MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

PHẠM THỊ HUYỀN TRANG

THE PROCESS OF STRUGGLE FOR AND CONSOLIDATION OF
NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE IN INDONESIA (1927 - 1965)

Major: World history
No.: 92.29.011

SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL HISTORY DISSERTATION

Hanoi - 2018


The work has been made at:
HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

Science instructor: Prof. PhD. Do Thanh Binh

Review 1: Prof. PhD. Hoang Khac Nam
University of Social Sciences and Humanities
- Viet Nam National University, Ha Noi
Review 2: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Mao
Institute Of History

Review 3: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Thu My
Institute For Southeast Asian Studies

The dissertation will be protected before the University-level Committee of

Japanese declared unconditional surrender to allies (August 15, 1945), the youths urged
Sukarno and Hatta to declare independence, not accepting independence as a gift from the
Japanese. Sukarno read the Statement of Independence of Indonesia on August 17, 1945,
giving birth to the first independent state in the Southeast Asia.
Immediately after independence, the Indonesian people continued to enter the armed
struggle and fought on the negotiating table with the Netherlands for five years (19451950) to continue to prove to the world that the Republic of Indonesia is not a gift from the
Dutch. In the 1950s - 1965, the government of the Republic of Indonesia in turn
implemented economic, political, diplomatic policies to strengthen national independence.
This is also the hinge period when Indonesia washaving many choices to go to modern
society. Achievements and limitations in the first 20 years of building and defending the
country will help Indonesia get long and strong development in the future.
It can be said that the process of struggling and consolidating for independence in
Indonesia (1927 - 1965) is a special and unique historical process in the region and the
world as well. It is impossible to find a model of socialist or capitalist theories applied in
this process, nor can it be seen as a duplication of this process in any country of the world.
Thus, the study of the struggle for and strengthening of national independence in Indonesia
(1927 - 1965) has profound scientific and practical significance.
In terms of scientific significance, study of the topic will contribute to resolving issues
of nationality, national liberation as well as strengthening of national independence, not
only in Indonesia, but also for other ethnic groups in the world. At the same time, the study


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of the topic points to one way which helps achieve complete independence of Indonesia,
which is national independence associated with harmony and national unity.
In terms of practical significance, the study of the subject is the basis of the history: in
the struggle for and strengthening independence and class in the society, there are ways and
means suitable to the historical context, that class will be the leader of the nation. On the
other hand, research on the topic has contributed to increasing the understanding of an
important historical period in Indonesia as a basis for the strengthening bilateral and

Indonesian government in the years 1947 - 1949...
The references include: monographs, research articles, some historical websites…


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5. Methodology and research methods
5.1. About methodology
The dissertation is based on the viewpoints of Marxism - Leninism, Ho Chi Minh's
thought and the viewpoint of the Communist Party of Vietnam on the issue of nationality,
the fight for liberation and the protection of national independence..
5.2. About research methods
Historical Method, Logic Method is the main research method. In addition, methods of
analysis, syndissertation, comparison, and political methods are also used to draw
conclusions from the research.
6. Contribution of the dissertation
- Is the first systematic study from the perspective of a Vietnamese researcher on the
process of struggle for and consolidation of national independence in Indonesia from 1927
to 1965.
- Clarify the process of movement in different historical periods to see the complex
change, from division to unification, from conflict to national harmony.
- Clarify the characteristics, as well as the achievements and limitations of this process.
- Supplement the sources and references for teaching and research on the struggle for
and consolidation of national independence in Indonesia in particular as well as the history
of the national liberation struggle in Southeast Asia in general.
7. Dissertation structure
Apart from the introduction, conclusions, references and annexes, the content of the
dissertation is presented in 4 chapters:
Chapter 1: Overview of the issue study status
Chapter 2: Struggle for National Independence in Indonesia (1927 - 1945)
Chapter 3: Struggle to Protection and Consolidation National Independence in Indonesia

In 1979, Mochtar Lubis published Indonesian Land under the rainbow (Oxford
University Press, USA), a relatively straightforward study of Indonesian history since the
formation of the country in 1966.
From 1992 to 2008, Indonesian scholars have in turn produced a study of the history of
the country in the six volumes: Sejarah nasional Indonesia (History of Indonesia) by M.D.
Poesponegoro and N. Notosusanto, Balai Pustaka, Jakarta, Indonesia. Through six volumes,
the entire picture of Indonesian history vertically has been reflected.
Indonesian history is also covered in Sejarah nasional Indonesia: Masa prasejarah
sampai masa proklamasi kemerdekaan (History of Indonesia: from Prehistoric to
Independence declaration), by M.J.A Anshori (published in Mitra Aksara Panaitan, Jakarta,
Indonesia, 2010).
1.1.1.3. The works of foreign scholars
Compared to Vietnam, the study of Indonesian history has received more attention
from foreign scholars at both the regional and national perspectives:Indonesia, J.D. Legge,
(published by Pretice - Hall, New Jersey, 1964); A history of modern Southeast Asia:


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Colonialism, Nationalism, and decolonization, by J. Bastin, (published by Prentice - Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersay, 1968).
In 1981, M. Ricklefs published a detailed, specific account of Indonesia's history from
the 14th century to the "new order" of President Suharto. The process of colonial aggression
and domination, as well as the struggle for and consolidation of independence in Indonesia,
is covered in Chapter II, Chapter III, Chapter IV, Chapter V, and Chapter VI of the book.
In 1983, D.R. Sardesai publishes Southeast Asia: past and present (Vikas Publishing
House, New Delhi), which provides a balanced and readable interpretation of regional
history, including Indonesia from prehistory to the sixties. XX century.
The study is likened to an encyclopedia of Southeast Asian history, Southeast Asian
History, by D.G. Hall, (National Political Publishing House, Hanoi, 1997), in which
Indonesian history is also presented in full chronological order.



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struggle for independence (from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries), by the author, Tran
Khanh (ed.), (Publisher Social Science, Hanoi, 2012); Volume 5: Southeast Asia in the
struggle for national independence and national construction (from 1945 to 1990) by the
group of authors, by Pham Duc Thanh (Editor) Society and Science Publishing House,
Hanoi, 2012).
In addition, some historical PhD theses also mentioned briefly the events of the
struggle for and consolidation of independence in Indonesia at this stage: "The process of
consolidating the independence of the Republic of Indonesia (1967 - 1998)", PhD
dissertation of the History of author Dinh Thanh Tu, Hanoi, 2010; "The Road to Malaya's
Independence from the Late 19th Century to 1957", PhD dissertation, History of the author
Ly Tuong Van, Hanoi, 2014.
The process of struggle consolidation of national independence in Indonesia also
mentioned specifically in “Beyond Political Skin: Convergent Paths to an Independent
National Economy in Indonesia and Vietnam” PhD dissertation of the History of author
Pham Van Thuy, Leiden, Holland, 2014.
1.1.2.2. Works by Indonesian’s researchers
In the book Sejarah revolusi nasional (History of the national revolution) by N.
Dekker (Balai Pustaka Publishing House, Jakarta, Indonesia, 1980), the struggle for and
protection of national independence in Indonesia from 1945 to 1949 was reproduced.
Again, quite clearly.
The struggle for independence that has been studied in the light of modern Islamic
contributions to the Indonesian nationalist movement is also mentioned in Muhammadiyah:
The Political Behavior of a Modernist Organization under Dutch Colonialism at Gadjah
Mada University, Jakarta, Indonesia, in 1989.
Twenty years of Indonesian foreign policy 1945 - 1965, published in Duta Wacana
University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, in 1990 presented Indonesia's foreign policy to Western
countries, the Soviet Union, Asia, Africa, and the United States. Latin.

as well as Japanese policies toward the islands, are covered in numerous books, including
The Japanese Occupation of Borneo, 1941 - 1945 by Ooi Keat Gin (published in Routledge,
London, 2011), or in the article "Irony in Indonesia: Promises, Aspirations, and the Japanese
Military Presence, 1942 - 46" by E. Fenrich, published by Welebaethan: Journal of History,
California, 2007.
Studies on domestic and foreign policies of the Indonesian government, such as:"From
Colonial to Guided Economy" in T.R. McVey (ed.), By Douglas Paauw, (published by
HRAF, New Haven, 1963); Indonesian communism under Sukarno: Ideology and politics
by R.Mortimer, first published by Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, in 1974.
There are also studies on the struggle for and consolidation of independence in
Indonesia (1927 - 1965) associated with the life of the first president - Sukarno as: The life
and times of Sukarno by C. L. M. Penders, published in 1974, by Oxford University Press,
UK; Sukarno and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence by B.Dahm, published in 1969,
by Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.
1.2. Studied issues and non - studied issues
In general, the research has solved some of the following problems: Firstly, the authors
have studied the history of Indonesia since its formation so far, culture, religion, ethnicity,
etc. Secondly, the authors have made preliminary studies on some typical events directly
related to the process of struggle for and consolidation of national independence in
Indonesia. However, there has been no systematic study of the struggle for and
consolidation of independence in Indonesia from 1927 to 1965. Especially, the activities of
armed struggle and political struggle , as well as the characteristics, achievements and
limitations of this process in a cross - cutting whole is still a major issue that needs to be
addressed.
1.3. Issues that need to be addressed by the dissertation
Based on the survey of research related to the topic, the dissertation focuses on
clarifying some issues as follows: First, to clarify factors influencing the process of struggle
for independence in Indonesia (1927 - 1945) and clarified new elements during the period of



The Japanese adopted harsher policies than the Dutch, including setting up military
government everywhere, forbidding Indonesians to flag and sing Indonesian Raya songs,
recruiting Indonesian soldiers into the nets Japan's military service (Volunteer Defense for
the Fatherland, Heiho); Mobilization of people in Indonesia with the labor force of romusha;
Change the influence of Western culture in Japanese culture….


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2.1.1.2. The transformation of the economic - social - cultural life in colonial
Indonesia
The invasions and policies of the Dutch colonialists and the Japanese military have
brought about a twofold consequence on the economic - social - cultural situation in
Indonesia. On the one hand, it hinders economic - social - cultural development, in
particular almost eliminating the freedom of competition that has been rekindled in the
XIII - XIV centuries, undermining native culture, exploding the struggle against the rule
of the colonial administration, the military. On the other hand, it also promotes the
penetration of the capitalist economy (trade expansion and the formation of a capitalist
trading system in the field of trade - exchange, plantations, and mines, the rise of
industrial plants, etc.), the emergence of new social strata (indigenous, bourgeois, workers,
etc.), in which there will be people who will be the nucleus of the struggle movement
independence in the twentieth century.
2.1.2. The development of independence movement in Indonesia before 1927
The struggles of the Dutch colonial government under the banner of feudalism can be
described as:the revolted led by Prince Diponegoro (1825 - 1830) and the war of the Aceh
people ( 1873 - 1903).
By the beginning of the twentieth century, the nationalist movement in Indonesia had
again emerged as a bourgeois democracy, initiated by the Priyayan class, symbolizing
Raden Kartin's radical humanitarian ideals and ideology of restoration. The great Java
values of Boedi Utomo (founded on August 20, 1908).
In the years 1912 - 1913, political organizations in Indonesia came into being: the

independence for the bourgeoisie.
2.2. The struggle for national independence in Indonesia (1927 - 1945)
2.2.1. Fight for independence in the years 1927 - 1941
2.2.1.1. Non - cooperative struggle
Political organizations were established at this time such as: PNI, Indonesian People's
Politics Association (Permufakatan Perhimpunan Politikek Kebangsaan Indonesia - PPPKI);
The Indonesian Party (Partai Indonesia - Partindo), PNI - both advocate PNI's
"noncooperation" manifested by not cooperating with the colonial administration and
considering national unity and self - reliance as the only means. most to realize the ideal of
national independence.
In suppressing non - cooperative struggles, colonial rule banned meetings, arrested and
imprisoned revolutionary leaders such as Sukarno, Hatta and Sjahrir. The exodus of the
nationalists caused the organizations they were involved to fall into confusion, PPPKI was
banned in 1935, and Partindo and PNI were banned in 1936.
2.2.1.2. Movement of cooperation struggle
It exists in parallel with the non - cooperative struggle movement, which is the struggle
for cooperation, although different methods of struggle, but for the common goal of national
independence, such as the Indonesian Party Partai Indonesia Raja - Parindra founded in
1935, the Indonesian People's Movement (Gerakan Rakjat Indonesia - Gerindo) in 1937;
Federation of Islamic Organizations (Majlis Islam Ala Indonesia - MIAI) in 1937;
Federation of Indonesian Ethnic Parties (Gabongan Politiek Indonesia - GAPI) April 1939.


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The activities of fighting for independence in the years 1927 - 1941 in Indonesia took
place quite vibrant and take a certain step compared with the period before 1927, whereby
the road to fight for independence has gradually formed. clear. It is the path of unity,
unification of political forces to create the strength of the whole nation in the struggle for
independence.
2.2.1.3. Struggling activities in the field of literary



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peaceful cooperation with the Japanese, through which they addressed Indonesia's demands
for the return of independence from Japan.
Sukarno advocated the establishment of the Pusat Tenaga Rakyat (PUTERA) Center to
turn PUTERA into a unified organization for the political movement in Indonesia, to
encourage and nurture more national spirit.
On March 1, 1944, the Japanese government dissolved PUTERA and replaced it with a
new organization called the People's Service Association (Djawa Hokokai), led by the
Japanese, Sukarno and Hasjim Asj'aril.
Along with the armed struggle, peaceful and legitimate political activities also
contribute to promoting the spirit of national unity, forcing the Japanese to think more about
the question: Made to Indonesia.
2.2.2.3. Struggling activities in the field of literary
The struggle for independence in the field of literary in Indonesia during the Japanese
occupation period was rather hectic, despite the fact that the Japanese government carried
out much more restrictive measures than the Dutch rule. One of the most prominent writers
of this period was Idrus (1921 - 1979) with the famous short story “Kota - Harmonie”
(published in 1943). In the field of prose, Idrus, Chairil Anwar (1922 - 1949) with his work
“Diponegoro” (1943).
The works, though not pointed to the Japanese military, also criticized the harsh life of
the people under Japanese occupation, praised the country's love for the country and
promote solidarity and unity. This is the foundation for the struggle for national
independence in Indonesia to flourish and reach the final victory.
2.2.2.4. The activities of the parliamentary struggle to prepare for the establishment of
the new government
In the 1943 - 1944, although the movement of political struggle took place quite
vibrant, but the Japanese still quite faint in solving the problems of Indonesian
independence. By the end of 1944, in early 1945, when the Japanese were growing

On August 17, 1945, in front of the house of 56, Pegansan Timua Street, the
Declaration of Independence was read in a concise and clear manner. Although the words of
the Declaration were skilful in talking about the transfer of government, the Declaration was
adopted by the Indonesian people as a million, calling for the uprising to take over. The
claiming government after the Declaration of Independence was successful, with little
bloodshed.


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CHAPTER 3: STRUGGLE FOR PROTECTION AND CONSOLIDATION
NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE IN INDONESIA(1945- 1965)
3.1. New factors influence the process of struggle for consolidate national
independence in Indonesia (1945 - 1965)
3.1.1. World and regional situation after World War II
After World War II, the world situation changed, affecting the process of consolidating
independence in Indonesia: The victory of Allied forces in World War II; Socialism from
one country to the world system; The confrontation between the two Soviet states in all
matters of international relations; The re - invasion of the Western powers against the
colonies ...
The struggle for national liberation in Asia, Africa and Latin America after the Second
World War continued to grow strongly, united in a common organization - the Non Aligned Movement.
In South-East Asia, the rapidly growing national liberation movement has collapsed
step by step the colonial system of colonialism, forcing imperialists to withdraw. After
gaining independence, a number of countries in Southeast Asia have been struggling to
defend national independence and have embarked on national construction and
consolidation.
3.1.2. The change of the Indonesian situation after the Declaration of Independence
in August 1945
Immediately following the Declaration of Independence (17 August 1945), Indonesian
people established their own new government, Sukarno was elected president, Hatta was

ratified the Lingadjati Agreement. Under this agreement, the Republic of Indonesia has for
the first time forced the Netherlands to recognize Indonesian sovereignty over the islands of
Java and Sumatra. On 17 January 1948, the Renville Agreement was signed. On December
30, 1949, the Netherlands signed with the Indonesian Hague Agreement, formally ending its
direct rule over more than three centuries in the country.
3.2.2. Struggling for the unity of the country
After the signing of the Hague Agreement, the Indonesian government and people
continued to fight to abolish the Federalist regime, establish the Republican institution,
unify the country.
On August 17, 1950, the united Republic of Indonesia was restored after five years of
tireless struggle of the people of the United States for unity.
3.3. Struggle to consolidate the national independence (1950 - 1965)
3.3.1. Establish and strengthen the political system
During the fifteen years (1950 - 1965), through two political models: liberal
democracy (1950 - 1957) and direct democracy (1957 - 1965), the Indonesian government
implemented many measures to build set up a democratic political system.
The first is to build a political system based on the existence of many parties.


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The second measure, change the government to appease the contradictions of the
political factions.
The third measure, the President linked to the PKI to create a counterbalance to the military.
3.3.2. Developed economies - cultural independence, autonomy
After struggling to defend national independence and unification, the state and people
of Indonesia embarked on the task of developing an independent, autonomous economy. In
order to overcome the immediate difficulties, in the 1950s and 1957s, the Indonesian
government implemented the policy of "free economic", with the main aim of bringing the
economy out of control of foreign capital. Indonesian, restore the economy to pre - war levels.
In 1957, a "guided" economic development was set up to develop an independent, self

situation is extremely severe and war is expected to occur at any time. Under pressure from
the United States and international opinion, the Dutch were forced to declare that they
would transfer West Irian to Indonesia on May 1st 1963.
3.3.3.2.Indonesia's foreign policy to the US and the Soviet Union
In the 1950s - 1965, when the "Cold War" was in a state of tension, the relationship
between Western states, led by the United States, and the Soviet Union and the socialist
states. has created regional conflicts in many areas, including Southeast Asia. With a
strategically important position, Indonesia has become a place of dispute over the influence
of the great powers and is trapped in the Soviet "bipolar" relationship. In that situation, it
was forcing Indonesia to have diplomatic foreign policy to protect its national independence
and not be dragged into the war of one of the "two poles." Thus, Indonesia has maintained a
single, independent, positive principle throughout the 1950s, friendly to both the United
States and the Soviet Union, but not to the capitalist or socialist model.
3.3.3.3. Indonesia's foreign policy to Asian, African, Latin American and neighboring countries
For countries with traditional ties such as India, Indonesia implements friendly foreign
policies, actively supports the struggle to consolidate its independence. For countries with
relatively high living quota in Indonesia such as China, the Indonesian government also
maintains a relatively friendly foreign policy.
In its foreign policy with other Asian, African and Latin American countries,
Indonesia clearly demonstrates its solidarity and its role in the struggle against colonialism
in the world. In April 1955, Indonesia hosted the Bangdung Conference and became one of
the five founding countries of the Non - aligned Movement.
For neighboring countries such as Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Indonesia
implements foreign policy is quite tough and represents a confrontation..


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CHAPTER 4: SOME REMARKS ON THE PROCESS OF STRUGGLE FOR AND
CONSOLIDATION OF NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE IN INDONESIA
(1927 - 1965)

promising. In these years, daring plans have been developed, such as Leimena's Bandung
Plan, which promises strong improvements to public health.


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4.1.1.3. Maintaining national independence, contributing to promoting the struggle
for independence in countries in the region and in the world
With its foreign policy of independence, Indonesia did not only maintain its
independence from 1945 to 1965, but also regained its colonial territories, preserved its
territory, and strongly supported it. For the struggle for national independence in the
countries in the region and the world.
As one of the earliest independent claimants in Southeast Asia, and one of the five
founding members of the Non - Aligned Movement, Indonesia's voice was a great
encouragement to the movement. To fight for independence in the region and in the world
such as Vietnam, Korea, Asia and Africa.
For actions that link Asian nations to the establishment of a pro - Western organization
against the Communists of the Philippines, Indonesia vehemently opposes it because it not
only affects the country's active, independent policy. It also influenced the struggle for
independence of other Asian nations.
4.1.2. Limitations
In addition to the great achievements achieved, the struggle for and consolidation of
independence in Indonesia (1927 - 1965) still has certain limitations..
Firstly, there is a frequent conflict between the parties during the struggle for and
consolidation of national independence in Indonesia (1927 - 1965). The contradictions
between the political factions in the government have made the political situation unstable,
and the conflicts between political factions are inevitable.
Secondly, during the Indonesian government's implementation of its policy of
independent consolidation, many socio - economic issues remain unresolved, such as
unstable economic growth, imbalance, rising inflation, population explosion.
4.2. Characteristics

In the years 1945 - 1965, the Indonesian people continued their armed struggle against
the Dutch colonial invasion and the withdrawal of Western Irian. In the face of armed
struggle, the Indonesian government has also launched a struggle on the diplomatic and
diplomatic front, calling for international support for its struggle to consolidate its
independence, Forcing the Dutch government to sit at the negotiating table to recognize
Indonesia's independence, as well as its territorial integrity.
4.2.4. The struggle for and consolidation of independence in Indonesia from 1927 to
1965 was linked to the leadership of Sukarno
Firstly, Sukarno was the one who set up the right and proper strategy for the
independence in Indonesia, contributing to the struggle for independence in Indonesia.
Secondly, Sukarno acted as a propaganda speaker who attracts the people for his own way.
Thirdly, Sukarno contributed to the draft Constitution and drafted the Declaration of
Independence for Indonesia.
Fourthly, Sukarno has repeatedly dissolved political protests, trying to unite the
classes, classes, political parties and religions in Indonesia to maintain relative political
stability throughout. His years as President (1945 - 1965).
Fifthly, the power to focus too much on the President, policies are arbitrarily put,
deviate the principle of democracy.
4.2.5. In the process of fighting for and consolidating national independence in
Indonesia (1927 - 1965), PKI increasingly lost its leadership role, PNI became more and
more dominant.
PKI is the first political organization of the proletariat in Southeast Asia and also the


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earliest political organization in Indonesia. However, due to many objective and subjective
reasons, the Party has failed to uphold and promote its leadership of the struggle for and
consolidation of independence in Indonesia, but has also become increasingly blurred in the
process. In contrast, PNI came into being at the right time after the PKI's suppression of the
uprising in Java and Sumatra, but PNI drew lessons learned from liberal political

CONCLUSION
From the struggle for consolidation of independence in Indonesia (1927 - 1965), some
conclusions can be drawn:
1. The Indonesia's struggle of national independence and consolidation (1927 - 1965)
was divided into two periods, each period being influenced by different factors and
objectives. In the period of independence (1927 - 1945), Indonesia was still under colonial
rule of the Dutch colonialists and Japanese militaries and the struggles that took place in
Indonesia during this period meant only one The only goal: national independence, in the
period of consolidation (1945 - 1965), Indonesia became a sovereign state with legitimate
government. Given the circumstances, the goals of each period are different, so the way and
the form of struggle of each period is different. However, these are two periods of the same
process, struggling to consolidate independence as a continuation of the struggle for
independence, showing the choice of a path to modern Indonesia.
2. The struggle for independence in Indonesia (1927 - 1945) went through two stages:
The First Period (1927 - 1941) was the period of struggle for independence under the
domination of the Dutch colonialists. At this stage, the main form of struggle is political
struggle that takes place in two ways: “noncooperation” and “cooperation”. Most of the
political organizations established during this period used one of two methods of fighting
“noncooperation” or “cooperation” to claim colonial rule to recognize Indonesia's
independence. However, due to the lack of solidarity and unity, the struggles for
independence at this stage have not been won and most have been forbidden by the colonial
government. The second phase (1942 - 1945) began when the Japanese entered Indonesia
and ousted the Netherlands to capture the archipelago. Authoritarian policies, as well as
Japan's promise to give Indonesia the freedom of the future, have fueled the country's
struggle for independence in a new move. In addition to the form of peaceful political
struggle, in some rural areas there has been the emergence of armed revolts. However, the
rapid changes in World War II forced the Japanese to make concessions for the preparation
of an independent state in Indonesia. When the imperial government announced its
surrender to the Allied unqualified, the pemuda prompted revolutionary leaders to draft the
Declaration of Independence and publish it to the Indonesian people on August 17, 1945.

independent, independent country, exercising their basic civil rights. . The government's
consolidation policies in the 1950s and 1965s also brought about positive improvements in
the socio - political, cultural and social life of Indonesians, and contributed to the The
national independence, strongly support the movement of national liberation in the countries
in the region and in the world.
6. In addition, the struggle for and consolidation of independence in Indonesia (1927 1965) still has certain limitations such as the conflict between national leaders and the main
factions. conflicts between religions or in the same religion leading to internal armed
conflicts, adversely affecting the unity of the whole nation. Many socio - economic issues
remain unresolved, particularly economic instability, rising inflation and population