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§1. Both … and …, Not only … but also …, Either … or, Neither … nor …
Revision
Terms
We call both … and, not only … but also …, either… or, neither … nor pair
conjunctions or correlative conjunctions.
Parallel structures
The same grammatical form should follow each part of the paired conjunctions.
Both + noun + and + noun/pronoun
Both my sister and I went to Hoang Van Thu High School.
Not only + adj + but also + adj
Trang is not only intelligent but also generous.
Not only + verb + but also + verb
Minh not only saw the famous writer but also spoke to him.
Either + noun + or + noun
Students can choose either English or French in this semester.
Neither + verb + nor + verb
She had promised to visit me, but she neither came nor telephoned.
Subject and verb agreement
• Two subjects connected by both … and … take a plural verb.
Both Tam and Dan work for an instruction company.
• When two subjects are connected by not only … but also, either … or…, neither…
nor…, the second subject determines the form of the verb.
Not only my parents but also my brother is on a trip to Ha Long.
Either the teacher or the students have to make a plan for the class newspaper.
Neither salt nor sugar is necessary for this dish.
 Notes
• Not only… but also … can be replaced by not only … but … as well.
It is not only rainy but also windy in this season.
It is not only rainy but windy in this season as well.
Exercises

following passage. Put a check () where you will find in one of these words and
write the word on the right.
Television is one of the greatest inventions since it helps us
relaxed after a day of work transfers the latest news in the world.
Normally, when we feel tired, we can choose to go out and have a
drink with some friends to sit on the sofa in front of the television
and enjoy the family warm atmosphere. You may say that you like
music programs lengthy soap operas. No problem. There are many
channels for you to choose. Why don’t you try TV news
programs documentaries if you are interested in enlarging your
knowledge? Besides, you can watch live soccer games that are
transferred through satellites listen to lively comments which you
can never hear in the stadium.
However, spending so much time watching television may have
bad effects on parents work and children’s study. Therefore,
parents children should agree on how much time of watching TV
is enough for a day.
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………

Did your friend give you these earrings?
No. It was my mother that gave me these these earrings.
Instead of saying My mother gave me these these earrings, the speaker says It was
my mother that gave me these these earrings to emphasize that her mother, not her
friend gave her the earrings.
• Object focus: We use the cleft sentences to emphasize the object of the verb.
You went to the book store yesterday, didn’t you? Did you buy this English
book? It looks new.
No. It was this Math book that I bought yesterday. The English book is a
present from my teacher.
Instead of saying I bought this Math book yesterday, the speaker says It was this
Math book that I bought yesterday to emphasize that he bought the Math book, not
the English book.
• Adverbial focus: We use cleft sentences to emphasize the adverb.
I should be grateful to my sister. It was for me that she quitted school.
Instead of saying she quitted school for me, the speaker says It was for me that she
quitted school to emphasize that his sister sacrificed her study for him.
 Cleft sentences in the passive
• Cleft sentences can also be used in the passive voice.
I heard that dog bit you yesterday.
No. It was the postman that was bitten by the dog.
Exercises
A. Choose the sentences that can best replace the sentences provided.
1. I was born and grew up in this village.
A. It was this village that I was born and grew up.
B. It was in this village I was born and grew up.
C. It was in this village that I was born and grew up.
D. It was in this village where I was born and grew up.
2. Your carelessness cause the accident.
A. It is the accident that your carelessness caused.

it was in the winter
that stole the fish
1. It was the boy ....................................................................................................
2. It was the cat .....................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................ that I learnt the first letter.
4. .................................................................................. that was rebuilt that year.
5. it was the taxi driver ..........................................................................................
6. ....................................................... that my grandpa used when he was young.
7. ........................................................................... that birds moved to the south.
8. ......................................................... that my family often went to the seaside.
C. Answer the following questions with the word provided, using cleft sentences.
1. Did you first meet your husband at high school.
......................................................................................................... (at university)
2. Who did you give the letter to?
.......................................................................................................... (the landlady)
3. It is said that you were on television last night. Is it right?
....................................................................................................... (my twin sister)
4. I absent-mindedly washed your white T-shirt with the dark blue one. Was your
white T-shirt ruined?
...................................................................................................... (my white shirt)
5. Your cell phone was stolen, wasn’t it? Do you know who stole it?
.............................................................................................................. (a monkey)
6. Long time no see. Do you still major in English now?
.................................................................................................................. (French)
D. Unscramble the words to make complete sentences.
1. was/ that/ this river/ It/ died/ in/ many people.
.................................................................................................................................
2. difficult/ loved/ was/ that/ they/ It/ in/ each other/ the/ more/ time.
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.................................................................................................................................

• Instead of Present Simple tense in the If clause, we can use the Present Perfect tense.
Hand in your paper if you have finished your writing.
Exercises
A. Make conditional sentences from the following words.
1. weather/ fine/ go on a pinic.
.................................................................................................................................
2. I/ be employed/ invite you/ eat out.
.................................................................................................................................
3. you/ come across/ monolingual dictionary/ take one for me.
.................................................................................................................................
4. mother/ allow/ go to your party.
.................................................................................................................................
5. you/ want/ good English learner/ learn to speak at the very beginning.
.................................................................................................................................
6. not eat breakfast/ not have enough energy.
.................................................................................................................................
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7. you/ feed it too regularly/ the fish die.
.................................................................................................................................
8. you/ travel by bus/ save money.
.................................................................................................................................
9. the storm/ attack the village/ everyone/ be moved.
.................................................................................................................................
10. Suong/ finish her assignment/ within two weeks/ have one mark plus.
.................................................................................................................................
B. Complete the following conditional sentences.
1. You will enlarge your knowledge …………… you spend time reading
newspapers and magazines.
2. You …………… cut yourself if you are not careful with the knife.
3. …………… you want to lose weight, you …………… eat more vegetables.

Use
We use conditional type 2 to express unreal conditions in the present.
If I were you, I wouldn’t tell Nha that bitter truth.
Form
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If clause Main clause
Past Simple /
Past Subjunctive
Would/ could/ might + bare-infinitive
If clause can come first or later
If I had enough money, I would buy a house for my parents.
We would become lazy if we didn’t work.
Note
• We can use both was or were for the subjects I, he, she, it in the if clause.
If I was/were stronger, I could carry the luggage for you
• We can use could in the if clause to express ability.
If I could speak French well, I would apply for a job in a French company.
• Instead of the Past Simple tense in the if clause, we can use the Past Progressing
tense.
I am talking to Ha who is a little boring.
 I would be more interested if I was talking to another one.
Exercises.
A. Complete the following sentences with the verbs in parentheses.
1. There would be less crime if anyone (have) ………………… a job.
2. I will buy a new T-shirt for you if you (like) ………………….
3. If all the factories (be move) ………………… out of the city center, the air
pollution (be) ………………… less serious.
4. If you (fry) ………………… the meat for a long time, it (become)
………………… tough.
5. (The phone ring)

surprised if she couldn’t.
A. will, will B. would, will
C. will, would D. would, would
6. – Are you going to read this novel?
- I ………………… if I ………………… time. I am very busy with my jobs.
A. will, have B. will, had
C. could, have D. would, had
C. Answer the following questions with your own ideas.
1. What would you do if you were of the opposite sex?
................................................................................................................................
2. What would happen if there were no wars in the world?
................................................................................................................................
3. What would you do if you became a member of the city government for a day?
................................................................................................................................
4. If you could meet a famous person, who would you meet?
................................................................................................................................
5. If you had a wish, what would you wish?
................................................................................................................................
6. What would happen if Vietnamese became an international language?
................................................................................................................................
§5. Conditional Type 3
Revision
Use
We use conditional type 3 to express unreal conditions in the past.
Loan failed the exam because she was too lazy. If she had studied hard, she
would have passed the exam.
Form
If clause Main clause
Past perfect Would/ could/ might + have + past participle
If clause can come first or later

2. I would have come back to work in
my hometown after graduation.
3. Had Phuc had a map
4. If Chi hadn’t missed the bus
5. If I hadn’t been so busy
6. Snow White couldn’t have been
revived
7. Cinderella couldn’t have met the
prince
8. If I hadn’t saved money for a long
time
9. If you hadn’t pulled the dog’s tail
10. She wouldn’t have been so exhausted
a. it wouldn’t have bitten you
b. if the prince hadn’t kissed her
c. I would have helped you
d. if she hadn’t worked so much
e. if I had been able to find a job there
f. if It hadn’t been for her godmother’s
help
g. many people wouldn’t have been
badly injured
h. I couldn’t have afforded this
motorbike
i. she wouldn’t have gotten lost
j. she hadn’t been late for school
B. Write conditional sentences from the following pairs of pictures (page 22)
C. Make conditional type 3 from the following situations.
1. Tram stayed up late to watch TV last night, so she got up late and was late for
class this morning.

.................................................................................................................................
2. The nurse told Mr. Thuan if he took the medicines regularly, ..........................
.................................................................................................................................
3. My teacher said the air wouldn’t be so polluted if ............................................
.................................................................................................................................
4. Phuong said she would see me the day after if .................................................
.................................................................................................................................
5. A witness said if the victim had been taken to hospital soon, ...........................
.................................................................................................................................
6. Mrs. Le believed if she had fewer children, ......................................................
.................................................................................................................................
7. Hai said he could have performed better in his interview, ................................
.................................................................................................................................
8. A firefighter said the fire wouldn’t have take place ..........................................
.................................................................................................................................
§6. Defining Relative Clauses
Revision
Definition
Defining relative clauses which describe the preceding noun are essential to the
understanding of the noun; so they could not be omitted.
The boy who gave me the letter yesterday ran away without letting me know his
name.
(The clause who gave me the letter yesterday is a defining relative clause. If we omit
that clause, the meaning of the sentence becomes unclear.)
Relative pronouns used defining relative clauses
Subject Object Possessive
Things which/ that (1) which/ that (3) whose/ of which (5)
Person who/ that (2) whom/ who/ that (4) whose (6)
(1) The road which/ that leads to the city center is in bad condition.
(2) He is the student who/ that has taken his disable friend to school for years.

8. The student who assignment got the highest mark worked very hard.
.................................................................................................................................
9. Have you returned the money that borrowed from the bank?
.................................................................................................................................
10. The families whose house destroyed in the storm are still trying to improve their
lives.
.................................................................................................................................
B. Combine a word or phrase in each box to complete a defining relative clause.
An email
Fax
transmission
A package
A postman
A message
A clerk
a service
an object
a letter
a person
a person
a piece of
information
be wrapped in a box and sent to someone
his job is to serve people at a store
you send to someone when you cannot
speak directly
be sent from one computer to another
help people send documents without
changing their original shapes
his job is to deliver mail to people

find safe drinking water. They need to understand and address the problems of mold and
mildew in waterlogged buildings. And of course they need advice on how to connect
with disaster-aid agencies.
(Source: Environment Health Center)
D. Complete the following definitions about different kinds of flooding, using
relative clauses.
1. River flooding is a kind of flood that is caused by heavy rains or rapid snowmelt.
2. Coastal flooding is a kind of flood ....................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
3. Johnstown flood is an example of flood ...........................................................
.................................................................................................................................
4. A flash flood is a kind of flood .........................................................................
.................................................................................................................................

§7. Non-defining Relative Clauses
Revision
Definition
Non-defining relative clauses are replaced after definite nouns; so they are not
essential to the understanding of the noun. They only give some more information
about the noun.
Non-defining relative clauses are separated from the noun by commas.
Long’s father, who works for a construction company, is often away from home.
(The clause who works for a construction company is a non-defining relative clause.
If we omit that clause, the meaning of the sentence is still clear.)
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Relative pronouns used in non-defining relative clauses
Subject Object Possessive
Things which (1) which (3) whose/ of which (5)
Persons who (2) whom/ who (4) whose (6)
(1) Nhu’s cat, which just caught a mouse, didn’t eat the dead mouse.

me with some durians.
5. Corn which is mainly grown in the highland can be exported.
6. Hue bought a bar of chocolate which looked very delicious.
7. My ao dai which is too short now was my favorite at high school.
8. These glasses which were made by a famous craftsman were sold out quickly.
. B. Combine two sentences to make a defining relative clause or a non-defining
relative clause.
1. Does the T-shirt fit you? I gave it to you yesterday.
.................................................................................................................................
2. Our teacher assigned us the homework. We had to finish it within a week.
.................................................................................................................................
3. Those students got very high marks in the final exams. They had studied
enthusiastically for months. ..............................................................................
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.................................................................................................................................
4. The Prime Minister praised Nguyen Huu At. He was the first blind student to
take the university entrance exams alongside peers in Viet Nam.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
5. Ngoc has just moved to a new school. It was built two years ago.
.................................................................................................................................
6. The man is selling lottery tickets. He used to be very rich.
.................................................................................................................................
7. Hai’s friend is a very interesting boy. He came from Da Nang.
.................................................................................................................................
8. Mekong Delta is located in the South of Viet Nam. It provides most of the rice
for exporting.
.................................................................................................................................
C. Choose the correct explanation of the meaning of each sentence.
1. Bread, which was very precious in the difficult time, is very cheap nowadays.

Nga is afraid of staying alone.
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• In a noun compound
Mrs. Ly is my dancing teacher.
• After some verbs (avoid, delay, enjoy, finish, forgive, miss, etc.)
She had just finished dressing the children when the phone rang.
A present participle is used in the following situations:
• As an adjective
I heard some surprising news from him.
• After catch, find, leave + O
I find my new job satisfying.
• After verbs of sensation (the action may be complete or incomplete.)
There must be someone outside. I hear someone knocking at the door.
• After go, come, spend, waste, be busy
Maybe I will go fishing this weekend.
Ms Nga can spend 5 hours doing the shopping.
Sorry I can’t help you right now. I am busy preparing dinner.
Perfect gerund and perfect participle
The suspect finally admitted having broken into the house.
The action of breaking into the house happened before the action of admitting, so it
is in perfect gerund having + past participle.
Exercises
A. Decide whether each –ing form below is gerund or present participle. Write G
for gerund and P for participle.
1. I introduced Mai to Hang and then I left her talking to Hang.
2. The police caught him breaking into a house.
3. You should avoid eating too much fat since it is not good for you health.
4. Having a cold bath in the morning has become my habit for years.
5. Hoai wasted a lot of time riding her bike around without any purpose.
6. He got up late because of staying up late last night.

I’d love to, but I’m busy to do my homework.
D. Gerund, present participle, perfect gerund or perfect participle? Supply the
correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. In my company, the employees have bonuses for (not miss) ……………… a
day.
2. (Do) ……………… all the housework, Dung went to bed.
3. The businessman kept (deny) ……………… (sponsor) ……………… the
scholarship. He wanted to keep it secret.
4. Would you mind (turn) ……………… the CD player down? I’m studying.
5. Despite (never meet) ……………… Le before, I could realize her thanks to her
distinguishing height.
6. I have to go now. It was nice (talk) ……………… to you, you know.
7. Nam is always keen on (pursue) ……………… his study despite the poverty of
his family.
8. (Do) ……………… the morning exercise, Mr. Minh enjoyed his breakfast.
E. Ask and answer the following questions in full sentences.
1. Have you ever wasted your time doing something useless?
.................................................................................................................................
2. When did you last spend a big sum of money buying something? What did you
buy?
.................................................................................................................................
3. Are you afraid of doing anything?
.................................................................................................................................
4. What do you like doing most?
.................................................................................................................................
5. What do you think about living alone?
.................................................................................................................................
§9. Infinitive and Gerund
Revision
Infinitive

too + adj/ adv + to-infinitive
Infinitive without to
• Some common verbs and expressions followed by infinitive without to.
Let/ have/ suggest + O + infinitive without to
See/ hear + O + infinitive without to
I suggest you travel by bike to avoid traffic jams.
I heard Xuan chat with her friend on the phone yesterday.
Gerund
• Some common verbs followed by gerund.
admit
avoid
can’t bear
can’t help
continue
delay
deny
enjoy
finish
keep
mind
miss
postpone
practice
quit
recommend
risk
suggest
Nguyet delayed studying at the university to open a shop.
Mrs. Huong risked investing all her money on her new company.
Exercises