TIEU DUNG VA PHAT TRIEN BEN VtTNG 6 VIET NAM
Dang Thi Thu Hd
Erie Remy

1, Ticu diing nang lugng ben virng
Tieu dung ben v&ng la mot khai niem phire lap, dugc hieu va giai thieh theo
nhilu each khac nhau, tuy Ihugc vao quan diem, kien thtJe, kinh nghiem, van hda,
ITnh vire quan lam cua cac nha khoa hge khac nhau. Dudi day la mot vai dinh nghTa
thudng gap.
Co le djnh nghia dugc Irich dan nhieu nhal la dinh nghTa dugc dua ra tai Oslo
1994 TIgi nghj vl san xuk va lieu thy bin vung: "Viee sii dyng cac djch vy va lien
quan din nhUng san pham dap ung nhu eau ea ban va mang lai mot chat lugng eude
sdng Idl bom Irong khi giam Ihieu viee su dung cac ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien va
vat lieu doe hai eiing nhu lugng khi thai va cac chat gay d nhilm Irong vdng ddi eiia
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djch Yu hay san pham, nhir vay la khdng gay nguy hiem cho nhu can cua cae the he
luang lai,,'. Djnh nghTa nay xae dinh mdi quan he nhan qua giira viee tieu dung, su
dyng lai nguyen thien nhien, va sy xudng cap eiia mdi trudng. Tai hoi nghi, Tien sT
Emil Salim dinh nghTa: "lieu dung ben vung ngy y rang viee lieu dimg cua cac thI
he hien lai eiing nhu cac thI he tuomg lai dugc cai thien ve chat lugng. Nhu mot
khai niem lieu dimg ddi hoi sy Idi uu boa eiia ddi lugng tieu diing dk duy tri djch
vii, chat lugng ngudn lai nguyen va mdi trudng theo thdi gian,, . No cho thay cae
lac dgng lieu cue, suy Ihoai mdi trudng len sue khde eon ngudi va he sinh thai.
Theo Nick Robins va Sarah Roberts (1997): "Trgng lam eiia san xuk ben
2. Dr. Emil Salim, The challenge of sustainable consumption as seen from the South. In
Symposium: Sustainable Consumption. Oslo, Norway; 19-20 January 1994
153


VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THIJ TU

ITnh vyc kinh tl trgng dilm, ehang ban nhu ndng nghiep, nang lugng, du Ijeh, ccng
nghiep va giao thdng van tai. Tieu dung bin viJng nham din phia eau, xem xet lam
the nao cac hang hda va djch vy can thiel de dap ung nhu c^u ea ban va nang cao
chat lugng eude sdng - ehang ban nhu Ihye pham va sue khde, ehd d, quan ao, giai
tri va di chuyen - ed the dugc phan phdi theo nhiJng each lam giam ganh nang cho
Trai dat'.
Tieu dung ben viJng dugc coi la mgl qua trinh lien quan din dam phan va xay
dung su ddng thuan. Tac gia Hansen va Schrader^, nam 1997 ehi ra rang su danh
gia tieu ehuan eila phat trien ben virng va lieu diing ben viJng tuomg ung "phai duge
bd sung tinh hgp phap bang mot van ban xa hgi„ va Ihye hanh. Mgl mat, mgi quylt
dinh mua sam la mot eude bd phieu cho hay ehdng lai mgl sd dilu kien san xual
(vdi nhimg anh hudng mdi trudng eiing nhu cac dilu kien xa hoi), mat khac, '"sir tin
tai eiia mot ngudn eung cap phii hop,, la quyet dinh ehuyin ddi sang lieu diing bin
vUng horn. "Viee tao ra mgl nhan thue rang mgl doanh nghiep khdng bill gi nhu tliai
do binh thudng khdng ehi khdng hanh dgng khuyin khich ma eon tao thanh mgl
hanh dgng vd dao due boat dgng vi thI la mot dilu kien lien quylt can thill cho mgl
sy thay ddi theo hudng lieu diing ben viJng.,,
Eberle , 2004 xem lieu dung ben viJng nhu la mot each mua, su dung hang hda


Tieu diing ben viJng phai duge hieu nhu la mgl ITnh vyc xa hgi cua hanh dgng,
dugc dac trung bdi ba pham vi tuomg lac cua hanh dgng: pham vi ea nhan (chia
Ihcinh hai lilu pham vi), pham vi phia eung va eau tnie, pham vi chinh tri xa hgi. Ba
pham vi nay lac dgng qua lai Ian nhau: hanh vi ngudi lieu diing dya tren cac quyet
djnh, hanh vi cua ea nhan, tuy nhien, phan Idn phy thude vao cae lieu chuan de danh
gia phia eung, mgl ea sd ha tang thieh hgp (vi du nhu sy san ed eiia thiet hi su dyng
nang lugng hieu qua Irong gia dinh) va cae yeu to chinh tri - xa hgi (vi dy: ton tai he
thdng mua ban phat thai hoae nhan sinh thai).
2. Toan canh nang luomg Viet Nam
Sy phai trien cua thj trudng nang lugng ben viimg la mot trong nhtJng ehii de
quan trgng nhal khdng ehi tai mot qude gia ma edn loan the gidi. Nang lugng duge
xem nhu mgl chat xiic lac cho nen kinh le, ddng vai Ird quan trgng trong phat trien
kinh le, tang trudng edng nghiep va xual khau. Nang lugng khdng ehi su dyng cho
qua trinh san xual edng nghiep va tieu diing gia dinh, nd eiing la mot ngudn gde eiia
nhieu van de mdi trudng nghiem trgng. Viet Nam ed ngudn tai nguyen nang lugng
da dang nhu khi ty nhien, dau md, than da, Ihiiy dien, sinh khdi, gid va nang lugng
mat irdi ..., tuy nhien khdng ddi dao. Myc lieu phat trien eiia nganh nang lugng dap
ung nhu eau phat trien kinh te - xa hgi eiing nhu bao dam an ninh nang lugng qudc
gia. Suu Ddi mdi nganh nang lugng Viet Nam da ed nhumg bude tang trudng dang
kl, dap img nhtJTig nhu eau co ban cua phat triln kinh tl - xa hoi trong su6t hai thap
ky qua. Tuy nhien, quy md va hieu qua eiia nganh nang lugng van edn thap. Viet
Nam khdng duge bao dam an ninh nang lugng qudc gia (cat dien thudng xuyen
trong thdi gian cao diem, dy triJ dau qudc gia khdng du de binh on gia khi ed eude
khiing hoang gia ddu Iren thi trudng qudc le...). Viet Nam se phai ddi mat vdi nguy
ea thilu hut nang lugng trong giai doan tir 2015-2020. Van de nang lugng khdng
ehi con la van de eiia mot qudc gia ma edn la van de dat ra vdi ea the gidi va dang
bi anh hudng bdi nhiJng thay ddi. Nam 2010, Viet Nam san xual 83,437 ty kWh
dien, 44.670.700 tan than, 14.933.100 tdn dau thd va 9,3519 ty m^ khi, xuat khau
than Vi$t Nam dat 19,231 trieu tdn trong nam 2010 (Bd Cong thuomg, 2010). Viet

IMS ta*

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WM tWt »W 2«1 JftM KB*

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Theo sd lieu tir Vien Nang lugng (Bd Cong thuang), nlu khdng c6 nhirng
budc lien dang ke dang ke thi sau nam 2010, ngudn nang lugng ciia Vi^t Nam se
khdng dii de dap timg nhu eau nang lugng. Trong qua trinh phat trien cua Viet
Nam, nganh nang lugng la ed kha nang phai ddi mat vdi mot sd thach thue, bao
gdm ea viee dam bao an ninh eung c^p nang lugng va bao ve mdi trudng tii cae
thiet hai gay ra bdi cae boat dong nang lugng trong khi giai quylt cac vin dl xa
hgi va chinh tri.

1. Source: EVN.
156


TIEU DUNG VA P H A T TRIEN BEN VCTNG 6 VIET NAM

Figure 2: Estimated energy consumption Vietnam' from 2005 to 2020
Estimated energy consumption in Vietnam
(exclude nuclear power)
biion BTU - blllbn British
8,834,784

10,000,000


Period

2005 - 2010

2010-2015

2015 - 2020

Annual growth rate

9%

17%

14%

Nhu ed the thay trong binh 2, vdi nhu eau nang lugng tang nhanh va ngudn
eung edp lai ed ban, Viet Nam dy kiln se trd thanh mot nude nhap khau nang lugng
Irong Ihcip ky nay. Hieu qua sii dyng nang lugng thap (d hai ben eung va eau) la mgl
van dl nang lugng Idn ma Viet Nam phai ddi mat. Hien tai Viet Nam la mot trong
nhirng nude ed mire phat thai carbon binh quan dau ngudi thap nhat, nhung van de
nay da trd nen quan trgng, la bang ehung khoa hge, thill lap vai trd eiia lugng khi
thai COT trong sy ndng len loan eau. Mdi trudng se can phai duge xet den khi thue
hien kl hoach phat triln kinh tl va nang lugng. Cac lya ehgn ea nhan phan anh gia
tri, mdi trudng va Idi sdng se anh hudng va duge phan anh trong cae md binh tieu
thu nang lugng. Ngoai ra, cac ylu t6 khac, ching ban nhu tang trudng GDP va dan
sd, dien khi hda ndng thdn va do thi hda eiing se anh hudng den cae md binh tieu
thu nang lugng. Kha nang tilp can va kha nang ehi tra nang lugng, dac biet la ddi
vdi nhirng ngudi thu nhap thap d cac viing sau, vung xa la nhiing yeu to quan trgng
trong viee xay dyng chinh sach nang lugng, dac biet la khi xem trong dieu kien

1994 va tang 63,3% so vdi nam 2000, do eung la Ide do tang trudng cao tren thi
gidi. Nam 2004, mue do phat dien binh quan dky ngudi eiia Viet Nam dugc xip
hang thu 131 so vdi cac qude gia va viing lanh thi ed dd lieu so sanh tren the gidi.
Trong khi binh quan dau ngudi lieu diing dien d Viet Nam da dat 561,4 kWh, eo
111 qudc gia va vung lanh thd da dat den han 1000 kWh, bao gdm 44 qude gia tren
5000 KWh va 12 qude gia han 10000 kWh (Na Uy ban 27000, Iceland gSn 23000,
Canada 17500, Thyy Diln gan 17000., Kuwait g k 17000, Liic-xam-bua gSn 16000,
Phan Lan 15000, Hoa Ky ban 14000, Qatar 14000, cac lilu vuang qude A Rap horn
13000, Uc gan 11000, Ba Lan gan 11.000). Dien san xuat binh quan dSu ngudi tai
Viet Nam trong nam 2010 la 1000 kWh/narn, vSn edn rk thap so vdi mure trung
binh eiia thi gidi (khoang 3000) va trong khu vye (Thai Lan 2000, Trung Qude
2200, Xin-ga-po 9000 ...). Vdi mgl mue do lieu thu dien tren mue trung binh thdp
va 50% san xuat dien phu thugc vao Ihiiy dien, vi vay tinh Irang thieu dien la khdng
the Iranh khdi. Van de la nhu eau ve dien ngay eang tang vao gid cao dilm, dac biet
la vao nhiJng ngay ndng vdi nhiet do cao ngay lu dau miia, trong khi dien khdng
gidng nhu cac loai san pham thdng thudng khac vi dien khdng phai dy triJ duge
(ngoai trir ta dung sac pin nhung rat thap). De giam sy mk can ddi eung eSu chiing
la phai tang ngudn eung cap va ddng thdi lam giam nhu ckx lieu diing (Irudc lien
bat dau tir viec tiet kiem dien).

158


Tieu DUNG VA PHAT

T R I ^ N B£N VONG

0

VIET


a»t

MM

San xuat dien eiia Viet Nam tang trudng vdi tde dg cao. Nam 2010 so vdi nam
1995, di?n san xuat cao ban 6,2 lan, binh quan mgl nam tang khoang 13% - mot tde
do tang trudng kha cao so vdi tde do tang trudng dan sd (1,21 Ian, 26% / nam), so
vdi miie tang trudng GDP (horn 2,8 lan, 7,16% / nam),... Kit qua la, miic tieu thy
dign binh quan dau ngudi da tang lien tyc trong nhumg nam qua. Nam 2010 so vdi
nam 1995, dien san xudt binh quan dau ngudi cao bom gap 5,7 lin, trung binh mot
nam tang khoang 11,6% - mgt tde dg tang trudng cao. Ty Ig hd gia dinh su dyng
dien tang kha nhanh va d mtirc cao. Tuy nhien, dign la mot trong nhiJng nganh edng
nghiep can dugc quan tarn d$e bi?t, bdi ed nam vin dl sau:
Thir nhdt, mac du tde do tang trudng tdng san lugng dien va san lugng dien
nang binh quan dau ngudi cao, nhung dilm khdi dau lai rat thap, vi vay, san lugng
dien binh quan dhu ngudi van edn thap. Thu hai, tde do tang trudng tdng san lugng
dien thap ban so vdi tde do tang trudng gia tri san xuk edng nghi?p (eiia nganh
edng nghiep la 7,6 Idn, tuomg duong 14,4% / nam, trong khi do dien san xuat la 6,2
lan, luang duong 13% / nam). Nhu c^u tieu thy dien la rk cao vi ty le ho su dyng
dien ting cao, thill hi dien eiing ngay eang nhilu. Nhu ciu nay tang nhanh bom toe
do tang trudng cua san xuit dien, do dd san xudt \hn khdng dap ung dii nhu eau.
Ban chat eiia dien khdng phai la san p]iam ed thi dy trir dugc, do dd, nhu eau va san
xuat la lit khac nhau (gid cao dilm / gid dilm thap), vay nen xay ra viec cat dien
dot nggt va cil dien ludn ludn luan phien. Thu ba, thi trudng dien canh Iranh da
dugc dat ra va phat triln day hira hen mac dii mdi ehi la giai doan bat dau khau
truyin tai dang d giai doan hoan thien, dac biet khau phan phdi dien can thiet phai
ed mot thai gian nhk dinh va mot nghien cuu day dii ban. Thir tu, thiiy dien, nhiet
dien, nang lugng gid, nang lugng mat Irdi... da duge phat trien d Viet Nam, nhung
sy kit hgp vdi viee bao ve mdi trudng khdng phai la dl dang, edn nhieu khd khan

phat triln, phd biln cae trang thill hi hieu suat cao, tiet kiem nang lugng, timg bude
loai bo cae trang thill bj hieu suk thap gdm 02 D I an, lien hanh mgl chien dieh thi
dilm vl "Xay dyng mot md binh kinh te su dyng nang lugng trong mdi hd gia
dinh", (iv) su dung nang lugng tiet kiem va hieu qua trong cac doanh nghiep edng

161


VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TlT

nghiep, xay dyng md binh quan ly su dung lilt kiem va hieu qua nang lugng cho
cae doanh nghiep, gdm 02 Dl an; (v) sir dung nang lugng lilt kiem va hieu qua
trong cae Ida nha, xay dung nang lye va triln khai cac boat dgng nhlm nang cao su
dyng tiet kiem va hieu qua nang lugng trong xay dyng, Ihilt kl va quan ly ciia cac
Ida nha va nang lugng su dyng, gdm 02 D I an (vi) tilt kiem va hieu qua trong boat
dgng van tai, gdm 01 De an.
Hoan thanh giai doan I (2006-2010), mue lieu qude gia vl su dung till kiem
va hieu qua nang lugng dat dugc kit qua la till kiem dugc 4901 kloe, luang duomg
vdi 3,4% long tieu thy nang lugng ea nude. Ddng Ihdi Lual sii dung nang lugmg
hieu qua va tiet kiem duge edng bd va din vdi eugc sdng. Tren Ihl gidi, eac boat
dgng tiet kiem nang lugng da duge qua lam tir rk sdm. H^u hit lual till kiem nang
lugng eiia nhieu nude lap trung 4 nhdm bao gdm: Tilt kiem nang lugng Irong eong
nghiep, xay dyng, giao thdng van tai va dac biet la eac thill bj tilt kiem nang lugng,
day la khu vye lieu thy horn 70% nang lugng. Cl Viet Nam, mtre do hilu bill cua
ngudi dan edn ban che va edng nghe thi lac hau, them vao do nude la dang Irong
qua trinh xay dyng Lual, vay nen can ehii trgng din viec tilt kiem nang lugng trong
hd gia dinh, tai nai lam viee, va ea edng ddng.
3.2. Tieu diing di^n ndng trong hg gia ^inh & Vi^t Nam - hu&ng tdi vi^c tieu
diing di^n ndng ben vdng
Tde dg tang trudng trung binh san xuat di$n la 14,3%)/nam giai doan 20002010. Ca eau dien thuang pham da dugc thay ddi Irong thap ky ghn day. Co cin



Tieu DUNG VA P H A T TRIEN B £ N VLTNG 6 V I E T NAM

Nhu CO Ihl thay Irong hinh 6, lieu dimg dien nang khu vye quan ly va lieu
dung ho gia dinh la khu vye quan trgng va gia tang nhanh ehdng lai Viet Nam. Theo
long dilu Ira dan sd nam 1989 ed 12,9 trieu hd gia dinh vdi quy md hd gia dinh
trung binh la 4,84 (nam 1979 la 5,22). Sd lugng cac hd gia dinh da tang trudng vdi
tde do trung binh hang nam la 3,09% giai doan 1979 - 1989. Theo dy bao dan sd
lam trung, sd lugng cac hd gia dinh se tang gap ddi (den 25,8 trieu) trong khoang
thai gian 25 nam (kit thiie vao nam 2014). Sy thay doi trong kich thude va sd hg
gia dinh se din den mgl sd hau qua ve nhu eau nang lugng eiia cae hg gia dinh.
Theo dy bao vao nam 2050, 70% dan sd thi gidi se sdng d thanh thi so vdi
50% dcin sd hien tai. Vi vay, cac vhn dl su dyng nang lugng hieu qua cho dat nude
eiing la van dl dat ra cho cae thanh phd Idn nhu Thii do Ha Ndi, thanh phd Da
Ning, thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, v.v... Ngay nay, Dien duge su dung d khap mgi
nai, lai Viet Nam, Hoa Ky, tren loan the gidi, va chiing ta quen mat vai trd quan
trgng ciia nd trong sy phat triln lieu thy hang loat (sy biing nd dan sd), va mot sd
nude, nhu Viet Nam, dang trong qua trinh dien khi hoa dd thi. Hdm qua Di^n khi
hoa, hom nay thiie day sy phat triln ciia lien ket ndng - edng nghiep, dien nang kel
hgp vdi vice hge va nIn giao dye lien lien, hoae he thdng Hi-fi ket hgp vdi vi^e phd
biln am nhae phd biln hoae ed diln. Dien la mgl dilu kien vat chk quan trgng cho
sy phat triln ciia tieu thy hang loat va sy khac biet xa hgi mdi lien ket vdi nd.
Chiing la nghien cuu mot xa hgi vi md rgng, phan tich tap trung vao viec su dyng
ciia cac vat dung sir dung dien han la tren sy khac biet xa bdi; cho thay viee su dyng
khdng ddng diu eiia cae mat hang dien d cap do xa hgi vT md.
Phan phdi dien khu vye hd gia dinh thanh thi: ed nam chue nang cua eac thiet
bi dien lai Viet Nam. Ngay nay chiing ta dang ehung kiln d Viet Nam viee Ihye
hien nam chue nang chinh eiia dien va sy khac biet eiia nd: ehiie nang lam mat (vao
mua he) va chue nang sudi am (miia ddng) - phye vy cho mdi trudng sdng (su dyng

thi dai ban, dien duge eiing gin liln vdi su thieh thii "lam viee tai nha", "d nha",
hay khi " Irdi ndng".
Lam the nao de thay ddi hanh vi ciia ngudi lieu dung? Day la mgl vln de tam
ly, xa hgi va van hda phue lap, ddi hoi phai cd nhumg thay ddi manh me trong each
mgi ngudi suy nghT va su dung nang lugng'. Trong trudng hgp su dung dien, san
pham hoae dich vy duge mua, va gia Irj thay duge nhu: dl ehay tii lanh, bat den, ...
chu khdng phai la electron chuyin vao ludi dien. Ngudi tieu dimg thanh toan hda
dan fien dien hang thang, do do la khd khan cho hg dl danh gia va xem xet lai quylt
dinh ciia hg cho ehi phi ciia cae thiet bi dien gia dinh hay bi rd r! dien.
Hau qua lau dai ddi vdi mdi trudng do tac ddng ciia eon ngudi xuk hien ngay
nay ehang ban nhu su ndng len loan chu va biln ddi khi hau, chat lugng khdng khi
kern, sy suy giam ciia du triJ nhien lieu hda thach,... Sy can thill hudng Idi mgl Idi
sdng bin \amg hom da duge edng nhan. Trong bdi canh hg gia dinh d Viet Nam, chn
ed mot sy tap trung lien lye de thay ddi hanh vi lieu dung nang lugng ngay lap tire,
ben virng, trong dai ban. Bude tilp theo la lap trung vao viec nghien eUu, san xuat
cac thiet bi tieu dung dien hieu qua. Viet Nam da ed mgl sd chinh sach va eac

1. Shipworth, M. (2002) Motivating Home Energy Action: A Handbook of What Works.
Australian Greenhouse Office. Retrieved May 21, 2008: />settlements/local/publications/pubs/motivating.pdf
164


TIEU DUNG VA P H A T TRIEN BEN V Q N G 6 VIET NAM

ehuxmg trinh, khuyen khich viee lieu dung tiet kiem dien, ben virng. Cae ehuomg
trinh nay dugc phat trien va Ihye hien bdi tat ea cac cap chinh quyen, eac ca quan,
hiep hoi doanh nghiep, va eac nhdm Igi ich edng edng nhu giam, tiet kiem dien
nang lieu thu. Truyen thong (phuomg lien Iruyen thdng va quang cao) da ndi len nhu
la nguon thdng tin Irong xa hgi hien dai. Trgng lam chinh eiia viee lieu thy dien ben
virng la vai Ird eua quang cao trong viee dinh hinh hanh vi eiia ngudi lieu dung.


165


VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU

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