Cisco Press
201 W 103rd Street
Indianapolis, IN 46290

Cisco CCNP Switching Exam
Certification Guide

Tim Boyles and Dave Hucaby, CCIE #4594

ii

Cisco CCNP Switching Exam Certification Guide

Tim Boyles and David Hucaby
Copyright © 2001 Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco Press logo is a trademark of Cisco Systems, Inc.
Published by:
Cisco Press
201 West 103rd Street
Indianapolis, IN 46290 USA
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written per-
mission from the publisher, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review.
Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 03 02 01 00
1st Printing November 2000
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Number: 00-105170
ISBN: 1-58720-000-7

Warning and Disclaimer


Managing Editor Patrick Kanouse
Development Editor Christopher Cleveland
Copy Editor Chuck Gose
Technical Editors Stephen Daleo, Anthony Kwan, Chris Paggen, Casimir Sammanasu
Team Coordinator Tammi Ross
Book Designer Gina Rexrode
Cover Designer Louisa Klucznik
Compositor Octal Publishing, Inc.
Proofreaders Dayna Isley
Sarah Cisco
Shannon Martin
Indexer Larry Sweazy

iv

About the Authors

Tim Boyles

is the Director of Network Architecture for @Link Networks, a national CLEC which specializes in broad-
band data and communications solutions for small- and medium-sized businesses. Prior to that he worked as a Senior
Consultant at Lucent Networkcare, formerly known as INS, where he was responsible for the design and implementa-
tion of large switch-based networks as well as multiple service provider projects. Tim has been in the networking busi-
ness for 16 years with multiple vendor certifications, including CCNP. He holds an engineering undergraduate degree
from the University of Missouri-Rolla and an MBA from California State University. Tim is a
co-author of the

CLSC Exam Certification Guide

.

of large-scale IP and multiprotocol enterprise networks, with a specialization in campus, local-area, and metropolitan-
area networks. He holds a B.S. in Computer Science from IESSL (Liege, Belgium) and an M.S. in Economics from Uni-
versité de Mons (Belgium).

Casimir Sammanasu

is a Program Manager with Cisco Systems, Inc., and holds an M.S. Computer Science degree
from DePaul University, Chicago, and an MBA degree from the University of Dallas. Casimir has developed LAN
switching courses at Cisco in the past and is presently responsible for Cisco IOS curriculum that includes advanced
technologies such as QoS, Multicast, Security, and VPN.

v

Dedications

Tim Boyles

—Glory and thanks be to God for giving me the talent and for sustaining me when the going gets tough. To
my wife, René, for putting up with the late nights and weekends. To my children, Andrew and Alyssa, for allowing me to
take some time out of their schedule to finish the project. (Although they think it’s pretty cool to see their old man in
print!)
In memory of my daughter Ashley, who sees all things from the heavens.
“The heavens declare the glory of God; the skies proclaim the work of his hands.”—Psalms 19:1

Dave Hucaby

—First, my thanks to Jesus Christ, my Lord and my best, best friend. Networking is great, but the abun-
dant life you give is too wonderful! Thanks to my wife and best friend, Marci, for her love and support in everything I
do. I’m also grateful to her for encouraging me to return for the second day of the CCIE lab, when I was ready to pack
up and go home early. I’m glad I listened to her! Thanks to my girls—Lauren for encouraging me to play with her and


real

switching book,

Cisco LAN Switching

. The more I’m exposed to other networking folks, the more I realize how little I know.

vii

Contents at a Glance

Introduction xxiii

Chapter 1

All About the Cisco Certified Network Professional and Design Professional
Certification 3

Chapter 2

Campus Network Design Models 15

Chapter 3

Basic Switch and Port Configuration 65

Chapter 4


Chapter 12

Controlling Access in the Campus Environment 393

Chapter 13

Monitoring and Troubleshooting 425

Chapter 14

Scenarios for Final Preparation 463

Appendix A

Answers to the “Do I Know This Already?” Quizzes and Q&A Sections 477

Index

529

viii

Contents

Introduction xxiii
Goals and Methods xxiii
Who Should Read This Book? xxiii
Strategies for Exam Preparation xxiv
How This Book Is Organized xxiv
Approach xxvi

Switching Functionality 20
Layer 2 Switching 20
Layer 3 Routing 21
Layer 3 Switching 22

ix

Layer 4 Switching 22
Multilayer Switching (MLS) 23
Campus Network Models 23
Shared Network Model 24
LAN Segmentation Model 25
Network Traffic Models 28
Predictable Network Model 30
Hierarchical Network Design 30
Access Layer 31
Distribution Layer 31
The Core Layer 32
Cisco Products in the Hierarchical Design 32
Access Layer Switches 33
Distribution Layer Switches 34
Core Layer Switches 36
Product Summary 37
Modular Network Design 39
The Switch Block 40
Sizing a Switch Block 41
The Core Block 43
Collapsed Core 44
Dual Core 45
Core Size in a Campus Network 46

Fast Ethernet 71
Full-Duplex Fast Ethernet 72
Gigabit Ethernet 73
Desktop Connectivity with Token Ring 74
Token Ring Bridging 75
Connecting Switches 77
Console Port Cables/Connectors 77
Ethernet Port Cables/Connectors 77
Gigabit Ethernet Port Cables/Connectors 78
Token Ring Port Cables/Connectors 79
Switch Management 80
Identifying the Switch 80
Setting the Hostname/System Name on an IOS-Based Switch 80
Setting the Hostname/System Name on a CLI-Based Switch 80
Passwords and User Access 81
Setting Login Passwords on an IOS-Based Switch 81
Setting Login Passwords on a CLI-Based Switch 81
Remote Access 82
Enabling Remote Access on an IOS-Based Switch 82
Enabling Remote Access on a CLI-Based Switch 82
Communicating Between Switches 83
Cisco Discovery Protocol 83
Switch Clustering and Stacking 85
Switch Port Configuration 86
Identifying Ports 86
Assigning a Port Description on an IOS-Based Switch 86
Assigning a Port Description on a CLI-Based Switch 86
Port Speed 86
Assigning Port Speed on an IOS-Based Switch 87
Assigning Port Speed on an CLI-Based Switch 87

Inter-Switch Link Protocol 109
IEEE 802.1Q Protocol 109
LAN Emulation (LANE) 111
IEEE 802.10 111
Dynamic Trunking Protocol 111
VLAN Trunk Configuration 111
VLAN Trunk Configuration on an IOS-Based Switch 112
VLAN Trunk Configuration on a CLI-Based Switch 112
VLAN Trunking Protocol 114
VTP Domains 114
VTP Modes 115
VTP Advertisements 115
VTP Configuration 119
Configuring a VTP Management Domain 119
Configuring a VTP Management Domain on an IOS-Based Switch 119
Configuring a VTP Management Domain on a CLI-Based Switch 119
Configuring the VTP Mode 119
Configuring the VTP Mode on an IOS-Based Switch 120
Configuring the VTP Mode on a CLI-Based Switch 120
Configuring the VTP Version 120

xii

Configuring the VTP Version on an IOS-Based Switch 121
Configuring the VTP Version on a CLI-Based Switch 122
VTP Status 122
VTP Pruning 123
Enabling VTP Pruning on an IOS-Based Switch 125
Enabling VTP Pruning on a CLI-Based Switch 125
Token Ring VLANs 126

Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP) 153
EtherChannel Configuration 154
EtherChannel Configuration on a CLI-Based Switch 155
EtherChannel Configuration on an IOS-Based Switch 155
Displaying EtherChannel Configuration 155
Spanning-Tree Protocol 156
Bridging Loops 156
Preventing Loops with Spanning-Tree Protocol 159

xiii

Spanning-Tree Communication: Bridge Protocol Data Units 160
Electing a Root Bridge 161
Electing Root Ports 163
Electing Designated Ports 165
STP States 168
STP Timers 170
Topology Changes 171
Spanning-Tree Design 172
Types of STP 172
Common Spanning Tree (CST) 172
Per-VLAN Spanning Tree (PVST) 172
Per-VLAN Spanning Tree Plus (PVST+) 173
STP Configuration 173
Root Bridge Placement 174
Root Bridge Configuration 178
Spanning-Tree Customization 179
Tuning the Root Path Cost 180
Tuning the Port ID 181
Viewing STP Status 182


VPI/VCI Addresses 212
NSAP Addresses 212
Inherent ATM Protocols 213
LAN Emulation (LANE) 213
LANE Components 213
LANE Operation 216
Step 1: Contacting the LECS 216
Step 2: Contacting the LES 216
Step 3: Contacting the BUS 217
Step 4: Communicating Between LECs 217
Address Resolution 218
Address Resolution Scenario 1: Using IP ARP to Resolve MAC Addresses 218
Address Resolution Scenario 2: Using LE_ARP to Resolve NSAP Addresses 218
Design of LANE Components 219
LANE Component Placement 219
LANE Component Redundancy (SSRP) 220
LANE Configuration 220
Configuring the LES and BUS 223
Configuring the LECS 223
Configuring Each LEC 224
Viewing the LANE Configuration 224
Viewing Default NSAP Addresses 224
Viewing LES Status 225
Viewing BUS Status 225
Viewing the LECS Database 226
Viewing LEC Status 226

Foundation Summary 228
Q&A 231

Establishing VLAN Connectivity with Trunk Links 252
Establishing VLAN Connectivity with LANE 253
Establishing VLAN Connectivity with Integrated Routing Processors 254
Configure Routing Processes 254
Additional InterVLAN Routing Configurations 255

Foundation Summary 257
Q&A 259

Chapter 8

Multilayer Switching 265

How to Best Use This Chapter 265
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 266

Foundation Topics 269

Overview of Multilayer Switching 269
Multilayer Switching Components 270
MLS-RP Advertisements 271
Hello Messages 271
XTAGs 271
MLS Caching 272
Disabling MLS 274
Configuring Multilayer Switching 275
Displaying VTP Domain Information 277
Enabling MLS 278
VTP Domain Issues 279
MLS Management Interface 279

include Command (Question 7) 299
Scenario 8-2 Answers 299

Chapter 9

Overview of Hot Standby Router Protocol 301

How to Best Use This Chapter 301
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 302

Foundation Topics 306

HSRP Overview 306
Issues with Traditional Methods 306
Default Gateways 306
Proxy ARP 307
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) 308
ICMP Router Discovery Protocol (IRDP) 308
Hot Standby Router Protocol 309
HSRP Group Members 310
Addressing HSRP Groups Across ISL Links 311
Multiple HSRP Groups 312
HSRP Operations 313
Active Router 313
Locating the Virtual Router MAC Address 313
Active and Standby Router Behavior 314

xvii

Anatomy of an HSRP Message 315

Unicast Traffic 338
Broadcast Traffic 340
Multicast Traffic 341
Characteristics of Multicast Traffic 342
Multicast Addressing 343
Multicast Address Structure 343
Mapping IP Multicast Addresses to Ethernet 344
Managing Multicast Traffic 345
Subscribing and Maintaining Groups 346
IGMP Version 1 347
Joining a Group Using IGMP Version 1 347
General Queries Using IGMP Version 1 348
Membership Queries Using IGMP Version 1 348
Leaving a Group Using IGMP Version 1 348
IGMP Version 2 349

xviii

Joining a Group Using IGMP v2 350
Querier Election Using IGMPv2 350
Maintaining a Group Using IGMPv2 352
Leaving a Group Using IGMPv2 352
Switching Multicast Traffic Using CGMP 353
Routing Multicast Traffic 354
Distribution Trees 355
Source-Specific Distribution Trees 355
Shared Distribution Trees 356
Scope of Delivery 357
Multicast Routing Protocols 358
Dense Mode Routing Protocols 358

Auto-RP 378
Configuring Time-To-Live 381
Debugging Multicast 381

xix

Configuring Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) 382
Configuring Cisco Group Management Protocol (CGMP) 383
Configuring CGMP Leave 384

Foundation Summary 385
Q&A 386
Scenarios 389

Scenario 11-1 389

Scenarios Answers 390

Scenario 11-1 Answers 390

Chapter 12

Controlling Access in the Campus Environment 393

How to Best Use This Chapter 393
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 394

Foundation Topics 398

Access Policies 398


Foundation Summary 416
Q&A 417
Scenarios 420

Scenario 12-1 420
Scenario 12-2 421

Scenarios Answers 422

Scenario 12-1 Answers 422
Scenario 12-2 Answers 422

Chapter 13

Monitoring and Troubleshooting 425

How to Best Use This Chapter 425
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 426

Foundation Topics 430

Monitoring Cisco Switches 430
Out-of-Band Management 430
Console Port Connection 430
Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) 432
In-Band Management 433
SNMP 434
Telnet Client Access 438
Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) 439

Chapter 14

Scenarios for Final Preparation 463

Scenario 14-1 463
Scenario 14-2 465
Scenario 14-3 467

Scenarios Answers 469

Scenario 14-1 Answers 469
Scenario 14-2 Answers 471
Scenario 14-3 Answers 472

Appendix A

Answers to the “Do I Know This Already?” Quizzes and Q&A Sections 477

Index

529


I

NTRODUCTION
Professional certifications have been an important part of the computing industry for many years and
will continue to become more important. Many reasons exist for these certifications, but the most popu-
larly cited reason is that of credibility. All other considerations held equal, the certified employee/con-
sultant/job candidate is considered more valuable than one who is not.

about continuing the learning process and that you’re not content to rest on your laurels. To please your
reseller-employer, who needs more certified employees for a higher discount from Cisco. Or one of many
other reasons.
Strategies for Exam Preparation
The strategy you use for CCNP Switching might be slightly different than strategies used by other readers,
mainly based on the skills, knowledge, and experience you already have obtained. For instance, if you have
attended the BCMSN course, then you might take a different approach than someone who learned switching
via on-the-job training. Chapter 1, “All About the Cisco Certified Network Professional and Design
Professional Certification,” includes a strategy that should closely match your background.
Regardless of the strategy you use or the background you have, the book is designed to help you get to the
point where you can pass the exam with the least amount of time required. For instance, there is no need for
you to practice or read about IP addressing and subnetting if you fully understand it already. However, many
people like to make sure that they truly know a topioc and thus read over material that they already know.
Several book features will help you gain the confidence that you need to be convinced that you know some
material already and to also help you know what topics you need to study more.
How This Book Is Organized
Although this book could be read cover-to-cover, it is designed to be flexible and allow you to easily move
between chapters and sections of chapters to cover just the material that you need more work with. Chapter
1 provides an overview of the CCNP and CCDP certifications and offers some strategies for how to prepare
for the exams. Chapters 2 through 13 are the core chapters and can be covered in any order. If you do intend
to read them all, the order in the book is an excellent sequence to use. Chapter 14, “Scenarios for Final
Preparation,” provides many scenarios that will help you review and refine your knowledge, without giving
you a false sense of preparedness that you would get with simply reviewing a set of multiple-choice
questions.
The core chapters, Chapters 2 through 13, cover the following topics:
• Chapter 2, “Campus Network Design Models”—The role of switches as they apply to the OSI model
are discussed here, as well as the design of the campus network using switches and routers. A three
layer hierarchical model is also discussed in addition to the various Cisco products used in such a
design.
• Chapter 3, “Basic Switch and Port Configuration”—This chapter covers the Ethernet, Fast Ethernet,

10.
• Chapter 12, “Controlling Access in the Campus Environment”—This chapter covers the definition
of access policies, as well as basic security configurations of routers and swtiches. Also discussed are
the different layers of the switch block and what policies should cover at each layer.
• Chapter 13, “Monitoring and Troubleshooting”—This chapter discusses a general model for
troubleshooting, in addition to methods of monitoring and troubleshooting and the commands
associated with each.
Additional scenarios in Chapter 14 provide a method of final preparation with more questions and exercises.
Example test questions and the testing engine on the CD allow simulated exams for final practice.
Each of these chapters uses several features to help you make best use of your time in that chapter. The
featrues are as follows:
• “Do I Know This Already?” Quizzes and Quizlets—Each chapter begins with a quiz that helps you
determine the amount of time you need to spend studying that chapter. The quiz is broken into
subdivisions, called “quizlets,” that correspond to a section of the chapter. Following the directions at
the beginning of each chapter, the “Do I Know This Already?” quiz will direct you to study all or
particular parts of the chapter.