Aa
abandon
verb
1 leave sb/sth
• ADV.
hastily
The village had been hastily abandoned.
• PHRASES
be found/left abandoned
The car uiasfound
abandoned in a nearby town.
2 stop doing/supporting sth
• ADV.
altogether, completely, entirely, totally
The gov-
ernment does not propose to abandon the project al-
together.
I
effectively, largely, virtually
This principle
has now been effectively abandoned.
I
simply
Traditional
policies were simply abandoned.
I
formally
I
quickly
I
quietly

abbreviation
noun
• ADJ.
common, standard
• ABBREVIATION
+
VERB
stand for
The abbreviation
PC stands for 'personal computer'.
• PREP. -
for
A/
C
is the standard abbreviation for
'account'. - ofAd lib is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase
'ad libitum'.
abhorrent
adj.
• VERBS
be
I
become
I
find sth
• ADV.
totally, utterly
Ifind the idea totally abhorrent.
• PREP.
to

I
lack
I
lose
I seem to have lost my abil-
ity to attract clients.
I
appreciate, recognize
Fox's abil-
ities were soon recognized.
• PHRASES
to the best of your ability
We will keep you
informed to the best of our ability.
2 speed with which sb learns
• ADJ.
high
The school does nothing for children of high
ability.
I
limited, low
I
average, mixed
It
is
much more
difficult to teach a mixed-ability class.
• VERB
+
ABILITY

I
better, more
Onceyou've had some sleep you'll
feel better able to cope.
I
justI
was just able to make out
a
dark figure in the distance.
I
barely, hardly, only just,
scarcely
I
less
2 clever; doing your job well
• VERBS
be, seem
She seems very able.
• ADV.
extremely, very
I
fairly, reasonably
abode
noun
• ADJ.
humble
(humorous) Welcometo my humble abode.
• VERB
+
ABODE

+
ABOLISH
seek to
I
decide to, vote to
abortion
noun
• ADJ.
back-street, illegal
I
legal
I
induced, spontan-
eous, therapeutic
• VERB
+
ABORTION
have
When she got pregnant at 16
she decided to have an abortion.
I
carry out, do
(infor-
mal),
perform
Some nurses wanted the right to refuse to
perform abortions.
• ABORTION
+
NOUN

VERB
burst
Once an abscess has burst it
should be bathed with antiseptic liquid.
absence
noun
1 fact of not being present
• ADJ.
lengthy, long, prolonged
I
brief, temporary
I
unauthorized
• QUANT.
period, spell
You will not be paid for the full
period of absence.
• PREP.
during/in sb's -
(=
while sb is not there)
My
father did all the cooking in my mother's absence.
I
-frorn
absencefrom
work
• PHRASES
conspicuous/notable by your absence
(=

I
largely
I
temporarily
I
conspicuously, mark-
edly, notably, noticeably, strikingly
Local people were
conspicuously absent from the meeting.
I
strangely
He
played with an abandon that was strangely absent from
his performance last week.
• PREP. from
He was absent from toorkfor two weeks.
absorb
verb
1 liquid/gas/energy, etc.
• ADY. quickly, rapidly
I
directly, easily, readily
• PREP. into
Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream.
2 make part of sth larger
• ADV. gradually
I
increasingly
• PHRASES be absorbed into sth
These committees were

• VERBS be
• ADV. highly, very
I
entirely, purely
purely abstract
drawing
I
increasingly
I
fairly, rather, somewhat
absurd
adj.
• VERBS be, look, seem, sound
I
become
I
find sth
Shefound the uihole conceptfaintly absurd.
• ADY. absolutely, completely, quite, utterly
I
clearly,
manifestly, patently
I
faintly, rather, slightly, some-
what
I
wonderfully
• PHRASES a sense of the absurd
His sense of the ab-
surd kept himfrom becoming too solemn.

2
2 bad, usually violent treatment of sb
• ADJ. emotional, physical, sex/sexual
I
child, elder
victims of child abuse
I
human rights -s
allegations of
human rights abuses
I
alleged, suspected
• QUANT. case
six cases of suspected child abuse
• VERB
+
ABUSE carry out, subject sb to
She was sub-
jected to regular sexual abuse.
I
suffer, take
The child
had taken a lot of emotional abuse.
I
suspect sb of
• ABUSE
+
VERB happen, occur, take place
• PHRASES an allegation of abuse, a perpetrator of
abuse, a victim of abuse

abusive
adj.
• VERBS be
I
become, get
• ADV. very
I
quite
I
openly
He became openly abusive.
academic
adj.
• VERBS be
I
become
• ADV. merely, purely, strictly
The distinction being
made ispurely academic.
I
largely, rather, somewhat
academy
noun
• ADJ. military, naval, police, riding
• VERB
+
ACADEMY attend, go to
• PREP. at an/the-
He later studied at the Royal Academy.
accelerate

accelerator
noun
• VERB
+
ACCELERATOR depress, hit, press, put your
foot (down) on, step on
She put herfoot on the accelerator
and we sped through the traffic lights.
I
take your foot off
• ACCELERATOR
+
NOUN pedal
accent
noun
• ADJ. broad, marked, pronounced, strong, thick
She
had a pronounced Scottish accent.
I
slight
I
country, for-
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eign, local, regional
I
plummy, posh, public school
I
cockney I American, middle-class, northern, etc.
• QUANT.
hint, trace

ciously accepted my apology.
I
reluctantly
• VERB + ACCEPT
be glad to, be happy to
I
be reluc-
tant to, be unwilling to
I
be unable
toI am unfortunately
unable to acceptyour kind invitation.
• PREP
from
I accepted the giftfrom my sister.
2agree/admit
• ADV.
readily
Some people readily accept that they may
haoe topavfor medical treatment.
I
fully
• VERB + ACCEPT
be happy to, be prepared to, be
ready to, be willing to
I
be reluctant to, be unwilling to
I
be unable to, refuse to I can/cannot, could (not),
will/won't, would (not)

is
a perfectly acceptable substitute for cream in
cooking.
I
fairly, reasonably
I
(not) remotely
the only
national newspaper even remotely acceptable to the left
wing
I generally, mutually, universally, widely
I
easily,
readily
I
equally
Are all political and religious groups
equally acceptable?
I publicly I commercially, cultural-
ly, environmentally, ethically, grammatically, morally,
politically, socially
a grammatically acceptable sentence
o
socially acceptable behaviour
• PREP. to a compromise that is acceptable to both sides
acceptance
noun
• ADJ.
complete, full, total, unconditional, wholeheart-
ed

The group
is
now
seeking formal acceptance.
• ACCEPTANCE
+
NOUN
speech
access
noun
• ADJ.
direct, easy, free, good, ready, unlimited,
unrestricted
I lived deep in the country, without easy ac-
cess to shops.
I
limited, poor, restricted
Access to this in-
formation
is
severely restricted.
I
improved I immediate,
3
accident
instant, quick, rapid
I
equal
Men and women should
have equal access to education and employment.

+
NOUN
road, route
• PREP. -
for
improved accessfor disabled visitors -
to
He
toasfiruilly granted access to the medical records.
accessible
adj.
1able to be reached
• VERBS
be
I
become
I
remain
I
make sth
• ADV.
directly, easily, freely, readily
I
fully
I
reason-
ably, relatively
I
publicly
• PREP. by The museum

perfect accessory for stylish summer eoenings.
I bath-
room, car, fashion
2 person who helps in crime
• PREP.
-to
an accessory to murder
• PHRASES
an accessory before/after the fact (~a per-
son who knows about a crime before/after it was commit-
ted and protects the criminai)
(law) If you were lying to
thepolice, then you have been an accessory after thefactfor
all theseyears.
accident
noun
1unexpected event that causes damage/injury
• ADJ.
dreadful, horrific, major, nasty, serious, terrible,
tragic, unfortunate
I
fatal
a
ftital
road accident
I
minor,
slight
I
freak

an accident involving two cars and a lorry.
the scene of
the accident
The ambulance took only six minutes to
reach the scene of the accident.
2 sth not planned in advance
• ADJ.
pure, sheer
By pure accident he had come across
the very man who could solve the mystery.
• PREP. by-Wemetbyaccidentattheairport.
• PHRASES
be no accident that ...
It
is
no accident that
menfill most of the topjobs.
by accident or design
It hap-
pened, whether by accident or design, that Steve and I were
the last two people to leaiie.
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accidental
accidental
adj.
• VERBS be
• ADV. completely, purely, quite
I
almost
acclaim

as
a modern classic.
accolade
noun
• ADJ. greatest, highest, supreme, ultimate
Four res-
taurants have been awarded the highest accolade of a
three-star rating.
• VERB
+
ACCOLADE earn, receive, win
I
award (sb),
bestow, grant (sb)
I
deserve
accommodate
verb
• ADV. comfortably, easily
It was a large hall, where a lot
ofpeople could be comfortably accommodated.
• VERB
+
ACCOMMODATE can/could
The car park can
accommodate about 200cars.
accommodation
noun
1place for sb to live/stay
• ADJ. comfortable, decent, good, suitable

cure
Weneed more secure accommodation for young pris-
oners.
I
student
• VERB
+
ACCOMMODATION have
The council should
be able to help families who have no accommodation.
I
look for, seek
I
find, get, secure
I
offer (sb), provide
(sb with)
It is the duty of the local community toprovide ac-
commodation.for the homeless.
• ACCOMMODATION
+
NOUN costs
• PREP in-
2 satisfactory arrangement
• VERB
+
ACCOMMODATION come to, make, reach,
work out
I
seek

compose,
write
• PREP. to the - of
She sang to the accompaniment of gui-
tars.
with an -
Lprefer tosing with an accompaniment.
4
3 sth that happens at the same time
• ADJ. essential, inevitable, necessary
• PREP. to the-of
The women's medical school opened in
1874, to the accompaniment of much ridicule of 'lady
doctors'.
with the - of
the market, with its inevitable ac-
companiment of bustle and noise
accomplice
noun
• ADJ. Willing
I
unwilling , unwitting
I
alleged
• PREP. - in
She became his unwitting accomplice in the
robbery.
-to
an accomplice to murder
accomplish

I -
in
It is
a great accomplishment in singing to take the melodic line
up to
a
position of energy and hold it there.
accord
noun
• ADJ. draft
I
peace, trade
• VERB
+
ACCORD draw up, negotiate, reach
A peace
accord was reached on 26March.
I
endorse, ratify, sign
• PREP. - between
a trade accord between Europe and the
United States -
on
an accord on environmental protection
-with
They signed a trade accord with the Americans.
accord
verb
• ADV. fully
• PREP. with

Canyou give us an account of what happened?
• PREP. in an/the-
Dr Richardsdescribes this very well in
his account of the events.
• PHRASES by all accounts
(=
according to what people
say)
I'ue never been there, but it's a lovely place by all ac-
counts.
by sb's own account
By his own account he had
an unhappy childhood.
2arrangement with a bank
• ADJ. bank, building society
I
current
I
deposit, in-
vestment, savings
I
personal
I
business
I
joint, sep-
arate
My husband and I have separate accounts.
I
num-

-with
an account with Barclays Bank
3accounts record of money a business earns/spends
• VERB
+
ACCOUNTS
do, keep
Try to keep accurate ac-
counts.
I
audit, check, look at
I
submit
Your accounts
will need to besubmitted tothe tax office.
• ACCOUNTS + VERB
be in order
The accounts are all in
order.
<=>
Special pageat
BUSINESS
4 arrangement with a shop/business
• ADJ.
expense
(=
an arrangement to charge expenses
to your own employers)
taking clientsfor expense account
lunches

PHRASAL VERB
account for sth
• ADV.
fully
The increase can be fully accounted for.
I
partly
The differences in achievement between the pupils
arepartly accountedfor by differences in age.
accountability
noun
• ADJ.
greater, increased
I
local, public
demands for
greater public accountability in the police service
I
demo-
cratic, financial, managerial, moral, parliamentary, po-
lice, political, professional
I
government, police
• VERB + ACCOUNTABILITY
enhance, improve, in-
crease, strengthen
I
reduce, weaken
This process of
centralizationfurther weakens accountability.

directly
Senior managers are
directly accountable to the Board of Directors.
I
publicly
Local authorities should be publicly accountable to the
communities they serve.
I
democratically
a democratical-
lyaccountableparliament
I
financially, politically
• PREP.
for
In the end, we are all accountable for our ac-
tions.
to
Politicians are accountable toParliament.
accountancy
noun
• ADJ. chartered
I
creative
It had taken considerable
'creative accountancy' on my part to produce a set of fig-
ures that showed us making any profit at all.
• ACCOUNTANCY + NOUN
firm, practice
I

management
I
investigating, reporting
the investigat-
ing accountant's report
q
Note at
PROFESSIONAL
(for verbs)
accumulate
verb
• ADV.
gradually, slowly
I
steadily
I
rapidly
• VERB + ACCUMULATE
begin to
I
be allowed to
Dirt
must not be allowed to accumulate.
I
tend to
Toxic chem-
icals tend to accumulate in the body.
accumulation
noun
• ADJ.

remarkable, uncanny
I
reasonable, suffi-
cient
I
factual, historical, technical
• QUANT.
degree, level
The missiles are capable of a very
high degree of accuracy.
• VERB
+
ACCURACY
improve, increase
Weare hoping
to improve the accuracy of our forecasts.
I
check, con-
firm, test
I
ensure
Great care is taken to ensure the accur-
acy of research data.
I
doubt, question
Many people
began to question the accuracy of his statement.
• PREP.
with -
It is possible to predict the outcome with

account of his movements.
accusation
noun
• ADJ.
serious
I
false, groundless, unfounded, unjust,
wild
I
bitter
I
mutual
They sank into mutual accusation
and incrimination.
I
public
I
veiled
She made a lot of
thinly veiled accusations. I
renewed, repeated
• VERB + ACCUSATION
level at, make
an accusation
frequently levelled at junior doctors
I
face
Their father
now faces an accusation of murder.
I

I
falsely, unjustly, wrongly
I
angrily
I
openly, publicly
They openly accused her cf dishonesty.
• VERB
+
ACCUSE
cannot/could not
You can't accuse
me of being selfish.
• PREP.
of
No one could ever accuse this government of
not caring about the poor.
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accustomed
• PHRASES stand accused of
He stands accused of mur-
dering his wife and children.
accustomed
adj. accustomed to sth
• VERBS be
I
become, get, grow
She had grown accus-
tomed to his long absences.
• ADV. quite, well

• ACHE + VERB throb
A dull ache throbbed at the back
ofDavld's head.
• PREP. - in
a nagging ache in her knee
• PHRASES aches and pains
He was always complain-
ing about his various aches and pains.
2 great sorrow
• ADJ. deep, dull, nagging
• VERB + ACHE feel, have
She kept feeling the nagging
ache in her heart.
• PREP. - in
She could hardly speak for the ache in her
heart. -
inside, - of
the ache of loneliness inside him
ache
verb
• ADV. badly, really
My feet ached badly.
I
a bit
My left
foot ached a bit.
• PREP. from
I still really ache from all that cycling
yesterday.
• PHRASES ache all over

I
modest
I
personal
I
architectural, artistic,
CUltural, economic, educational, engineering, literary,
scientific, sporting, technical, technological
• VERB
+
ACHIEVEMENT be, constitute, represent
This conference in itself constitutes a solid achievement.
• PREP. - in
She was given aprize for her achievements in
textile design.
• PHRASES quite an achievement
To beoffered aplaceat
such a good university is quite an achievement.
2 act of achieving sth
• ADJ. high
two years of consistently high achievement
I
positive
I
individual, personal
I
human
He believes
European civilization was the high point of human
achievement.

special chemical to neutralize the acid.
• ACID
+
VERB burn sth
The acid burned a hole in her
overalls
2 illegal drug
• VERB
+
ACID
dropsmokingjointsanddroppingacid
c>
Note atDRUG
acknowledge
verb
1admit/recognize
• ADV. fully
I
freely, readily
I
clearly, explicitly
I
ef-
fectively, implicitly, tacitly
The peace settlement effective-
ly acknowledged the country's independence.
I
formally,
officially
I

explicit
I
tacit
I
open, public
I
formal,
official
I
belated
I
welcome
• VERB
+
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT amount to, be
This
amounted to an acknowledgement that she had been
wrong.
I
get, receive
I wrote to them but never got any
acknowledgement.
I
grunt, nod, wave
She merely nodded
acknowledgement of his statement.
• PREP. in - (of)
He raised his hand to her in
acknouiledgement.
I -

town.
I
new
I
close, old
I
business, mutual, personal,
social
• VERB + ACQUAINTANCE bump into, meet
I
greet
(sb as)
He was greeted as an old acquaintance.
• PHRASES friends and acquaintances
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2 knowledge of sb/sth
• ADJ.
nodding, passing, slight
a man with whom I had
apassingacquaintance
I
brief, short
I
close, intimate
• VERB
+
ACQUAINTANCE
make sblsth's (= become
acquainted with
sb/sth)

become
• ADY.
well
I
fully
• PREP.
with
Are youfuliy acquainted with thefucts?
2 knowing sb personally
• VERBS
be I become,
getIwould like toget acquainted
with her.
I
get sb
Playing a game with the children is a
good way of getting them acquainted.
• ADV.
closely, intimately, well I personally
• PREP.
with
I am not personally acquainted with her.
acquisition
noun
1 thing you have obtained
• ADJ.
latest, new, recent
2 act of obtaining sth
• ADJ.
data, language, property

act
noun
1 thing that sb does
• ADJ.
charitable, kind
I
heroic
a heroic act of bravery
I
aggressive, barbaric, hostile, provocative, terrorist, vio-
lent I appalling, despicable, outrageous, terrible I
criminal, illegal, unlawful, wrongful
I
careless, foolish,
impulsive
I
conscious, deliberate, positive, voluntary,
wilful
I
private
a private act of revenge
I
public
I
cre-
ative, dramatic, physical, political, symbolic I homo-
sexual, sexlsexual
I
balancing, disappearing, juggling,
vanishing

175
votes to
143.
I
amend
I
repeal
action
The old Act has now been repealed.
I
breach, contravene
The company had breached the 1994 Companies Act.
• ACT
+
VERB
become law, come into force
The new
Children's Act will come into force next year.
I contain
sth, say sth, state sth
The Act contains regulations for
banks and building societies.
• PREP.
under anlthe -
He was charged under the Fire-
arms Act of 1977.
3 entertainment; entertainers
• ADJ.
class
(informal)

The king is killed in the opening act.
5 insincere behaviour
• VERB
+
ACT
put on
Don't take any notice-she's just
putting on an act!
act
verb
1 do sth/behave
• ADV.
at once, immediately, promptly, quickly, swiftly
The government must act promptly to change this law.
I
correctly, legally, properly I illegally, improperly,
unconstitutionally, unlawfully, wrongly I reasonably,
responsibly, sensibly, wisely
I
dishonestly,
dishonourably, unreasonably
I
oddly, strangely, sus-
piciously
Jenny has been acting rather strangely recently.
I
bravely
I
decisively
I

act in sb's best interests
Weare all acting in
the best interests of the children.
2 perform in play/film
• ADY.
brilliantly, well
I
badly
acting
noun
• ADJ.
brilliant, excellent, good
I
bad, poor, wooden
Thefilm. is spoiled by some very wooden acting.
• VERB
+
ACTING do
I did quite a lot of acting when I
was at college.
• ACTING
+
NOUN
career, profession
action
noun
1 process of doing sth
• ADJ.
decisive, effective, firm, strong, vigorous
I

Only the priest can perform these ac-
tions.
<>
We shall take whatever actions are necessary.
I
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active
galvanize/prod/spur sb into
Wehave to galvanize people
into action.
I
bring/put sth into
Weneed toput these ideas
into action.
I
keep/put sb/sth out of
Afire has put thefac-
tory out of action.
• PREP.
in-
I have not yet seen the machines in action.
out
of -
He is out of action following an ankle injury. I
- against
against drug dealers -
on
The government is
taking strong action on refugees.
• PHRASES

• VERBS
be
I
become
I
keep
(informal),
remain
Try to
keep active in the cold weather.
• ADV
extremely, highly, very
a highly active volcano
I
increasingly
I
fairly, quite, reasonably I equally
a busi-
nessman who is equally active in politics
I
mentally,
physically
It's important to remain mentally active after
retirement.
I
sexually
A minority of children are sexually
active before they are in their teens.
I economically, polit-
ically

report a higher level of activity in the foreign exchange
markets.
• VERB
+
ACTIVITY do
Here's an activity you can do
with mixed ability classes.
I be involved in, engage in,
participate in, take part in, undertake
Wesuspect he may
be involved in illegal activities.
0
Teachers here are not
allowed to engage in any political activity.
I stop, sus-
pend, terminate
The party's activities have been suspend-
ed.
I stimulate
It will only be possible to stimulate busi-
ness actioity with an injection ofpublic funds.
I curb I re-
sume
I
buzz with (only used when the activity is un-
countable)
The room was buzzing with activity.
• PHRASES
a hive of activity
(=

classical, comedy/comic, Shakespearean, straight
I
8
film, Hollywood, screen, stage, television
I
child
I
sup-
porting
the auiardfor best supporting actor
• VERB
+
ACTOR, ACTRESS
audition, cast
• ACTOR, ACTRESS
+
VERB
act (sth), perform (sth),
play (sth)
The same actor plays three different parts in the
film.
I rehearse (sth) I audition
He was one of many
actors who auditioned for thepart of Hamlet.
e:>
Note at
JOB
acumen
noun
• ADJ.

into specific acupuncture points in the body.
I needle
ad
noun
• ADJ.
classified, full-page, small
You can put your own
small ads in localpapers.
I
magazine, newspaper, radio,
televisioniTV I detergent,job, tobacco, etc.
• VERB
+
AD
place, put, take out
She took out a full-
page ad in a women's magazine.
I
publish, run, show
I
answer, reply to, respond to
• AD
+
VERB
appear
The ad appeared on all major
channels.
I
say sth, show sth, state sth
I

I
need to
• PREP.
to
• PHRASES
the ability to adapt
Some animals have a re-
markable ability to adapt to changing environments.
find
it difficult/hard to adapt
A lot of companies haue found it
hard to adapt to the new system.
2 change a thing
• PREP.
for
to adapt a bookfor television.
from
The radio
play had been adaptedfrom. a novel.
• PHRASES
specially adapted
The classroom has been
specially adapted to take wheelchairs.
adaptable
adj.
• VERBS
be, prove
I
become I make sb/sth
• ADV

• PREP. -
for
The Antarctic species hauefeui special adap-
tations for polar life.
-fo
adaptation to the uiorkplace
• PHRASES
a process of adaptation
The process of
adaptation to a new school is difficult for some children.
2film, TV programme
• ADJ.
film, screen, televisionlTV
He specializes in
screen adaptations of classic novels.
• VERB
+
ADAPTATION
film, make, produce
add
verb
• ADV.
quickly, softly
He added softly, 'Lmissed you,'
• VERB
+
ADD
hasten to
I hasten to add that I knew
nothing of thefraud at the time.

feed
He stole money from his parents tofeed his addiction.
I
treat
I
beat, cure, overcome
struggling to beat his her-
oin addiction
• PREP.
-to
She had an addiction to heroin.
addictive
adj.
• VERBS
be I become
• ADV.
extremely, highly, very
Cocaine is a highly ad-
dictive drug.
addition
noun
1sth that is added
• ADJ.
useful, valuable, welcome, worthy
I
important,
major, notable, significant
I
latest, new, recent
• VERB

There was no re-
turn address on the back of the envelope.
I
postal
I
full
Please write your full postal address.
I
false, wrong
He
gave afalse address to the police. I
correct, right
I
useful
I
secret
I
fashionable
Cheyne Walk was a very fashion-
able address.
• VERB
+
ADDRESS
give, leave, write
• ADDRESS
+
NOUN
book
• PREP.
at althe -

• PREP.
in a/the -
He gave details of the policy in an ad-
dress toparty members.
I -
by
an address by the Chancel-
lor of the University
-to
a radio address to the nation
address
verb
1write name and address
• ADV.
correctly, properly
I
personally
The minister
did not reply to my letter although I addressed it to him per-
sonally.
• PREP.
to
• PHRASES
a stamped addressed envelope
Please send
a stamped addressed envelope and we will send you a copy
of our brochure.
2 say sth to sb
• ADV.
by name, directly

book address themselves to the question of unemployment.
adept
adj.
• VERBS
be, seem
I
become
• ADV
extremely, highly, very
I
quite
• PREP.
at
He was highly adept at avoiding trouble.
adequate
adj.
• VERBS
be, prove, seem
I
remain
I
consider sth,
think sth
The trains were not considered adequate for use
on the modern railways.
• ADV
really, very
I
perfectly, quite, totally I more
than

closely, firmly, rigidly, rigorously, scrupulous-
ly, strictly
This principle must be strictly adhered to.
I
fully, properly
The guidelines were not always fully ad-
heredto.
adherence
noun
• ADJ.
blind, close, faithful, firm, rigid, slavish, strict
• PREP. -fo
strict adherence to a diet
adjacent
adj.
• VERBS
be, be situated, lie, stand
The vineyards of
Verzy lie adjacent to those of Verzenay.
• ADJ.
directly, immediately
There is a row of houses im-
mediately adjacent to thefactory.
• PREP. to
The miller's house stands adjacent to the mill.
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adjective
adjective
noun
• ADJ.

• PREP.
for
At midday the meeting was adjourned for
lunch.
pending
The inquest was adjourned pending fur-
ther investigations.
to
Shall we adjourn toyour office?
adjust
verb
1change sth slightly
• ADV.
slightly
I
finely
It is important to have equipment
that can befinely adjusted.
I
automatically
I
carefully
I
accordingly
Children are sensitive todisapproval and ad-
just their behaviour accordingly.
I
downwards, upwards
This estimate may have to be adjusted downwards.
• PREP.

1small change made
• ADJ.
delicate, fine, minor, slight, small
I
important,
major, significant
I
appropriate, necessary
I
automat-
ic
I
financial
• VERB
+
ADJUSTMENT
make
The mechanic made the
necessary adjustments to the engine.
I
need, require
• PREP.
-for
a cut of 1.5% in real terms (after adjustment
for inflation) -
in
adjustments in the exchange rates
-jo
a
few minor adjustments to the timetable

effective, efficient, good
I
poor
The college loses
a lot of money through poor administration.
I
day-to-
day, routine I general I office I bureaucratic I central
I arts, business, educational, financial, justice, social
I
government, public
• VERB
+
ADMINISTRATION
be in charge of, be re-
sponsible for
10
• ADMINISTRATION + NOUN
costs
2 people who manage an organization
• ADJ.
college, hospital, prison, etc.
3government
• ADJ.
colonial, federal, local, municipal, provincial, re-
gional, state
I
civil, imperial, royal
I
Conservative, La-

wholly
She had acted in ways that hefound
wholly admirable.
I truly
admiral
noun
• ADJ.
rear, vice
~ Note at RANK
admiration
noun
• ADJ.
deep, genuine, great, sincere, tremendous I
frank, open
I
sneaking
Inwardly, I had a sneaking ad-
mirationfor them.
I
grudging, reluctant
I
mutual
• VERB + ADMIRATION
be filled with, be full of, feel,
have
I'm
full of admiration for him.
0
I have the greatest
admiration for the nurses.

• PHRASES
a gasp of admiration
The picture was greet-
ed with gasps of admiration.
have nothing but admir-
ation for sb/sth
I have nothing but admiration for the way
she tackled those bullies.
admire
verb
1 have high opinion of sb/sth
• ADV.
deeply, enormously, greatly, hugely, particular-
ly, really
He admires you enormously.
I
rather
I
clearly,
openly
I
secretly
She secretly admired and envied him.
• VERB
+
ADMIRE
have to
You have to admire their ded-
ication and commitment.
• PREP.

by a circle of admirers.
• VERB + ADMIRER
have I gain, win
She soon gained
admirers in England and France.
• PHRASES
friends and admirers
The funeral was at-
tended by the singer's friends and admirers.
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admission
noun
1entrance
• ADJ.
free, half-price
I
emergency
emergency admis-
sions to hospital
I
cinema, hospital, school, university
• VERB + ADMISSION
apply for, seek
He's applied for
admission to the local college.
I
gain
togain admission to
university
I grant sb I refuse sb

make
• PREP. -
of
She has made no admission of any involve-
ment in theplot.
• PHRASES
an admission of defeatlfailure/guiltlliabil-
ity
She saw his leaving the company as an admission of
failure.
by sb's own admission
By his own admission he
should never have driven sofast.
admit
verb
• ADV.
freely, readily
He freely admitted that he had
taken bribes.
I
frankly, honestly
I
openly
I
privately
Some ministers admit privately that unemployment could
continue to rise.
I grudgingly, reluctantly
In the end he'd
done a goodjob, Caroline admitted grudgingly.

I was scared and I
don't mind admitting it.
admittance
noun
• VERB + ADMITTANCE
gain
They were unable to gain
admittance to the hall.
I allow sb
I
deny sb, refuse sb
• PREP. -
to
The ticket will allow you admittance to the
theatre.
adolescence
noun
• ADJ.
early, late
• VERB
+
ADOLESCENCE
reach
• PREP.
during/in -
She developed the problem in early
adolescence.
adolescent
noun
• ADJ.

thepolicies employers adopt towards the
labour force
11
advance
adoption
noun
1of child
• VERB
+
ADOPTION
offer sb for, place sb for, put sb
up for
She has decided to put the child up for adoption.
I
be available for
When will the child be available for
adoption?
• ADOPTION + VERB
go through
They were so happy
when the adoption went through successfully.
• ADOPTION
+
NOUN
agency
2taking/using sth
• ADJ.
general, widespread
I
formal

The
adrenalin was coursing through his system.
• ADRENALIN + NOUN
rush
• PHRASES
get the adrenalin flowing/going
We'll start
with a bit of dancing toget the adrenalingoing.
adrift
adj.
• VERBS
be I come
I nearly suffocated when the pipe of
my breathing apparatus came adrift.
I
cast sb/sth, cut
sb/sth, set sb/sth
Their boat had been set adrift.
• PREP.
from
(figurative) She had been cut adrift from
everything she had known. in (figurative) cast adrift in a
vulgar, materialistic society
adult
noun
• ADJ.
young
This book will definitely appeal to teen-
agers and young adults.
I

noun
• ADJ.
early, young
• VERB + ADULTHOOD
attain, reach
children who lose
their parents before reaching adulthood
I
make it to, sur-
vive into/to
• PREP.
during/in -
His problems began in early adult-
hood.
into -
Her childhood problems persisted into adult-
hood.
towards -
a step towards adulthood
advance
noun
1forward movement
• ADJ. rapid
I
Allied, British, German, etc.
• VERB + ADVANCE
make
The regiment made an ad-
vance on the enemy lines.
I order

to make anyfurther advances in this area of science.
• PREP. in -
two major advances in orthopaedic medicine
on -
an advance on the existing techniques
towards -
an
advance towards a better understanding of God
3 money
• ADJ. large
I
cash
• VERB
+
ADVANCES give, pay
The publishers have
paid me an advance.
I
get, receive
• PREP. -of
an advance of
£1
0 000-
on
He was paid
£5
000
as an advance on royalties.
4advances sexual
• ADJ. amorous, sexual

advanced
adj.
1 modern and highly developed
• VERBS be
• ADV. extremely, highly, very
a highly advanced econ-
omy
I
fairly, quite, relatively
I
industrially, technically,
technologically
2at a late stage of development
• VERBS be
• ADV. far, greatly, well
The disease was toofaradvanced
for doctors to operate.
I
fairly, quite
I
further
advancement
noun
• ADJ. individual, personal
I
collective
I
career
I
so-

I
dubious
I
unfair
The company has an
unfair advantage over its competitors.
I
added, addition-
al
These computers have the added advantage of being
cheap.
I
special
I
potential
I
comparative, relative
I
mutual
The plan would be to our mutual advantage.
I
12
natural
the natural advantages of countries with low la-
bour costs
I
commercial, competitive, economic, edu-
cational, electoral, financial, military, personal, polit-
ical, practical, psychological, social, strategic, tactical,
technical, technological

tage in laying down a clearer procedure. -
over
East coast
resorts have the advantage over west coast ones. -
to
the
advantage to both countries of closer economic ties
• PHRASES to good advantage, to sb/sth's best advan-
tage
The bright lighting showed the jewels to their best
aduantage.
2take advantage of make use of
• ADJ. full, maximum
Wetookfull advantage of the hotel
facilities.
advantageous
adj.
• VERBS be, prove
Membership of the union could prove
advantageous.
I
become
I
make sth
Lower fares make it
advantageous to travel in winter.
I
find sth
You may find
it advantageous to wait afeui weeks before replying.

romantic
I
fan-
tasy, foreign, historical, military, sexual
• VERB
+
ADVENTURE embark on, have
I
be looking
for, want
Those of you looking for adventure can shoot the
rapids.
I
offer
Perhaps the war offered adventure, travel,
a usefor his
gifts.
• ADVENTURE
+
NOUN film, novel, story
I
holiday
I
playground
• PHRASES quite an adventure (~ very exciting)
Our
trip to London was quite an adventure for the children. a
sense/spirit of adventure
The journey began cheerfully
with a sense of adventure.

• PHRASES in the face of adversity
courage in theface of
adversity
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advert
noun
• ADJ. classified, front-page, full-page
I
magazine,
newspaper, televisionfTV
I
chocolate, job, etc.
• VERB
+
ADVERT place, put, take out
I put an advert
in the local newspaper.
0
She took out afull-page advert in
a magazine.
I
carry, publish, run, show
The paper ran
our advert last week.
I
find, see, spot
I saw the advert in
'The Times'.
I
answer, reply to, respond to

advertisement
noun
• ADJ. good I discreet I misleading I classified,
front-page, full-page
The classified advertisements are on
page
25.
I
magazine, newspaper, press, television/TV
I
cigarette,job, etc.
• VERB + ADVERTISEMENT place, put, take out
We
placed advertisements in a number of national news-
papers.
I
carry, display, publish, run, show
Television
and radio refused to carry advertisements for the record.
I
find, see, spot
I
answer, reply to, respond to
• ADVERTISEMENT
+
VERB appear
I
say sth, show
sth, state sth
I

of advice?
• VERB
+
ADVICE give (sb), offer (sb), pass on, pro-
vide (sb with)
I hope I can pass on some useful advice.
I
get, obtain, receive, take
I think you need to take legal ad-
vice.
I
ask (for), go to sb for, seek, turn to sb for
Go to
your doctor and ask for advice.
0
She asked her mother's
advice.
I
accept, act on, follow, heed, listen to, take
I
wished that I hadfollotoed her advice.
I
ignore, reject
• ADVICE
+
NOUN centre
The Local Authority runs an
advice centre in the town.
• PREP against sb's-
Permission was given against the

13
affair
do this.
I
badly, wrongly
Wewere badly advised by our so-
licitor.
I
properly
I
legally
• PREP. about
We can advise parents about education.
against
They advised me against sending cash by post.
on
Wewill be happy to advise on anyfinancial matters.
• PHRASES be ill/well advised to do sth
John would be
ill advised to rely on their support.
0
You would be better
advised to consult an accountant.
2 inform sb of sth
• VERB + ADVISE be pleased to
I am pleased to advise
you that your application has been accepted.
I
regret to
• PREP. of

have
Do you have a financial adviser?
I
consult (with),
go to, see, speak to, talk to
You ought to consult an inde-
pendent legal adviser.
• ADVISER
+
VERB advise sb/sth
• PREP. -on
an adviser on environmental issues
-fo
She
acts as an adviser to thepresident.
advocate
noun
1 sb who supports sth
• ADJ. ardent, enthusiastic, firm, great, outspoken,
powerful, staunch, strong
She's a staunch advocate of
free trade.
I
chief,leading, main, principal
• PREP. -for
He is one of the leading adoocatesfor a more
modern style of worship.
-of
an advocate ofpacifism
2

+
AEROPLANE fly in, go in, travel in
I'ue never
flown in an aeroplane.
I
fly, pilot
• AEROPLANE + VERB fly
aeroplanes flying overhead
I
take off
I
come down, land
I
crash
I
carry sb/sth
The
aeroplane was carrying 350people.
• PREP. in a/the -
flying in an aeroplane
on a/the -
The
president was never on the aeroplane at all.
qSeePLANE
affair
noun
1
event/situation
• ADJ. whole
She saw the whole affair as a great joke.

2 sexual relationship
• ADJ.
brief, casual
I
clandestine, secret
I
adulterous,
extramarital
I
passionate, torrid
I
unhappy
I
love
a
torrid love affair
• VERB
+
AFFAIR
carry on, conduct, have
He's having
an affair with a colleague.
• AFFAIR
+
VERB
go on
How long has the affair been
going on?
• PREP. -
between

• VERB + AFFAIRS
administer, arrange, attend to,
conduct, manage, run
I am trying to arrange my father's
financial affairs.
I
settle, wind up
I
interfere in, meddle
in
• PHRASES
affairs of state
The Cabinet will be discuss-
ing certain affairs of state.
put/set your affairs in order
I
want to put my affairs in order before I die.
a state of af-
fairs
the current state of affairs in schoools
affect
verb
1 influence
• ADY. greatly, materially, radically, significantly, very
much
I
barely, hardly, not unduly
Sales did not seem un-
duly affected.
I

play, express, give sb, show (sb)
I
get, receive I crave,
need, want
Hejust wants a bit of affection.
I gain, win
She
had tried hard to win his affection.
I
alienate
• PREP.
with -
He'll be remembered with genuine affec-
tion.
I
-jor
I have a deep affection for his mother.
-to/to-
wards
The teacher showed affection towards all her
pupils.
• PHRASES
a display of affection
I don't go infor public
displays of affection.
a feeling of affection
astrongfeeling
of affection,
love and affection
I yearn for the love and af-

Many girls do show an affinity for craft skills. -
to-
wards
Jofeels a great affinity towards Pamela. -
with
an
affinity with animals
2 similar quality in two or more people/things
• ADJ.
close, great
• QUANT.
degree, level
• VERB
+
AFFINITY
have
A house design should have
some affinity with the surrounding architecture.
I show
In his poems he showed some affinity with Coleridge.
• PREP. -
between
There is a close affinity between these
two species.
-with
an affinity with earlier poets
afflict
verb
• ADV.
badly, severely

-to
This remark caused atfront to many people.
afloat
adj.
1floating on water
• VERBS
be
I
remain, stay
I
set sth
The chitdren set
their new boat afloat on the lake.
I
keep sth
struggling to
keep the vessel afloat
2 able to survive financially
• VERBS
keep, stay
He is struggling to keep afloat after a
series of emotional and health problems.
I keep sth
They
had to sell their assets to keep the business afloat.
afraid
adj.
• VERBS
be, feel, look, seem
I

• PHRASES
nothing to be afraid of
Don't worry. There's
nothing to be afraid of
aftermath
noun
• ADJ.
immediate
The president visited the region in the
immediate aftermath of the disaster.
• VERB + AFTERMATH
cope with, deal with
How doesa
country cope with the aftermath of war?
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• PREP. in the - of
Hefirst took office in the aftermath of
the civil war.
afternoon noun
• ADJ. this, tomorrow, yesterday' Friday, Saturday,
etc. , early, late' April, May, etc. , spring, summer,
etc. 'long
the long sunny afternoons'
golden, hot,
sunny, warm' grey, rainy, wet
• VERB
+
AFTERNOON spend We
spent the afternoon
sitting by the pool.

middle
apleasant woman in
early middle age
I
childbearing, pensionable, retire-
ment, school, school-leaving, voting, working
children
of school age
• VERB
+
AGE attain, get to, live to, reach
Whenyouget
to my age you get a different perspective on life.
0
She lived
to the age of
75. , feel, look
She was beginning tofeel her
age
(=
feel that she was getting old). , lower, raise
The
voting age was loweredfram 21 to 1Byears.
• AGE
+
NOUN group, range' limit
• PREP. at a/the-
At your age.I had already started work.
between the -s
children between the ages -offive and

<=>
SeeOLDAGE
2 period of history
• ADJ. another, different
This exquisite little hotel
seemed to belong to a different age. ,
Elizabethan, Victor-
ian, etc. , Bronze, Ice, Stone' computer, modern, nu-
clear, etc. , golden
the golden age of cinema
• PREP. during the -
He lived during the Elizabethan
age.
in a/the -
In an age when few women became polit-
icians, her career was unusual.
through the -s
an exhib-
ition of spinning through the ages'
-of
the age of wireless
communication
• PHRASES in this day and age
(=
in the period we now
live in)
Why dress soformally in this day and age?
3
ages/an age a very long time
• VERB

agency noun
• ADJ. official' federal, government, public, state'
UN
I
external, independent, outside' commercial, pri-
vate , voluntary' international, local
I
multilateral
I
adoption, advertising, aid, dating, employment, estate,
intelligence, marketing, news, press, recruitment, relief,
research, travel, etc. , appropriate
Details of the prob-
lem will be logged by the Help Desk staff who will then con-
tact the appropriate agency.
• PREP. through an/the -
He managed to find a job
through an agency.
<=>
Note at ORGANIZATION(for verbs)
agenda noun
• ADJ. agreed' clear
A clear agenda will win votes in
the next election.
I
five-point, etc.
An 18-pointagenda was
drawn upfor the meeting.
I
hidden, secret

move sth from, take sth off
The question of pay had been
left off the agenda. ,
circulate
A copy of the agenda is cir-
culated todelegates a month before the conference.
• AGENDA
+
NOUN item
• PREP. on a/the-
Safety at work is on the agendafor next
month's meeting.
off the -
(figurative) An expensive holi-
day is definitely off the agenda this year
(=
not sth we can
consider). , -for We
have an agreed agenda for action.
• PHRASES firmly/high on the agenda
In our company,
quality is high on the agenda.
an item/a point on the
agenda, next on the agenda
Next on the agenda is decid-
ing where we're going to live.
top of the agenda
Improv-
ing trade between the two countries will be top of the
agenda at the talks.

I
federal, govern-
ment , secret, undercover
I
double
As a double agent,
he uiorkedfor theAmericans and the Russians.
• VERB
+
AGENT work as
3
person/thing that has an effect
• ADJ. chief, main, primary, prime, principal , effective
I
human
I
moral, rational , free
I told him Icouldn't stop
him, he was atree agent.
• PREP. -for
The charity is an agentfor social change.
• PHRASES an agentfor/of change
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aggravate
aggravate
verb
• ADV.
greatly, seriously, severely
Their negative reac-
tions have greatly aggravated the situation.

I
military, police
• QUANT.
act
Acts of aggression against local shop
owners should bereported to the police.
• VERB
+
AGGRESSION
display, express, show
the
brutality and aggression displayed by the soldiers
I
chan-
nel, direct
He managed to channel his aggression into
sport. I
control
I
release
I
encourage
Do toy guns en-
courage aggression?
• PREP. -
against, - by
Aggression by one nationality
against another often leads to war.
towards
It showed no

extremely, highly, very
the company's highly ag-
gressive marketing techniques
I
fairly, somewhat
aggrieved
adj.
• VERBS
be, feel, look, sound
• ADV.
deeply, much, very
I
rather, slightly, somewhat
• PREP.
at
James was rather aggrieved at Cameron. by
The villagers felt deeply aggrieved by the closing of the
railway station.
agility
noun
• ADJ.
considerable, great, surprising
I
mental, phys-
ical
I admired his considerable mental agility.
• VERB
+
AGILITY
have

• PHRASES
in an agitated state
By now he was in a very
agitated state.
agitation
noun
1worry/excitement
• ADJ.
acute, considerable, extreme, great
• VERB
+
AGITATION
show
trying not to show her agi-
tation
I
conceal, hide
He could not hide his agitation.
• PREP.
in sb's -
He knocked his glass over in his agita-
tion. with - She was wriggling on the seat with agitation.
• PHRASES
a feeling/state of agitation
16
2 public protest
• ADJ.
growing
I
mass, popular, public

death
The little creature
squirmed in its death agonies.
• VERB + AGONY
endure, go through, suffer
He en-
dured agonies of loneliness and misery.
<>
They went
through agony in the search for their missing relatives ..
I
cause, inflict
She was causing David a great deal of
agony.
I prolong
Don't prolong the agony-just tell me
the result!
I
groan in, scream in
I
be contorted in,
writhe in
Hisface was contorted in agony
as
he tried to lift
himself out of the chair.
• PREP.
in-
The soldier died in agony.
in an-of

I'm
inclined
toagree there's nothing we can do.
• PREP.
about
We don't always agree about everything.
on/upon
Are weall agreed on this?with Doyou agree with
me that the scheme won't work?
• PHRASES
I couldn't agree more
I couldn't agree more
with what has just been said.
I quite agree, I'm sure you
will agree
I'm
sure you'll agree that this issue is vitally im-
portant to the success of the company.
2say yes
• ADV.
voluntarily
I
readily
She suggested a walk in the
open air and he readily agreed.
I
grudgingly, reluctantly
I
kindly
Edith Harlow has kindly agreed to help.

wards mutually agreed goals
internationally/nationally
agreed
nationally agreed guidelines
agreeable
adj.
1 pleasant
• VERBS
be, look, sound
It all sounds very agreeable.
I
find sb/sth
Hefinds her very agreeable.
I
make yourself
She did her best to make herself agreeable.
highly, most,
particularly, very
It was a most agreeable evening.
I
quite
• ADV mutually
We tried to negotiate a mutually agree-
able solution.
2willing to accept/do sth
• VERBS
be
• ADV.
perfectly, quite
• PREP.

+
AGREEMENT
negotiate, work towards
We
are working towards aformal ceasefire agreement.
I
con-
clude, enter into, reach, sign
After hours of talks the gov-
ernment and the union have reached an agreement.
I
have
We have an agreement to always tell each other the
truth about everything.
I
be bound by
We signed the
agreement
so
we are now bound by it.
I
adhere to, hon-
our, keep to, stick to
You have not kept to our agreement.
I
break, go back on, renege on, violate
Some employers
reneged on agreements once the recession set in.
• PREP.
in an/the -

arrive at, come to, reach [
am
hopeful that we can come to an agreement.
0
The two sides
failed toreach agreement.
I
nod
He nodded his agreement.
I get
Wewill need toget the agreement of the local council.
• PREP. by - The separation is by mutual agreement.
in-
I think we are all in agreement that prices should be kept
low.
in - with
I am in agreement with you that she should
be given more responsibilities.
with -
With the agreement
of all members of the club, we decided to organize a trip.
I
- among
There is agreement among teachers that changes
need to be made. -
between
As yet there is no agreement be-
tween the two sides. - on As yet there is no agreement on
policies.
cc>

emergency
I
humanitarian
I
cash, develop-
ment, economic, financial, food, legal, medical, military,
relief
Legal aid
(=
government money for legal advice)
is
a fundamental part of our system of justice.
I federal,
government, state I bilateral, external, foreign, inter-
national, overseas
The country relies onforeigri aid
• VERB + AID
appeal for, call for
The country's presi-
dent has appealed for international aid in the wake of the
disaster.
I
extend, give (sb), grant (sb), provide (sb
with), send (sb)
I
get, receive
I
depend on, rely on
I
promise

with/without the - of
She is now able to walk with the aid
of a stick.
3 person/thing that helps
• ADJ.
effective, essential, excellent, important, useful,
valuable
I
classroom, teaching, training
I
audio-
visual, computer, visual
I
hearing, walking
I
memory
I
buoyancy
• PREP. -
to
essential aids to learning
cc>
See
FIRST AID
aide
noun
• ADJ.
close, trusted
one of the prime minister's closest
aides

I
diagnose
• AIDS + NOUN
patient, sufferer, victim
I
virus
• PHRASES
the spread of Aids
a worldwide campaign to
prevent the spread of Aids
cc>
Special page at
ILLNESS
ailment
noun
• ADJ.
common, minor, trivial I chronic, serious ,.
childhood I physical I chest, heart, stomach
• VERB
+
AILMENT
be afflicted with, get, have, suffer
from
I got all the usual childhood ailments.
I cure, treat I
cause
aim
noun
1purpose/ goal
• ADJ.

other accident never happens.
I
immediate, initial
I
ori-
ginal I eventual, ultimate
His ultimate aim was to force
the prime minister to resign.
I
long-term, short-term
I
avowed, declared, express/expressed, stated
The ex-
press aim of the treaty is to keep the whole regionfreefrom.
nuclear weapons.
I war I policy/political, strategic
• VERB + AIM
have
I
set youself
I
achieve, fulfil
You
will have to work hard to achieve your aim.
I
further, pur-
sue
They were intent onfurthering their aims.
0
The coun-

She's aiming at a scholarship this year.
0
The
initiative is aimed at helping young people. for He is aim-
ingfor a win in this race.
• PHRASES
aim high (~
to attempt to achieve a lot)
a
young man who isprepared to aim high
2 intendsth for sb
• ADV.
clearly, directly, squarely
I
largely, mainly,
mostly, primarily, principally
I
particularly, specifically
• PHRASES
be aimed at educational courses aimed par-
ticularly at older people
3 poinlldirect sth at sb
• ADV.
directly, straight
I
deliberately
• PREP.
at She aimed the gun straight at the intruder. for
Aimtor his legs, not his body.
air

night
Musicfilled the night air.
• QUANT.
blast, gust Wefelt a blast of cold air as she
opened the door. I current warm currents of air I breath
He drew in another breath of air.
• VERB
+
AIR
breathe (in), gulp in, suck in Land crabs
breathe air and cannot swim.
0
She gulped in the fresh
mountain air.
I
fightfor, gasp for She was gasping for air
as she ran out of the burning house. I smell, sniff The dog
stretched and sniffed the air. I fill, hang in The tang of
some wild herb hung in the air.
• AIR
+
VERB
blow, rise, waft The cool night air wafted
in the open windows.
• AIR
+
NOUN
pollution I quality equipment to moni-
tor air quality
I

• VERB
+
AIR
have, retain You have an air of authority.
I add, bring, give (sth) A stone balcony gives the building
an air of elegance.
• PREP
with an/the - He leaned towards Melissa with an
air of great confidentiality.
I -
of
air
verb
• ADV
in public, openly, publicly The issues were openly
aired and discussed by the group.
aircraft
noun
• ADJ.
fixed-wing, jet, light, low-flying, microlight,
supersonic attacks by helicopters andfixed-uiing aircraft
I cargo, civil/civilian, commercial, passenger, private
I
combat, fighter, military, reconnaissance, surveillance,
18
transport
I
enemy
I
burning, crashed, damaged,

I
attack
sth,
bombsth
• AIRCRAFT
+
NOUN
industry
I
production
I
manu-
facturer
I
engine, parts
I
engineer I hangar I noise
He
claimed that aircraft noise was the uiorstform of air pollu-
tion in London.
I
wreckage
airline
noun
• ADJ.
big, large, major
I
domestic, international, na-
tional
I

domestic,
international, local, regional
I
civilian, military
• VERB
+
AIRPORT
depart from, fly from, take off from
We will fly from Chicago's Q'Hare airport.
I
arrive at,
land at, touch down at The plane touched down at Glas-
gow airport just before midday.
I
pass through, use
• AIRPORT
+
NOUN
building, terminal
I
lounge
I
se-
curity I hotel
• PREP.
at an/the - waiting at the airport
airspace
noun
• ADJ.
controlled, restricted

adj. akin to sth
• VERBS
be
• ADV.
closely This game is closely akin to rugby.
I
somewhat A balalaika is an instrument somewhat akin
to a guitar.
• PHRASES
something akin to sth She was wearing
something akin to apineapple on her head.
alarm
noun
1fear/worry
• ADJ.
considerable, great
I
growing
I
sudden
I
pub-
lic There isgrousing public alarm at this increase in crime.
I unnecessary
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.
• VERB
+
ALARM
cause, create, provoke
The head

The fire service was called out, but it was a
false alarm.
• VERB
+
ALARM
give, raise, sound
The guard raised
the alarm when he discovered that six prisoners had es-
caped.
• ALARM + NOUN
call
Many birds give alarm calls to
warn of danger.
3 device
• ADJ.
fire, smoke I burglar, intruder, security I car I
personal, rape
Lizzie was carrying a rape alarm but it
was out of reach In her handbag.
I
radio
• VERB + ALARM
sell
set my alarm for 6.30.
I
activate,
set off, trigger
Unfortunately any little noise can set off the
alarm.
I switch off, turn off I be fitted with

I
faintly, a little, quite, rather, slightly
I
(not) unduly
The government is not unduly alarmed by
these figures.
• PREP.
at
She was alarmed at the prospect of travelling
alone.
by
I was slightly alarmed by what Susan told me.
• PHRASES
nothing to be alarmed about
The doctors
have decided to keep him in hospital overnight but there is
nothing to be alarmed about.
alarming
adj.
• VERBS
be, seem
I
find sth
Tfind the prospect of being
without work extremely alarming
• ADV
extremely, particularly, very
I
faintly, a little,
quite, rather, slightly

His latest album comes out
in the spring
• ALBUM + NOUN
chart
19
alert
alcohol
noun
• ADJ.
excess/excessive
the dangers of excessive alcohol
I
pure
Is it possiblefor cars to run on pure alcohol?
• QUANT.
drop, unit
You need to be careful how many
units of alcohol you drink in a week.
I
level
The driver
had more than the permitted level of alcohol in his blood.
• VERB + ALCOHOL
consume, drink
I
avoid, keep off,
not touch, stay off
I haven't touched a drop of alcoholfor
three weeks.
I

• VERB
+
ALCOHOLIC
become, turn into
Howe was
turning into an alcoholic because of the stress of his job.
• ALCOHOLIC
+
VERB
dry out, recover
I don't think an
alcoholic can dry out without proper medical help.
alcoholism
noun
• ADJ.
chronic
• VERB
+
ALCOHOLISM
suffer from
Three people in the
family suffer from alcoholism.
I combat, treat
~ Special pageat
ILLNESS
ale
noun
• ADJ.
fine, good
This pub specializes in fine ales.

I
nationwide
I
bomb, fire,
flood, pollution, security
A security alert was issued after
four men escaped from the prison.
• VERB + ALERT
issue, put out, raise, sound
They
rang the church bells to sound the alert and the villagers
then fled.
I
spark, trigger I call off
The alert was called
ojJwhen it
uias
found that the bomb was not live.
• ALERT
+
VERB
go out
A nationwide alert toent out for
three escaped prisoners.
• PREP.
on the-
I
-for
You should always bean the alert
for anyone who looks suspicious.