Unit 1
VERBS
• Infinitive to be to live
• Bare infinitive be be live
• Gerund being living
• Participle been lived
Present Tense
Subject simple continuous perfect perfect continuous
S V(s) be +V.ing Have/has +P2 Have/has+been+V.ing
I live am living have lived have been living
you live are living have lived have been living
he/she/it lives is living has lived has been living
we live are living have lived have been living
they live are living have lived have been living
Present simple - a general event or activity
He always arrives at work on time. (repeated action)
Mr. Thomas lives in New York. (a general fact)
The sun rises in the east. (timeless fact)
cf. He usually gets to work at 8:30 in the morning. (often used with always, usually, every - , etc.)
* We use the present tense instead of the future tense in adverb clauses of time or condition.
When they will come, we will start the meeting. (X) (will come -> come)
By the time the project will be complete, another project will begin. (X) (will be -> is)
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If the taxi will arrive by 3 o'clock, we'll be able to get to the airport on time. (X) (will arrive -> arrives)
Present continuos - a temporary event or activity
John is eating lunch. (an activity in progress)
Ian is living with his parents. (a temporary situation)
cf. John is studying right now. (often used with now, right now, at the moment, etc,)
cf. We are having a business lunch tomorrow. (a fixed plan)
Present perfect - a past event or activity related to the present time
I have worked at Sony since 1998. (a long-term duration)

Helen had worked at the post office until 2001.
* The past perfect is often used with adverb clauses of time.
By the time we arrived at the airport, Mr. Lee had already left.
Mr. Kao had worked for the company for 10 years when he retired last year.
Past perfect progressive - an extended or repeated event which took place before a particular point in the past
I had been waiting for Eric for three hours when he finally came back to his office.
The Future
Future simple - the prediction of a future event
S + will / shall + V
• Joy will take the test next month.
• I will be ten next year
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* The future simple is often used with next -, soon, following -, in -, etc.
• The manager will be back in three days.
• The team will meet some time next week.
• cf. I am going to take the TOEIC next month. (a planned event)
Be going to
Actions intended to be performed in the near future
S + am/ is/ are + going to +V
She’s going to visit her parents tomorrow
Future continuous
S+ will be + doing +smth
Future progressive - an event or activity in progress in the future
I will be having a meeting at 10 A.M. tomorrow.
Maria will be working on her essay for the next three months.
Future perfect
An event or activity that will finish before a specific future time
S + will / shall + have PII
• She will have come back by the end of July
• I will have finished this report by 5 p.m.

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6. Einstein was the physicist who has developed the theory of relativity
III Will and to be going to
1. “Why are you wearing your old clothes?” “ Because I wash the car”
A. ’ll B. ‘d like C. am going to D. like to
2. “Why are you making sandwiches” “Because we a picnic on the beach”
A. ’ll have B. ’ll go C. are going to have D. are going
3. “Who do you think win the next election?” “The Labour Party win, definitely”
A. will/ will B. will /is going to C. both A and B D. is going / will
4. “I ’ve got a headache. Have you got any aspirin?” “ Yes, I it for you”
A. ’ll get B. am going to get C. ’ll buy D. am going to
5. “Would you like a game of tennis next Thursday?” “ I can’t, I’m afraid. I to Bristol”
A. ’ll go B. am going C. have been D. both A and B
6. I hear you and John married! Congratulations!
A. will get B. are going to get C. get D. will be
7. “Tony’s back from holiday” “ Is he? I him a ring”
A. will give B. am going to give C. want give D. will to give
Mary’s been working hard for the exams. I’m sure she pass the exams easily”
A. will B. is going to C. won’t D. going to
EXERCISE II: Circle the best answer
1. Jim was cooking diner in the kitchen while Jo ……… the dog.
A. is feeding B. has been feeding C. was feeding D. had been feeding
2. I …………diner with James tomorrow.
A. am having B. have been having C. have had D. had had
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3. You can’t leave the table until you…………your diner.
A. finished B. finish C. are going to finish D. will finish
4. Dane… in Manchester for several years before he decided to move to London.
A. will work B. has worked C. had been working D. works
5. Those cakes…………. delicious! Can I have one more?

C. rained D. rains
19. We……………. here for 2 years.
A. have living B. had lived
C. live D. have lived
20. How long ago………….you come here?
A. have B. did
C. had D. do
21. The sky is getting dark. It……………
A. has rained B. rained
C. rains D. is going to rain
22. The police………… the people not to come home.
A. has warned B. have warned
C. warn D. had warned
23. We……………. here for 2 years.
A. have living B. had lived C. live D. have lived
24. How long ago………….you come here?
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A. have B. did C. had D. do
Transformation
1. It is ages since Alan visited his parents
Alan …………………………………………
2. She hasn’t written to me for a long time.
It’s …
3. Six years ago since we started writing to each other
We have
4. He has also been collecting stamps for five years.
He ……………………………………………….
5. My sister has studied French for two years
My sister began
6. She began learning English five years ago.

20. I last saw him when I was a student.
I haven’t
21.How long it is since you saw Mary?
When ……………………………………?
S have done smth for 2 years.
• S did smth 2 years ago.
Bought=have had; became= have been; got married=have been married; first met=have known;
moved/went=have lived; got engaged=have been engaged
22. I bought this car 2 years ago
I have
23. Minh became a student last year.
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Minh has ………
24.My parents got married 60 years ago
My parents ……
25.We first met each other 5 years ago
We have …
26. They moved to London 2 years ago.
They have …
27.How long have Catherine and Henry been engaged?
When
28.He learned to drive when he was eighteen.
He has
29. Never have I been so sick
I am
30.When did you leave school?
How…
31.This is the worst food I’ve ever eaten.
I’ve…
32. This the most interesting film I’ve ever seen

15. The clock is slow.
-It isn’t slow, it (stop)
16. Here are your shoes; I just (clean) them.
17. I (leave) home at 8.00 and (get) here at twelve.
18. You (have) breakfast yet?
-Yes, I (have) it at 8.00.
19. The concert (begin) at 2.30 and (last) for two hours. Everyone (enjoy) it very much.
20. The play just (begin). You are a little late.
21. The newspaper (come)? -Yes, Ann is reading it.
22. It (be ) very cold this year. I wonder when it is going to get warmer.
23. We (miss) the bus. Now we’ll have to walk.
24. Mr. Pound is the bank manager. He (be) here for five years.
25. Mr. Count (work) as a cashier for twenty-five years. Then he (retire) and (go) to live in the
country.
26. You (be) here before? -Yes, I (spend) my holidays here last year.
-You (have) a good time? -No, it never (stop) raining.
27. Where is Tom? -I (not see) him today, but he (tell) Mary that he’d be in for dinner.

III. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct verb forms(simple past or past continuos):
1. While I (come) to work this morning, I (meet) an old friend.
2. I ( not want) to get up this morning. It(rain) and it was cold, and my bed was so
warm.
3. I (listen) to the news on the radio when the phone (ring)
4. Margaret Simon (come) from Norway, but now she (live) in Britain. She
(meet) her husband, Noel, while she (learn) English in Cambridge.
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5. I said “Hello” to the children but they didn’t say anything because they (watch) TV.
6. I (have) a shower when the phone (ring)
7. When he (arrive) , I (cook) dinner.
8. He (cross) the street when the car (hit) him.

4. Unreal condition in the past
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• Unreal situation in the past, also used to express regret and criticism
• If + past perfect/ past perfect cont., S+ would/ could/ might + have P2
 If I had locked the car, it couldn’t have been stolen
 If you had studied harder, you would have passed the exam
Conditional Sentences Type II,III (unlikely)
1.If I knew him, I would have said hello.
(consequence in the past)
2. If I hadn’t stayed up late yesterday, I wouldn’t be tired today
Conditional Sentences Type II,III (unlikely)
1. If I hadn’t stayed up late yesterday, I wouldn’t be tired today
2.If I had more time, I would have come to your party yesterday.
3.If you hadn't lost our flight tickets, we would be on our way to the Caribbean now.
4. If I hadn't eaten that much, I would not feel so sick now.
Notes
• Unless means if not
 Unless she studies, she won’t pass her test.
• As long as/ providing/ provided that, in case can be used instead of if
 As long as he is on time, we won’t be late for the meeting
• auxil. v +s+v, S+v….
• Had I known your telephone number, I would have phoned you
• If I were you, I would accept the job offer. = Were I you, I would accept the job offer.
• If we had known the problem, we could have done something. = Had we known the problem, we could
have done something.
Wishes
1. Wish for a future change
S + wish (that) S+ would + V
 I wish tomorrow would be Sunday.
2. Wish for a change at present

5. I would have told you, if I ……… him.
A. see B. saw C. had seen D. would see
6. Would you mind if I ………… the window?
A. opened B. open C. had opened D. openned
7. If they ……… me, I wouldn't have said no.
A. invited B. invite C. had invited D. invitted
8. My friend ………. me at the station if he gets the afternoon off.
A. would meet B. met C. will meet D. meet
9. If I ………. it, nobody would do it.
A. did B. do C. didn't do D. had done
10. If my father ……… me up, I'll take the bus home.
A. doesn't pick B. didn’t pick C. picked D. picks
11. Roger would have offered to pay the tuition if I ___ to return to school.
A. has decided B. had decided C. decide D. decided
12. You will pass this test if you work ___ .
A. hard B. good C. excellent D. hardly
13. After the way she treated you, if I ___in your place, I wouldn't return the call.
A. be B. am C. was D. were
14. If that firm wants to attract workers, it must ___the pay.
A. lower B. raise C. spread D. rise
15. You will never finish that job by tomorrow morning unless you ___some help.
A. will get B. would get C. get D. will have got
16. If I understood the question, I ___ give the teacher correct answer.
A. shall B. would C. will D. should
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Some useful points
Unless = If not
If he doesn’t come, we cannot start our work.
Unless ………………………
If he continues to smoke, he will die

If ……………………………
Don’t touch the cat; It might scratch you.
If ……………………………
Reason, Result
=>If not Reason, not Result
Ex: I can’t buy this computer because I haven’t got enough money.
If ……………………………
He ignored the traffic lights, so he was fined.
If ……………………………………….
You are tired now because you stayed up late last night.
If …………………………………………
III. Transformation
1. He won’t help you if you don’t ask him.
 Unless…………………………………………………………………
2. You won’t make any spelling mistakes provided you use a dictionary.
 If………………………………………………………………………
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3. The bee won’t sting you as long as you stay still.
 Provided……………………………………………………………….
4. If you park here, you’ll be fined $20.
 Don’t…………………………………………………………………
5. She can’t go out if she doesn’t promise to be back early.
 Unless…………………………………………………………………
6. Mr. Mills lost his job because he was late every day.
 If Mr. Mills……………………………………………………………
7. We got lost because we didn’t have a map.
 If we……………………………………………………………………
8. It’s a pity I didn’t take my doctor’s advice.
 I wish……………………………………………………
9. The accident happened because the train driver ignored a warning light.


24. If you had not helped, I should not have been able to find my way.
Without…

IV. Exercise on Conditional Sentences Type I, II and III
Complete the Conditional Sentences (Type I, II or III) by putting the verbs into the correct form.
1. If they (have) time at the weekend, they will come to see us.
2. If we sneak out quietly, nobody (notice).
3. If we (know) about your problem, we would have helped you.
4. If I (be) you, I would not buy that dress.
5. We ( arrive) earlier if we had not missed the bus.
6. If I didn't have a mobile phone, my life (not be) complete.
7. Okay, I (get) the popcorn if you buy the drinks.
8. If I (tell) you a secret, you would be sure to leak it.
9. She ( go) out with you if you had only asked her.
10. I would not have read your diary if you ( not hide) it in such an obvious place.
V.Conditional Sentences Type I, II, III
Complete the sentences according to the basic rules for Conditional Sentences.
1. It (be) silly if we tried to walk there.
2. I will watch the film only if the reviews (be) good.
3. She (take) me to the station if her car hadn't broken down.
4. If you don't ask, he (help) you.
5. If it hadn't rained yesterday, we (go) sailing.
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6. you (look after) their dog again if they go on holiday this year?
7. Would you mind if I (use) your mobile?
8. I ( open) the mail if it had contained a virus.
9. Even if I (have)a wet-suit, I wouldn't go scuba-diving.
10. Would you have been that strict if you (know) the truth?
More exercises

12. The crop would have been ruined if the flood had risen higher.
-> Provided that……………………………………………………………….
13. We would not have lost the game if John had played for our football team.
-> As long as…………………………………………………………………
14. I’ll not be able to do any work if I do not have a quiet room.
-> Providing that………………………………………………………………
15. If you are not careful, you will cut yourself with that knife.
-> Without………………………………………………………………………
16. My father isn’t here now. I want him to be here now.
-> I wish………………………………………………………………………………….
17. You talk more than you work. The teacher wants you to work more than to talk.
-> The teacher wishes …………………………………………………………………
18. John would like to be an astronaut when he grows up.
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-> John wishes………………………………………………………………………….
19. I’m sorry I didn’t help you yesterday.
-> If only………………………………………………………………………………….
20. I regret that you didn’t give me a chance to tell you the truth.
-> If only………………………………………………………………………………….
21. Mary is afraid she won’t be able to attend your wedding next week.
-> Mary wishes………………………………………………………………………….
22. I haven’t enough money to buy this book.
-> In case………………………………………………………………………………
23. I feel sick because I ate too much ice-cream.
-> On condition that…………………………………………………………………….
24. It’s a pity that you were not here last week.
-> If only………………………………………………………………………………….
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