A.Infinitive with to ( động từ nguyên mẩu có “to”)
To infinitive with to is used in these following situations:
1. The subject of a sentence:
Ex: to save money is necessary now.
2. The complement of a verb:
Ex: our duty is to study harder.
3. Object:
* To infinitive is used as object of these verbs:
“ agree, arrange, ask, attemp, begin, care, choose, decide, deserve, determine, edmand, desire, expect,
fail, forget, happen, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, neglect( bỏ mặc), offer, plan, …
Ex: we hope to pass the next exam with high marks.
• To infinitive is used as object of these abjectives:
Able, afraid, amused, annoy, anxious, astonished, certain, delighted, eager, easy, glad, hard, pleased,
ready..
Ex: I’m very glad to see you again.
• To infinitive is used after “ for/ of”
Ex: I’ll wait for you to finish the tasks.
4. To infinitive is used after Noun or pronoun to replace for a clause.
Ex:English is an important language to master.
Ex: Have you got anyhting to read now?
5. To infinitive is used to express a purpose or result
Ex: We go to school to widen our knowledge.
Ex: He was born to succeed in many fields.
B. Bare infinitive:
Bare infinitive is used in these situations:
1. After “modal verbs”
Ex: He can speak three languages
2. After the verbs of sense: “ feel, hear, see, watch, smell, .. and notice, make, let”
3. After proverbs: had better, would rather,
Exercise:
Insert TO where necessary before the infinitives in brackets.

26. Did you remember (give) him the money? No, I didn’t. I still have it in my pocket; but
I’ll (see) him tonight and I promise (not forget) this time.
27. I saw the driver (open) his window and (throw) a box into the bushes.
28. This is far too heavy for one person (carry); let me (help) you.
29. I was afraid (pick) up the revolver as I don’t know how (handle) firearms.
30. I saw the plane (crash) into the hill and (burst) into flames.
THE GERUND
A.Gerund is used in these situations:
1. Subject of a verb
Ex: learing foreigner language is very necessary.
2. Object of a verb:
Ex: we hace just finished doing our homework.
3. Object of a adjective:
Ex: most children are fond of eating sweets.
B. Gerund and Infinitive:
1. The verbs followed by gerund
Admit, avoid, anticipate, begin, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, forgive, imagine, involve,
like, love, mind, miss,, practise, prevent, postpne, remember, regret, risk, ..
• after some phrase of verbs: can’t bear, can’t face, can’t stand, can’t help, feel like, it’s no
good, it’s no use..
ex: I can’t hep laughing whenever he tells a joke.
2. the verbs followed by to infinitive
Agree, arrange, ask, attempt, begin, choose, decide, deserve, determine, demand, desire, expect,
fail..
3. the verbs followed by both gerund and to infinitive:
* Stop:- to infinitive: the driver stopped to ask the way
- gerund: ex: the driver stopped driving.
* Remember: -to infinitive:ex-Remember to post my letter on your way home
-gerund: ex- I remember locking the door when I returned home yesterday.
* Try : -to infinitive :ex- I try to swim across the river.

recovered) from his long journey.
22. At first I enjoyed (listen) to him but after a while I got tired of (hear) the same story
again and again.
23. It is usually easier (learn) a subject by (read) books than by (listen) to the lectures.
24. It wouldn’t be safe (start) down now; we’ll have (wait) till the mist clears.
25. After (discuss) the matter for an hour the committee adjourned without (have reached)
any decision.
26. It’s not much use (have) a bicycle if you don’t know how (ride) it.
27. He didn’t dare (leave) the house because he was afraid of (meet) someone who might
(recognize) him.
28. I distinctly remember (pay) him. I gave him 2 $.
29. Did you remember (give) him the key of the safe.
- No, I didn’t. I’ll go and do it now.
30. Please forgive me for (interrupt) you but would you mind (repeat) that last sentences?
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
II. PRESENT PARTICIPLE:
1. Go with “to be” to form “ continuous tense”
Ex:We are practising English at the moment
2. To combine two sentences with the same subjects:
Ex: Opening the botttle, the boy poured water out.
Or having opened the bottle, the boy poured water out
3. result or reason:
Ex: Not knowing the way, I stopped to ask for direction.
Ex:He was fired, wounding one of the bandits.
4. Replace the relative clause( active):
Ex: The girl who talked to you this morning is my sister.
 the girl talking to you this morning is my sister.
5. After some verbs or verb phrase:
• catch/ find/ leave/ + object+ V-ing
Ex: I caught the boy kicking the ball into the window.

14. They all passed their exames without the slightest (difficult)…………………...
15. The lesson was so (interest)………………. that most of them went to sleep in the
middle.
16. I feel (interest)……………….. in this book.
17. I think that the price here are (reason)……………………..
18. They were (disapoint)……………….. when they read the result.
19. The weather this summer has been (disappoint)…………….
20. Were they (satisfy)……………….. when they got the job?
21. If you work hard, you’ll eventually (success)……………………...
22. The result of the test was (satisfy)………………….
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
PERFECT GERUND AND PERFECT PARTICIPLE
I/ GERUND AND PRESENT PARTICIPLE
1.Gerund:
a. Form: V-ing
b. Usage:
*Subject:
Ex: Going to cinema is fun
Ex: Behaving like that is not good.
Like the form:
Ex: going to the cinema is fun = it is fun to go to the cinema
*after preposition:
Ex: I’m thinking about going camping in the mountain
Ex: she is afraid of watching the ghost film.
+ some verbs with prep.
• to look forward to
• to insist on
• supprised at
• interested in
• busy with

10.Tom: Let’s (go) for a swim!
Ann: I'm not particularly keen on (swim). What about (go) for a drive instead?
11. .I want the boy (grow) up hating violence but his father keeps (buy) him guns
and swords.
It’s almost impossible (prevent) boy (play) soldiers.
12.Would your children mind (keep) quiet for a moment? I'm trying (fill) in a form.
it is + adj + to-infinitive
It’s no use (ask) children (keep) quiet. They can't help (make) a noise.
13.I'm thinking of (go) to Oxford tomorrow on my motorbike. Would you like
(come)?
No, thanks. I want (go) Oxford, but I'd rather (go) by train. I loathe (travel) by
road.
14.Let’s (go) (fish) today. There’s a nice wind. What about (come) with us, Ann?
No, thanks. I'm very willing (cut) sandwiches for you but I’ve no intention of
(waste) the afternoon (sit) in a boat (watch) you two (fish).
15.He resented (be) asked (wait). He expected the minister (see) him at once.
16.The police have put up a railing here (prevent) people (rush) out of the station
and (dash) straight across the road.
17.All day long we saw the trees (toss) in the wind and heard the waves (crash)
again the rocks.
18.I didn’t mean (eat) anything but the cakes looked so good that I couldn’t resist
(try) one.
19.Do you feel like (walk) there or shall we (take) a bus?
I'd rather go by bus. Besides, it’ll take ages (get) there on foot.
20.All right. When would you like (start)? In a few minutes?
Oh, let’s wait till it stops (rain); otherwise we’ll get soak (walk) to the bus
station.
21.The old miser spent all his time (count) his money and (think) up new hiding-
places. He kept (move) it about because he was terrified of (be robbed). He used
(get) up at night sometimes (make) sure it was still there.

5. accuse sb of 6. dream of 7. prevent sb from
8. deny 9. thank sb for 10. think of 11. look forward to
EXERCISES:
I/. Indirect speech: commands, requests, advice, suggestions.
Put the following into indirect speech.
1. ‘Would you please fill in this form and then join in the queue by the door?’ said the
clerk.
2. ‘Could you read the last sentence again, please?’ said the girl.
3. ‘Could I have a new queue book, please?’ said the girl.
‘Could you show me your old cheque book?’ said the bank clerk.
4. Postcard: be ready to move off at very short notice, Tom.
Ann (reading it to Mary): Tom says that we …
5. ‘Please, please don’t tell my mother,’ begged the boy.
6. ‘Don’t fire except in self-defence,’ said the police sergeant.
7. ‘Why don’t you task the rest of the day off?’ said my assistant.
8. ‘Will you have me to move the piano please?’ said my aunt.
9. ‘Don’t drive too close to the car in front,’ said the driving instructor.
10. ‘Don’t smoke near the petrol pumps,’ said the mechanic.
11. ‘When you have chosen a book, bring it to me and I'll stamp it,’ said the librarian.
12. ‘Show the boarding card to the man at the roof of the gangway,’ said the clerk.
13. ‘Reduce speech now,’ said a huge notice. (omit now)
14. ‘Could I see your tickets, please?’ said the inspector.
15. ‘Keep an eye on your luggage,’ he said. ‘This place is full of thieves.
16. ‘When you have read this, pass it on to the next person on the list,’ he said.
17. ‘Why not light a fire on the bank and cook the fish at once?’ suggested the fisherman.
18. ‘Whenever you see the number “7” on the screen, press this button,’ he said.
19. ‘Sit down and tell me what is worrying you,’ he said to her.
20. ‘Walk along the line of men,’ said the police sergeant ‘and if you recognize your
attacker, just nod. Don’t say anything.’
21. ‘Even if you feel hungry don’t eat anything between meals,’ said the dietician.

‘All right,’ said Mary reluctantly.
8. ‘Tom made this mess. Let him clear up,’ said his father.
9. ‘It’s Mothering Sunday tomorrow,’ said the boy. ‘Let’s buy Mum some flowers.’
10. ‘Let’s take a tent and camp out,’ said Bill.
‘Let’s go to a nice hotel and be comfortable,’ said Mary.
11. ‘Let’s give a party,’ said Ann.
‘Let’s not,’ said her husband.
12. I said, ‘Let’s not jump to conclusions. Let’s wait till we hear confirmation of this
rumour.’
13. ‘The newspapers will say it’s your fault,’ warned his colleagues.
‘Let them say what they like,’ he said.
14. ‘Let the nations forget their differences and work together for peace,’ said the preacher.
15. ‘Let me explain,’ she said. ‘Don’t be in such a hurry.’
16. ‘Let the children play in the garden if they want to,’ she told the gardener. ‘I'm sure they
won't do any harm.’
17. ‘Let’s stay here till the storm has passed,’ I said.
18. ‘It’s the government fault. Let them do something about it,’ grumbled my father.
II/. Indirect speech: sentences with must, needn’t and have to.
Put the following into indirect speech.
1. He said, ‘IF what you say is true I must go to the police.’
2. He said, ‘I must be at the docks at six a.m. tomorrow.’
3. ‘Must you make such a noise?’ he asked.
4. ‘You mustn’t come in with out knocking,’ he told us.
5. ‘Your tickets will cost 5$,’ I said.
‘In that case,’ said my nephew, ‘I must go to the bank tomorrow.’
6. Park notice: Dogs must be kept on a lead.
7. His father said, ‘Tom must work harder next term.’
8. ‘You needn’t come in tomorrow,’ said my employer. ‘Take the day off.’
9. ‘I must go to the dentist tomorrow,’ he said. ‘I have an appointment.’
10. Notice: passengers must not lean out of the window.

4. I asked if she had looked everywhere and she said that she had.
5. She suggested giving her a bottle of wine.
6. He said that the new carpet had arrived and asked where he was to put it.
7. He said that two days previously an enormous load of fire wood had been dumped at his
front gate and that since then he hadn’t been able to get his car.
8. They offered me some more wine and I accepted.
9. He said that if I found the front door locked I was to go round to the back.
10. She asked the burglars who they were and who had let them in. They told her to sit
down and keep quiet unless she wanted to get hurt.
11. He asked what the weather had been like during my holidays and I said that it had been
awful.
12. He suggested going down the harbour and seeing if they could hire a boat.
13. He said that if I didn’t like escalators I could go up the emergency staircase. I thanked
him and said that I would do it.
14. He suggested that he and I should go ahead and get tickets.
15. He said that he thought my electric iron was unsafe and advised me to have it seen to.
16. He said that if war broke out he would have to leave the country at once.
17. I asked him if he had enjoyed house-hunting and he said that he hadn’t.
18. She said that she was surprised to see that the grandfather clock had stopped and asked
if anyone had been fiddling with it.
19. She said that she had tried to ring up her mother several times on the previous day but
had not succeeded in getting through.
20. I asked her if she’d like to borrow the book but she thanked me and said that she had
already read it and hadn’t liked it very much.
21. He wanted to know if I was going to the dance and suggested that we should make up a
party and go another.
22. I told her to stop making a fuss about nothing and said that she was lucky to have got a
seat at all.
23. The clerk in the booking office enquired if I wanted a singled or returned ticket. I asked
if the return was any cheaper. He said it made no difference.

‘We will,’ I promised.
8. ‘The soup’s cold again,’ complained Mr Jones. ‘Why do I never have hot soup?’
‘Because the kitchen’s so far from the dinning room,’ explained his wife. ‘If you insist
on living in a castle you must put up with its disadvantages.’
‘What about getting an ex-Olympic runner as an au pair girl?’ said Mr Jones.
‘She wouldn’t stay,’ sighed his wife.
9. ‘Your license is out of date,’ said the policeman.
‘It is,’ I admitted, ‘but I have applied for a new one.’
‘Next time,’ he said severely, ‘apply for a new one before your current one has
expired.’
10. ‘’I'll have the money for you next week. Shall I post it to you?’ I said.
Could you keep it in your safe till I can come and collect it?’ said Tom, ‘a lot of my
mail has been going astray lately and I'd hate to lose one of your large cheques.’
11. ‘’Could I borrow your map again?’ said Peter.
‘You’re always borrowing it. Why don’t you get one of your own?’ I said.
12. ‘When you hear the fire bell,’ he said, ‘shut the windows and go down stairs.’
‘And what shall we do if the stairs are blazing?’ I asked.
13. ‘Can you hear that noise?’ Ann said. ‘What do you think it is?’
‘I think it’s only rats running up and down inside the wall,’ I said.
‘I think it’s someone trying to get in,’ she said. ‘You’d better go and see.’
14. ‘’It’s your turn baby-sit tonight,’ they told Ann.
‘It can't be!’ said Ann indignantly. ‘I baby-sat last night! And the night before! And I'm
only supposed to do two nights a week!’
‘Could you possible do it just this once?’ they said. ‘And we promise not to ask you to
do any next week.’
15. ‘This is the best restaurant in tow,’ said the taxi driver. ‘The only problem is that they
expect guest to wear ties.’
‘Then why have you brought us here?’ said the tourists indignantly.
‘Don’t get excited,’ said the taxi driver, opening a box. ‘I keep ties specially for
gentlemen in your predicament. What colour would you like? They’re all the same

‘No, but I'll go out and get you some if you like,’ I said.
‘Don’t bother,’ he said. ‘I've missed the post anyway.’
25. ‘Repairs to cars rented from us must be arranged through our office,’ he said. ‘So if
anything goes wrong with the one you’ve hired, please ring the number printed on your
card. The office is open from nine to six, Monday to Friday.’
‘But what shall I do if something goes wrong with it outside office hours?’ I said.
26. ‘Why didn’t you signal to the tanker that she was coming too close?’ I said.
‘We did signal,’ said the pilot, ‘but she came on in and ran ground.’
‘What’s going to happen to her?’ I said.
‘We’re going to try to tow her off tonight she’ll be here till she breaks up, and there’ll
be an oil slick all along the coast.’
27. ‘Why are you spending so long on those accounts?’ I asked.
‘Because I can't make them balance,’ he said. ‘I seem to be 13$ short; and that means
that I'll have to put in 13$ of my own money to make it up.’
‘Would you like me to go through them and see if I can find a mistake?’ I said.
‘No,’ he said, ‘but I'd like you to lend me 13$.’
28. ‘Why are you looking so depressed, Jack?’ I said.
‘Because I've just asked Ann to marry me and she refused,’ he said sadly.
‘I think she prefers clean-shaven men,’ I said. ‘Why don’t you cut your hair and shave
off your beard and try again.’
29. ‘How did you get up that tree?’ Mary asked.
‘I used a ladder, of course,’ he snapped. ‘But someone went off with it when I was
sawing. Go and get another one and don’t just stand there asking silly questions.’
30. ‘Are you ill?’ he said coldly.
‘No,’ I said.
‘Did you sleep well last night?’
‘Yes,’ I said.
‘Then why are you sitting about when all the others are working? Go out at once and
give them a hand.’
31. ‘Will passengers with nothing to declare please go through the green door?’ said a

2. Present unreal condition
If + S + simple past - S + would (could, should, might) + Verb in simple form
Ex: If I had enough money now, I would buy this house .
Ex: If I were you, I wouldn't do such a thing.
2. Past unreal condition
If + S + had + PIII/ED - S + would(could, shoult,might) + have + PIII/ED
Ex: If he had studied harder for that test, he would have passed it.
Ex: If she had caught the train, she would be here by now.
*Some others types:
 If you will/would : .
Ex: If you will/would wait for a moment, I will go and see if Mr Conner is here.
 If + Subject + Will/Would :
Ex: If he will listent to me, I can help him.
Ex: If you will turn on the music loudly late the night, no wonder why your neighbour
complain.
 If you could: .
Ex: If you could open your book, please.
 If + Subject + should + ..... + imperative.
Ex: If you should find any dificulty in using that TV, please call me this number.
3. Should you inf... then:
Ex: If she can’t come to us, then we will have to go and see her.
4. the condition expresses the fact we can use the simple tense
Ex: If you want to learn a musical instrument, you have to practice.
Ex: If you did not do much maths at school, you will find economics difficult to understand.
Ex: If that was Marry, why didn’t she stop and say hello.
5. If... should = If... happen to... = If... should happen to... to express something not sure
Ex: If you should happen to pass a supermarket, perhaps you could get some eggs. 6. If..
was/were to...
Ex: If the boss was/were to come in now (= if the boss came in now), we would be in real
trouble.

His style may be simple, but it is pleasant to read
EXERCISES:
. I/Conditionals sentences: type 1
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
1. I'll look for you notebook and if I (find) it I (give) you a ring.