.
5.3.3.
Dircrng
hirang lay hoc lam trung tam
Cach tiep can thir ba trong thiet ke ngi dung mon hgc la ducmg hucrng
lAy
hgc
lam trung tam (learning-centred approach - LCA) do Hutchinson & Waters (2005)
phat trien. Theo Hutchinson & Waters
{Ibid.),
qua trinh
thiat
k^
mon hgc
15y
ngucri
hgc hay ngon
ngir
rang nc)i dung
here
hoan toan do nguiri
here
quyet dinh. Ngugc lai \ c'ri ducrng hucrng
thiet ke ngi dung
mbn
hgc lay ngucri hoc lam trung tam. ducrng huirng thiet ke
nc^i
dung mon hc)c lay hgc
liim
trung tam eho rang trong khi
thic}t
ke
nc3i
dung, nguai
thiet ke phiii nhin vucrt ra khcri nimg
lue
giiip ngucri hgc cb the thue hien ducre. bcri
vi,
Hutchinson & Waters {Ibid.) giai thieh, cai ma ehiing ta thue su muon kham
pha khcmg phai la niing
lire
ma la \'\cc ngucri hgc thu
diie
nimg luc di) nhu the nao.
Dua vao nhung ccr sir li luan
niu,
Hutchinson Si Waters
(2005)
ehiit \iin "^u
phat tnen
nga>
cang tang
eiia
nhung giao dieu trong
da\
tic}ng
Anh ehu>en nganh" \a
tc^
ra thieh
ducmg hucrng thay the
hern
dua
trc}n "su tini
hieu
eiie
qua
Irinh
hge
tieng".
1
ap luan
ring
ticimg
Anh
chuyc}n
ngimh da di sai ducrng
tro^^g^hi
giai qu\et
no nam
o
khau thiet ke chucrng trinh
lic}n
quan den
Ucng
Anh nhu la ngcrn ngir thir hai co
muc tieu chung
khc")ng
nhieu hom tieng Anh chuyen nganh. Ong khang dinh rang
hau
het
nhirng
siin
phiim cc) the sir dung dugc
ciia
no hoac hoan toan khong mcri
hoac khc')ng dc} phan
bic}t mc)t
each de dang tu nhirng san pham cua tieng Anh
nhir
la ngc")n ngfr thir
hai/
tieng Anh nhu la mi)t ngoai ngir
(HSLEFL).
Thir hai, cr cho
nao
nc)
khiie \c'ri nhirng
phai kicMi
mac du hai
binh
dien nay dugc chi ra
la eo quan he chat ehe
\cri
nhau. \a do di) eac khoa hgc dua tren ducrng hucrng lay
hoe
him
trung tam kho eo the la
mc^t
ducmg hucrng
tha>
the cac ducmg hucrng day
tieng Anh chuyen nganh thinh hanh tu nhirng
niim
1960 cua the ki
trucre a
cac
nucVe
noi
tiiMig
.Anh.
dae biet la o nuac
.Anh
noi sinh ra no.
174
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