CHAPETR 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Rationale
It is undeniable that English is one of the major languages in the world. It links
people in many fields: science, technology, business, communication, education, etc.
Nowadays, English is popular enough to be spoken at every corner of the world. Therefore,
teaching and learning English have become the necessity in every country.
In Vietnam, English is one of the foreign languages that are compulsory from
primary school to university. However, there are differences in English learning results
among students from different minorities as well as different areas. Teaching English to
ethnic minority students in the remote and mountainous areas of Northern Vietnam has long
been a controversial issue. In Sonla, it is a fact that there exists a big gap between students in
towns and students from minorities in mountainous areas. . Minority students in
mountainous schools are considered to learn English not so well as those in towns. What
factors can affect their learning process is my question for that problem. Hence, I have
chosen that topic for my thesis namely “A study on some major factors affecting English
learning of grade 6 ethnic minority students of a mountainous secondary school to help
them learn better”. I hope that this research can give a few benefits to teachers, students
and people concerned about this field.
2. Hypothesis
Up to now, there are many factors affecting English learning of grade 6
th
minority
students, and different factors affect them in different ways and different levels.
3. Objectives of the study
The main objectives of this study are as follows:
• To identify the present situation of teaching and learning English of teachers and
grade 6
th
minority students at Phỏng Lập secondary school.
• To find out some major factors affecting their English leaning .
• To find out which the most important factors are and which the least ones are.

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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Introduction
This chapter involves different issues in the theories of second language learning:
definitions of language acquisition and theoretical background of language learning factors
in specific such as intelligence, personality, learning strategies, teaching strategies, attitudes
and motivation as well as environment and context of learning.
2.2. Definitions of language acquisition
“Language acquisition is one of the most impressive and fascinating aspects of
human development” (Lightbown, P.M & Spada, N. 1999). Up to now, there have been
many definitions of language acquisition. This term is most often used interchangeable with
language learning. In their study, they show that according to Krashen, S. (1982), acquisition
represents “unconscious” learning, which takes place when attention is focused on meaning
rather than language form.
In website on February
28
th
, 2008, Second language acquisition is the process by which people learn a second
language in addition to their native language. The term “second language” is used to
describe the acquisition of any language after the acquisition of the mother tongue. There is
also research into the similarities and differences of third language acquisition.
The term “language acquisition” becomes more commonly used after Krashen, S.
(1982) contrasted it with formal and non-constructive “learning”. However, second language
acquisition has become established as the preferred term for this academic discipline.
Though second language acquisition is often viewed as part of applied linguistics, it
is typically concerned with the language system and learning process themselves, whereas
applied linguistic may focus more on the experiences of the learners, particularly those in the
classroom. Additionally, second language acquisition has mostly examined naturalistic
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acquisition, where learners acquire a language with little formal training or teaching.

good predicators of performance on the more academic, literacy-based measures.
Intelligence can be divided into seven groups (qtd. in Brown, H.D. 1994):
 Linguistic intelligence
 Logical-mathematical intelligence
 Spatial intelligence (the ability to find your way around an environment, to
form mental images of reality)
 Musical intelligence (the ability to perceive and create pitch and rhythmic
patterns)
 Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence (fine motor movement, athletic powerness)
 Interpersonal intelligence (the ability to understand others, how they feel and
to interact effectively with them)
 Intrapersonal intelligence (the ability to understand oneself and to develop a
sense of self-identify)
It is important to keep in mind that “intelligence” is complex and that individuals
have many kinds of abilities and strengths, not all of which are measured by traditional IQ
tests. “In our experience, many learners whose academic performance has been weak have
experienced considerable success in second language learning” (Brown, H.D. 1994).
Different people have different kind of intelligence; as a result, have different kind of
strength in the life. So when learners know about their strength, they can easily get success
in language learning.
2.3.2. Personality characteristics
Second language acquisition is defined as the learning and adopting of a language
that is not your native language. Once you have acquired a foreign language, you have
mastered that language. Second language acquisition may be more difficult for some people
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than the others. A number of personality characteristics has been proposed as likely to affect
second language learning. However, it has not been easy to demonstrate their effects in
empirical studies as different studies measuring a similar personality trait produce different
results. For example, it is often argued that an extravert (or an unreserved and outgoing
person) acquired second language better than an introvert did. Nevertheless, research does

Examples of other cognitive strategies are repetition (i.e. imitating a model), writing things
down, an inferencing (i.e. making guesses about the form or meaning of a new language
item).
Metacognitive strategies: involve planning for learning, thinking about learning and
how to make it effective, self-monitoring during learning and evaluation of how successful
learning has been after working on language on some ways. For example, when the learners
preview the teacher’s comments on their written work, or review the notes they have made
during class, they are using metacognitive strategies.
Communication strategies: when the learners used gesture, mine, synonym,
paraphrases, and cognate words from their first language to make themselves understood and
to maintain conversation, despite the gaps in the knowledge of the second language, they are
using communication strategies. The value of these is that they keep learners involves in
conversations through which they practice the language.
Socio-affective strategies: provide the learners with opportunities for practice.
Examples include imitating conversations with native speakers, using other people as
informants about the language, collaborating on tasks, listening to the radio or watching TV
programmers in the language, or spending extra time in the language laboratory etc.
Williams, M. & Burden, R.L. (1997:144) indicate that most of us have probably used
some or all of the following strategies in learning a foreign language:
 Repeating words over again
 Listening attentively to try to distinguish works
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 Trying to work out the rules of the language by forming hypothesis about how it
works
 Testing yourself to see if you remember words
 Guessing the meanings of unknown words
 Using your head what you are about to say
 Practicing the sounds of the language to yourself
 Asking a speaker to repeat something
 Pretending that you understand in order to keep the communication going

understanding about the learners’ motivations, the attitude should be made clear.
There are many different definitions about language attitudes.
Language attitudes are defined as the “attitudes which speakers of different
languages or language varieties have towards each other’ language or their own language.
Expressions of positive or negative feelings towards a language may reflect impressions of
linguistic difficulty or simplicity, ease or difficulty of learning, degree of important,
elegance, social status, etc. Attitudes towards a language may also show what people feel
about the speakers of that language.
Language attitudes may have an effect on second language or foreign language
learning. The measurement of language attitudes provides information which is useful in
language teaching and language planning.” (Richards, J.C; Platt, J and Platt, H. 1993: 199)
In Chandrasegaran’s research (1981), attitude refers specifically to states of emotion
and thought relating to the English language, to the learning of English and to the culture of
English-speaking peoples.
Gardner, R.C. (1985:8) adds that individual’s attitude is an evaluative reaction to
some referent or attitude object, inferred on the basic of the individual’s beliefs or opinion
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about the reference. In practical term, an attitude is a construct derived from a subject’s
answers to a number of questions about an object. Its establishment is subject to all the
normal worries of the validity of the instrument used and the subject’s answers to the
questions.
Attitudes do not have direct influence on learning but they lead to motivation which
refers to the combination of effort plus desire to achieve the goal of learning a language.
Gardner, R.C. and Lambert, W.E. (1959) (qtd. in Spolsky, B. 1998) suggested that an
individual’s motivation to learn a second language is controlled by his attitudes toward the
other group in particular and by his orientation to the task itself. In other words, motivation
comes from attitude. In order to enhance students’ motivational intensity, it is necessary to
know what motivation is.
Motivation itself is a complex construct, as Gardner, R.C. (1985) remarks that
motivation involves four aspects: a goal, effortful behavior, a desire to attain the goal and

learning acquisition, where little or no social integration of the learner into a community
using the target language take place, or in some instances is even desired.
Motivation can also be divided into extrinsic and intrinsic ones. Brown, H.D. (1994)
suggests that extrinsic motivation comes from the learner’s desire to get external reward or
cognition of the peers and parents or the avoidance of punishment. Intrinsic motivation
comes from the learner’s internal factors.
All above definitions seem to be the case that if learners perceive a goal and if that
goal is sufficiently attractive, they will be strongly motivated to do whatever necessary to
reach that goal.
2.3.5. Teaching strategies
The study of the effects of teaching on second language acquisition seeks to
systematically measure or evaluate the effectiveness of language teaching practice. Such
studies have been undertaken for every level of language, from phonetics to pragmatics and
for almost every current teaching methodology. For example, Rosenshine and Furst (1973)
(qtd. in Williams, M. & Burden, R. L. 1997) identified nine key factors contributing to
effective teaching: clarify of presentations, teaching enthusiasm, variety of activities during
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lessons, achievement oriented behavior in classrooms, opportunity to learn criterion material,
acknowledgement and stimulation of students’ ideas, (lack of) criticism, use of structuring
comments at the beginning and during lessons, guiding of student answers. In another study
of effective teaching, Brown and McIntyre (1992) (qtd. in Williams, M. & Burden, R. L.
1997) identified ten categories as representing elements of good teaching: creating a relaxed
and enjoyable atmosphere in the classroom, retaining control in the classroom, presenting
work in an interesting and motivating way, providing conditions so pupils understand the
work, making clear what people are to do and achieve, judging what can be expected of a
pupil, helping pupils with difficulties, encouraging pupils to raise their expectations of
themselves, developing personal, mature relationships with pupils, demonstrating personal
talents or knowledge.
It is impossible to summarize all the findings conducted up to now. However, we can
see that teachers’ teaching strategies represent other important issue to take into account in

The term “classroom structure” has come to be used in a particular way by some
researchers in this field. The emphasis has been upon the ways in which learning experiences
have been organized and whether one form of organization is necessarily any better than
another. The main debate has been on whether learners learn better in competitive, co-
operative or individualistic environments.
All these three approaches have been employed effectively by language teachers. We
would argue, however, that no one approach can ever be fully effective on its own. Each
learner is an individual who must be helped to find his or her own way to become
autonomous. Learners are also members of a social world and will need to be given
opportunities to work co-operatively with others in order to be successful in such a world. At
the same time, an element of healthy competition with oneself and among groups can be
highly motivating in the short-term. Therefore, ways of providing a flexible structure in the
language classroom which effectively incorporates all three forms of organization should be
found out.
Apart from structure, classroom climate is also very important in language teaching
and learning. In Moos and Trickiest (1974) (qtd. in Williams, M. & Burden, R.L. 1997) it is
concluded that classes oriented towards innovation and building relationships help to create
learner satisfaction and interest in the subject matter. They enhance social and personal
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growth, but do less well in facilitating traditional achievement scores; classes which
emphasize task achievement at the expense of warmth often do foster high achievement, but
fare far less well in facilitating learner interest, morale or creativity; classes that are kept
rigidly under the teachers’ control are more likely to lead to dissatisfaction and alienation
and do not facilitate personal, social and academic growth; the best result are likely to occur
when there is a combination of warmth and accomplishments and reasonably clear, orderly
and well structure milieu.
2.3.6.3. School facilities
We all know that clean, quiet, safe, comfortable and healthy environments are
important components of successful teaching and learning. But which facility attributes
affect academic outcome the most and in what manner and degree? Schneider, M.