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M2+k,OPIOXO]0R+.+A+,-.pM]1HARO-,Q=O!O_,M2JA€>-XMM2+k,OPIOXO]01+Ka,4!
M-€O.pMJM20,4,Q=OO•,4,-QJOXO.‚,4f3,4q3I,-B
1.4. Thành phần các chất trong nước

− XO-;-+IKaOb,4]1H7]0R+]1KaOb,4OI2V0,IM.1KaOb,4h-T,4
OI2V0,IMBaOb,4OI2V0,IMV+k3M-m]Qy,4OI]O+3H.1HI4+dA+3HiQ=+iR,4H3W+

:
x
 ON,KaOb,4h-T,4OI2V0,IMdV+k3M-mH3W+OI]O+3H.1HI4+dA+3HiQ=+
iR,4]
x
.1
`
7x
B
− XO-7-+IKaOb,4]1H:]0R+]1KaOb,4MRHM-j+!KaOb,4.™,-Ot3.1
KaOb,4O-3,4-ICKQyO4Z+]1KaOb,4M01,>-L,B
− aOb,4MRHM-j+OPI,Q=OV+k3M-mH3W+
:
x
OPIOI]O+3H.1HI4+dA+3H
Vm>-U,-3•h-+K3,,•,4B
I{
:
|
7
šI
:
›
7
›
7


− aOb,4O-3,4]1Mw,4OPIKaOb,4MRHM-j+.1KaOb,4.™,-Ot3B
;B`B7B Clorua (Cl
-
) và sunphat (SO
4
2-
)
]
x 
.1
`
7x
-L3,-QO•H\MM20,4OXO]0R+,Q=OM-+/,,-+/,B•h-T,4M-k
-+l,MG,-Ob,4O•,4,-Qh-T,44UCMXO-R+M20,4.+lOAtin,4B3C,-+/,,o3OXO
H3W+,1Cq3XOI0M-S4UC2IX>A3YMOI0M20,4q3XM2S,-Atin,4,F+-s+.S,•]1
,-Š,4-y>O-YMiDMI,M20,4,Q=OB\Mh-XO!_,--QJ,4Ko,A+,--0RMOPIO0,
,4Qj+!Ko,A€AW,4OPIKa,4^M-€O.pMM20,4,Q=Oh-+-1H]Qy,4q3XOI0B
;B`B:B Các muối Sắt (Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
)
2I,46
Hình 4. Một trạm xử lý nước thải
eMM-Qj,4MF,MR+M20,4,Q=OJiR,4H3W+œd{
:
|
7
B-+M+o>f•O]U3.=+
h-T,4h-G!H3W+AeMM2/,iDVm0fC-0XM-1,-H3W+AeM{|.14UCO\,œd{|

;B`B9B7B Nhu cầu oxy sinh học (BOD)
<1]Qy,40fCOL,M-+oMKk.+h-3—,Atin,4>-U,-PCO-YM-Š3OsiQ=+K+[3
h+l,-+o3h-GB-zM+/3,1CKkKX,-4+Xh-_,E,4M€]1HARO-OPI,43F,,Q=OB
}@O1,4OI0O-b,4M†HbOKaT,-+DHO1,4,\,4B
;B`B9B:B Nhu cầu oxy hóa học (COD)
<1]Qy,40fCOL,M-+oMKk0fC-•I-oMOXO-y>O-YM-Š3OsO•M20,4,Q=OB
Q=O,-+DHV—,A”O•Ka0fC-•IOI0>-_+MW,,-+[3-•IO-YMO-0OT,4MXOh-t
M2‚,4B
;B`BgB Phosphous
1H]Qy,4>-0A>-03AM20,4,Q=OMF,MR+iR,4
`
:x
!KQyOA+,-2IVJ+>-U,!
2XO2QJ+!OXO-y>O-YM-Š3OsM20,4A+,--0RM.1M20,4A_,f3YMM-_+2IB-0A>-IMd
]1H-•IO-YMV•,OUC!O-YMhGO-M-GO-ME,4M2QJ,4!O-YMMR0VZMM20,4VaM4+\M!O-YM
]1HH[H,Q=O!hGO-M-GO-ME,4M2QJ,4,-+[3]0R+.+A+,-.pM!>-+/3A+,-.pM!M_0~
-0A>-IMd4UC,-+[3MXOKa,4M20,4.+lOV_0.lHT+M2Qj,4B
;B`B8B Độ kiềm
2I,4v
20,4M-+/,,-+/,Kah+[HM-Qj,44UC2Ii0A€-+l,i+l,OPIOXOH3W+IO+i
Co3MF,MR+iQ=+iR,4
:
x
,-Q
:
!I
:
!I{
:
|

V+lM]1J.‚,4KTM-mK[3VmT ,-+DHM2LHM2Z,4VJ+
2XOM-_+!,Q=OM-_+A+,--0RMM‹ OXO  h-3  iU,  OQ  f_
.10h/,-2RO-O-QIq3Ift]uB S,-M2R,4]Y,O-+oH
]N,4!VjAT,4h/,-2RO-KkA+,- AW,4!f_2XO.1,Q=O
M-_+M2€OM+o>M2/,V[H\M4UCT ,-+DH,Q=OH\M!O_,
M2J]Q3M-T,4OPIiN,4O-_C!MeO,4-”,OW,42ƒ,-MR0,Q=OM‚BT+M2Qj,4CoHh-G
4+IME,4>-U,-PCOXO-y>O-YM-Š3Os!h-T,4,-Š,44UCH‚+-T+M-W+!T,-+DH
,43F,,Q=O.1HT+M2Qj,4H1ON,4UCh-•h-E,M20,4.+lO]YC,43F,,Q=OH\Kk
ft]uM-1,-,43F,,Q=OARO-OY>O-0,-3OL3fƒ-a+B
-3OL3,Q=OAtin,4O-0E,3W,4!A+,--0RM.1OXO-0RMKa,4h-XOOPIO0,
,4Qj+4+IME,4!i•,Ko,MS,-M2R,4h-I+M-XO,Q=OiQ=+KYMM21,]I,4UCOR,h+lM
,43F,,Q=O.1_,--QJ,4Ko,HT+M2Qj,4,-QAn>]•,!,-+DHH\,~
+ŠI,Q=OH\,.1,Q=O,-RMO•HaM2I,-4+=+!h-+-0RMKa,4h-I+M-XO,Q=O
iQ=+KYMq3XHbOKQj,42I,-4+=+,1CA”M+o,iL,Ko,OT,4M2S,-h-I+M-XO!H€O
,Q=OH\,fUH,-p>iL,!K—C]‚+H€O,Q=O,4ZM.10AU3.1]1H,-+DHH\,OXO
OT,4M2S,-h-I+M-XOM20,4h-3.€OB
;B9B7B Ảnh hưởng do phát triển nông nghiệp
2I,4;5
Hình 5. Một kênh nước bị ô nhiễm
?+lOO-E,,3T+4+IA•O4+IOLHJ-a4+IKS,-.‚,4,T,4M-T,ON,O-QIO•u
M-bOM+oMh+lH,43F,,Q=OM20,4.+lO.lA+,-!.lA+,-O-3F,4M2R+!O-QIO•-l
M-W,4ft]uO-YMM-_+,Q=OM-_+!>-L,]=,O-0.10I0-F!VkM€-0R+KkM-YH.10KYM
iD4UCT,-+lHHT+M2Qj,4K\MV+lM]1,43F,,Q=O,4LHB
?+lO,3T+OXOV‰OX!V‰MTHM2€OM+o>M2/,OXOiN,4,Q=OH\MAT,42RO-Kƒ
]1HT,-+DH,43F,,Q=Oi0HaMAW,43C/,,-U,M-bOE,
OPIOXiQM-‹I!A€h-3YCKa,4,43F,,Q=O!A€O_,M2J]Q3
M-T,4iN,4H\MB
?=+MS,-M2R,4Atin,4V‹IVƒ+!M‚CM+l,OXO]0R+
-•IO-YMM20,4>-U,V•,!OXO]0R+M-3WOhGO--0RM>-XM
M2+k,OUC~-+[3-lM-W,4h/,-HQs,4MQ=+M+/3,a+KF,4KƒVmT,-+DH,43F,

1.6. Tình trạng ô nhiễm môi trường
Q=OO•,4,-Qh-T,4h-G!X,-AX,4h-T,4M-kM-+o3KQyOM20,4O3aOAW,4
OPIO0,,4Qj+BƒCM-tMQJ,4MQy,4Ko,HaM,41C,10K•HZ+,43F,,Q=OM2/,
M2X+KYMK[3Vm,-+DHV—,M-SM-o4+=+,1CA”2IAI0B-G,-.S.I+M2Nq3I,M2Z,4OPI
,Q=OKW+.=+A€AW,4,/,OXOq3WO4+IK[3i1,-A€q3I,MUHKo,.+lO4+Š4S,
,43F,,Q=O!,-YM]1,Q=OARO-B
XO  ,-1  h-0I  -ZO  MG,-  M0X,  Mw,4  ]Qy,4  ,Q=O  M2/,  M2X+  KYM  h-0_,4
;B:v5B555B555hH
:
!M20,4K•]Qy,4,Q=OH\M!,Q=O,4LH-s,6Bg55B555hH
:
!ON,
]R+O-PCo3]1,Q=OV+k,B1+,43C/,,Q=O!,-YM]1,Q=O,4ZM,41CO1,4GM.1f3
-Q=,4,-+DHV—,]I,2a,4KI,4]1HW+KdiZIKW+.=+,-+[3,Q=OM2/,M-o4+=+B
;BgB;B Tình trạng ô nhiễm môi trường tại việt nam
+l,,ICJ?+lMIH!H\Oi‚OXOOY>!OXO,41,-KƒO•,-+[3OW4e,4M20,4
.+lOM-€O-+l,O-G,-AXO-.1>-X>]3pM.[V_0.lHT+M2Qj,4!,-Q,4MS,-M2R,4T
,-+DH,Q=O]1.Y,K[2YMKX,4]0,4R+B
WOKaOT,4,4-+l>-0X.1KTM-m-0Xh-X,-I,-.1A€4+IME,4iU,AW4UC
X>]€O,41CO1,4,\,4,[iW+.=+M1+,43C/,,Q=OM20,4.‚,4]ƒ,-M-wBT+M2Qj,4
,Q=OJ,-+[3KTM-m!h-3OT,4,4-+l>.1]1,4,4-[,41CO1,4VmT,-+DHVJ+,Q=O
M-_+!h-GM-_+.1O-YMM-_+2e,BJOXOM-1,->-W]=,!-1,4M2EHOsAJA_,f3YMOT,4
,4-+l>KI,44UCT,-+DHHT+M2Qj,4,Q=Oi0h-T,4O•OT,4M2S,-.1M-+oMVmft]u
O-YMM-_+B,-+DH,Q=Oi0A_,f3YMOT,4,4-+l>]12YM,\,4B?GinJ,41,-OT,4
,4-+l>ilMHIC!,41,-OT,4,4-+l>4+YC.1VaM4+YC!,Q=OM-_+M-Qj,4O•Ka>
M23,4VS,-M‹vx;;žO-zAW,-3OL3TfCA+,--0X{}@|!,-3OL3TfC-0X-ZO
{@|O•M-k]/,Ko,855H4•;.17B955H4•;ž-1H]Qy,4O-YM2e,]s]t,4BBBOI0
4Y>,-+[3]L,4+=+-R,O-0>-–>B
1H]Qy,4,Q=OM-_+OPIOXO,41,-,1CO•O-bIfCI,3I{x|.QyMKo,6`
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Ka,4.pM.1,T,4,4-+l>!bOKaHeOOXOVl,-OI0VYMM-Qj,4OPIOa,4KF,4iU,
OQAW,44L,]Q3.€OAT,4Kƒh-+o,O-G,->-P>-_+fo>,43F,,Q=OOPIO0,AT,4J
HbOKaT,-+DHKaO-R+,-YMB3C,-+/,!O-G,->-P23,4)3WO-+l,KI,4O‚,4
.=+4U,-1,4M-o4+=+,„]€O4+_+q3CoMMS,-M2R,4,1CB
IV3{}eO*,a|x-1,->-WM2/,AT,4!.=+7!`M2+l3iU,!]1,s+Mp>M23,4
OPI,-+[3fQJ,4M-3aOiIB-Š,4h-_0AXM!,4-+/,Ob3OPI-G,->-PKƒO-0M-YC
HaM.1+h-3.€OO•HRO-,Q=O,4LHKƒVm,-+DHKaOi0>-—H,-3aH!OXOO-YM
-0X-ZOKaO-R+{O20H!O-S|BaMO-3s,4M2S,-O-zKR0]1HARO-,43F,,Q=O,4LH
KI,4KQyOM2+k,h-I+B
I2+]I0{-+]+>+,d|lM-W,4OXOAT,44L,.‚,4,40R+TMz,-}3]IOI,J
-+]+>+,dA]1,s+]Q3M-T,4-1,4-0XO-0OXOh-3.€OM-3aOiI!M+,-O-oh+H]0R+!
K•OO-SBXOO-YMT,-+DH4UC2IOXO.Y,K[.[AbOh-0rO-0OQiU,M20,4.‚,4.1
fI-s,,•ON,4UC-R+M=+,41,-KX,-VeMMR+.m,-I,+]]dB
s,Vƒ0IM2+,IKƒ4UCM-+lM-R+]=,,-YM.[M+[,OPIO•,4,-QA+,-HR,4
M20,4]mO-At,Q=OŒ.1O•,4Kƒ4UC2I-1,4]0RM,-Š,4M2p,]nMJd§¨dI]I,i!
K+[3K•h–0M-d0A€T,-+DHM2/,i+l,2a,4i0h+H]0R+,\,4O•]•,M20,4KYM.1
O\,iL3J-I+,Q=O,1CB-Š,4,„]€Oh-eO>-nOT,-+DHKI,4KQyOOXO,-1O-bO
M2XO-]+/,K01,.1q3WO4+I,4-+/,Ob3O‚,4.=+ho-0RO-fUCi€,4]R+OXOM-1,-
>-WVmM1,>-XB
1.7. Phân loại nước thải
-d0M+/3O-3—,.+lM,IH9v65;vv9.1g;58•;;v65,Q=OM-_+]1,Q=O
KƒKQyOM-_+2IAI3h-+KƒAtin,4-0\OKQyOMR02IM20,4HaMq3XM2S,-OT,4,4-l
.1h-T,4ON,4+XM2mM2€OM+o>KW+.=+q3XM2S,-K•B-T,4M-Qj,4,Q=OM-_+KQyO
>-U,]0R+M-d0,43F,4WO>-XMA+,-2IO-•,4
− Q=O  M-_+  A+,-  -0RM!  ]1
,Q=OM-_+M‹OXOh-3iU,
OQ!  h-3  .€O  -0RM  Ka,4
M-Qs,4HR+!h-3OT,4AJ!
M2Qj,4-ZO.1OXOOsAJ
MQs,4M€B

M-+oMVmM-340H,Q=OM-_+~
W]Qy,4,Q=OM-_+M3ˆM-3aO.10K+[3h+l,M+l,,4-+OPIO3aOAW,4!Mp>q3X,
i‚,4,Q=OOPIM‹,4iU,MaOBMQs,4b,4.=+,-3OL3i‚,4,Q=O!AW]Qy,4,Q=OM-_+
OXOh-3iU,OQiI0Ka,4M20,4h-0_,4;:5^;95]+M•,4Qj+•,41CB
Q=OM-_+A+,--0RMO•O-bIOXOO\,VƒOXOO-YM2e,VI04FHO-YM2e,.TOs
,-QKYMOXM!H3W+.TOs!O-YM2e,-Š3Os,-Q.+h-3—,!Ka,4.pM,43C/,A+,-!M_0!
>-U,2XO!OXOO-YM-Š3Os,-QM-€O>-—H!iL3H¤~OXOO-YMi+,-iQ¤,4.1.+
A+,-B-1,->-L,,Q=OM-_+A+,--0RMM-ICKw+M-d0M-j+4+I,B4Qj+MIq3CQ=O4+X
M2mVS,-q3U,,-QAI3B
Bảng 1: Tải lượng ô nhiễm nước thải sinh hoạt
XO,-U,T,-+DH _+]Qy,4{4•,41C| XO,-U,T,-+DH _+]Qy,4{4•,41C|
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`9^9`
;B6×}@
(H0,+
w,4>-0A>-0
7!`^`!6
5B6^`
2I,4;v
-YM2e,]s]t,4
@L3H¤
w,4,+Ms
755
;5^:5
gx;7
w,4O0]+c02H
œdOI]O0]+c20H
2b,44+3,AX,
;5

quả
}@!@!>!!@ 13!Mw,4!!!
Chế biến rượu bia
}@!>!!!!O-YM2e,O•
M-k]e,4
@! H13!Ka KnOBVZM
,w+
Chế biến thịt }@!>!!iL3H¤!KaKnO!
O-YM2e,O•M-k]e,4

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!@!!H13
Xay bột }@! @!>!!@
Luyện thép
@L3  H¤!  >!  
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x
!  2!
>-d,0]!!œd!,!¨,
]0!
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7x
Cơ khí
@!iL3H¤!!x!2!¨,!
+!V!i
Thuộc da
}@

Phân lân @!œ!>!!
(]!  œd!  4!  !  
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7x
!
32I,+3H
Hoá chất hữu cơ
}@!@!>!!@!iL3
,w+
aKnO!O]0-Š3Os!!
h+H]0R+,\,4!>-d,0]
Hoá chất vô cơ
aIO+i!Kah+[H!!!@!
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>-d,0]!  œ!  A+]+OIM!  
x
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h+H]0R+,\,4
Hoá dầu
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>-d,0]!!@!A3]c3I

]Qy,4,43F,,Q=OVmA3C4+_H,4-+/HM2Z,4B
b) Sinh vật nước:
,-+DH,Q=O_,--QJ,4M2€OM+o>Ko,OXOA+,-.pM,Q=O!K\OV+lM]1.‚,4
AT,4!i0,Q=OO-m3MXOKa,4OPIT,-+DH,-+[3,-YMB-+[3]01+M-3•A+,-i0-Y>
2I,47;
M-nOXOO-YMKaOM20,4,Q=O!M-j+4+I,]U3,41C4UCV+o,Kw+M20,4OsM-k,-+[3]01+
M-3•A+,-!HaMAWM2Qj,4-y>4UCKaMV+o,4d,!MR0,-+[3]01+H=+!HaMAWM2Qj,4
-y>]1HO-0,-+[3]01+M-3•A+,-O-oMB
20,4`,41C]+/,M+o>{M‹;6x7;B;5|!MTH!OXO-oM-1,4]0RMMR+h+,-+ŠI
-†{Y>LH‚,4!fƒ2L,-=+!-3Cl,X+Q=O!1I3|!OR,-"G,4-+l>O-o
V+o,M-3•A_,IH<0,4M-3aOT,4MCOw>-L,f3YMh-—3M-3•A_,X+T+?1H
{Ii0.+Hdf|BQ=OM20,4h+,-Kd,,4NH.1H‚+-T+M-W+VWO]/,,F,4,\OB+Ko,
KL3h+,-OR,-"G,4-+l>O-oV+o,M-3•A_,IH<0,4M-SM-YC,Q=OM-_+M20,4Vƒ+
2XOA+,--0RMOPIfG,4-+l>,1CKI,4M21,f3W,4h+,-B"XOOXO-oMM2/,h+,-+ŠI
-†!-3Cl,X+Q=O{Mz,-1I3|BUC]1O0,h+,-O-RCi1+4L,`hH!,W+M‹
Vƒ+2XOOPI"G,4-+l>O-o V+o,M-3•A_,IH<0,4.=+AT,4X+Q=OxLH
‚,4!O•-1,4M2EH-aiU,]YC,Q=OM‹iN,4h+,-,1CKk,3T+OX!MTHBR+iQs,4
M3CO-+oH©i+l,MGO-M2X+KYM!,-Q,4O•,4h-T,4M-kh-T,4O-m3MXOKa,4VJ+.+lO
,Q=OVmT,-+DH!H1HaM>-L,A€T,-+DH,Q=OKR+iQs,4]1i0OXO-0RMKa,4OPI
O0,,4Qj+,-Q.+lOh-I+M-XOiL3!2XOM-_+M‹,4Qj+K+V+k,!~4UC_,--QJ,4
h-T,4,-†Ko,KR+iQs,4.1OXOA+,-.pMKR+iQs,4!]1Hf3YM-+l,,-+[3-+l,
MQy,4]R!KF,4M-j+]1HO-0,-+[3]01+A+,-.pMV+k,h-T,4O•,s+AW,4!HaMAW
.‚,4O•,-+[3]01+A+,-.pMV+k,O-oM-1,4]0RM~
Hiện tượng thủy triều đen: S,-M2R,4O-YM]Qy,4,Q=O-F4+_HKaM,4aM
,4-+/HM2Z,4.1MS,-M2R,4OXO-oM-1,4]0RMM20,4,-+[3,41ChkM‹M-p>,+/,;v85B
+l,MQy,4,1CKQyOOXO,-1h-0I-ZO4Z+M/,]1ŽM-PCM2+[3Kd,•B-U,MGO-OXO
H•3,Q=O-F]YCM‹,-+[3,Q=OM2/,M-o4+=+O-0M-YC-+l,MQy,4ŽM-PCM2+[3Kd,•
M-Qj,4f_CM20,4-F,Q=O.10H‚IM-3B-+K•!O-YM-Š3OsiQ=+KXC-FVeMKL3
>-U,-PCiQ=+MXOin,4OPIOXO.+A+,-.pM!]1HM-+o3TfCiQ=+KXC-F!4+_H-1H
]Qy,4>.1ME,4,F,4KaOXO4WOIfGMhI]+,+M2IMB-3hˆ,1C]1HME,4MS,-M2R,4

7›
.1,
7›
O•,F,4KaOI0MR0M-1,-OXOIf+Mh-T,4
MI,œd
7

:
.1,
7
4UC2I-+l,MQy,4Ž,Q=O>-‰,•i•,Ko,K•,4M-1,-.X,4M2/,
H\MKYM{K•,4>-‰,|I,f+!HI4+d.1OXO+0,h+H]0R+h-XOM20,4KYMVm,Q=OO-bI
If+MOIOV0,+O2tIM2T+M-SKYMA”VmO-3I-•I
b) Sinh vật đất
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 Trong nước nhiễm thủy ngân
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