Encyclopedia of
Multimedia
Technology and
Networking
Margherita Pagani
I-LAB Centre for Research on the Digital Economy,
Bocconi University, Italy
Hershey  London  Melbourne  Singapore
IDEA GROUP REFERENCE
Acquisitions Editor: Renée Davies
Development Editor: Kristin Roth
Senior Managing Editor: Amanda Appicello
Managing Editor: Jennifer Neidig
Copy Editors: Julie LeBlanc, Shanelle Ramelb, Sue VanderHook and Jennifer Young
Typesetters: Diane Huskinson, Sara Reed and Larissa Zearfoss
Support Staff: Michelle Potter
Cover Design: Lisa Tosheff
Printed at: Yurchak Printing Inc.
Published in the United States of America by
Idea Group Reference (an imprint of Idea Group Inc.)
701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200
Hershey PA 17033
Tel: 717-533-8845
Fax: 717-533-8661
E-mail: [email protected]
Web site: http://www.idea-group-ref.com
and in the United Kingdom by
Idea Group Reference (an imprint of Idea Group Inc.)
3 Henrietta Street
Covent Garden

Enrico Valdani, Bocconi University, Italy
List of Contributors
Ahmed, Ansary / Open University of Malaysia, Malaysia
Ajiferuke, Isola / University of Western Ontario, Canada
Akhtar, Shakil / United Arab Emirates University, UAE
Ally, Mohamed / Athabasca University, Canada
Angehrn, Albert A. / Center for Advanced Learning Technologies, INSEAD, France
Angelides, Marios C. / Brunel University, UK
Arbore, Alessandro / Bocconi University, Italy
Auld, Jonathan M. / NovAtel Inc., Canada
Baralou, Evangelia / University of Sterling, Scotland
Barolli, Leonard / Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Japan
Benrud, Erik / American University, USA
Bhattacharya, Sunand / ITT Educational Services, Inc., USA
Bignall, Robert J. / Monash University, Australia
Bradley, Randy V. / Troy University, USA
Buche, Mari W. / Michigan Technological University, USA
Butcher-Powell, Loreen Marie / Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, USA
Cannell, Jeremy C. / Gannon University, USA
Cardoso, Rui C. / Universidade de Beira Interior, Portugal
Cavallaro, Andrea / Queen Mary, University of London, UK
Chakrobartty, Shuvro / Minnesota State University, USA
Chan, Tom S. / Southern New Hampshire University, USA
Chbeir, Richard / University of Bourgogne, France
Chen, Jeanne / HungKuang University, Taiwan
Chen, Kuanchin / Western Michigan University, USA
Chen, Tung-Shou / National Taichung Institute of Technology, Taiwan
Cheng, Meng-Wen / National Taichung Institute of Technology, Taiwan
Chochcliouros, Ioannis P. / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (OTE), Greece
Cirrincione, Armando / SDA Bocconi School of Management, Italy

Grahn, Kaj J. / Arcada Polytechnic, Finland
Grover, Akshay / Brigham Young University, USA
Guan, Sheng-Uei / National University of Singapore, Singapore
Gupta, P. / Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
Gur
ã
u, C
ã
lin / Centre d’Études et de Recherche sur les Organisations et la Management (CEROM),
France
Gutiérrez, Jairo A. / The University of Auckland, New Zealand
Hackbarth, Klaus D. / University of Cantabria, Spain
Hagenhoff, Svenja / Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany
Handzic, Meliha / Sarajevo School of Science and Technology, BiH, Croatia
Hentea, Mariana / Southwestern Oklahoma State University, USA
Heywood, Malcolm I. / Dalhousie University, Canada
Hin, Leo Tan Wee / Singapore National Academy of Science and Nanyang Technological University,
Singapore
Hosszú, Gábor / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Turkey
Hu, Wen-Chen / University of North Dakota, USA
Hughes, Jerald / Baruch College of the City University of New York, USA
Hulicki, Zbigniew / AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
Hurson, Ali R. / The Pennsylvania State University, USA
Iossifides, Athanassios C. / COSMOTE S.A., Greece
Ishaya, Tanko / The University of Hull, UK
Janczewski, Lech J. / The University of Auckland, New Zealand
Joslin, Chris / University of Geneva, Switzerland
Jovanovic-Dolecek, Gordana / INAOE, Mexico
Jung, Jürgen / Uni Duisburg-Essen, Germany
Kacimi, Mouna / University of Bourgogne, France

Lin, Joanne Chia Yi / The University of New South Wales, Australia
Lorenz, Pascal / University of Haute Alsace, France
Louvros, Spiros / COSMOTE S.A., Greece
Lowry, Paul Benjamin / Brigham Young University, USA
Lumsden, Joanna / National Research Council of Canada IIT e-Business, Canada
Luo, Xin / Mississippi State University, USA
Ma, Keh-Jian / National Taichung Institute of Technology, Taiwan
Madsen, Chris / Brigham Young University, USA
Maggioni, Mario A. / Università Cattolica di Milano, Italy
Magnenat-Thalmann, Nadia / University of Geneva, Switzerland
Magni, Massimo / Bocconi University, Italy
Maris, Jo-Mae B. / Northern Arizona University, USA
Markus, Alexander / University of Western Ontario, Canada
Martakos, Drakoulis / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
Mbarika, Victor / Southern University and A&M College, USA
McManus, Patricia / Edith Cowan University, Australia
Melliar-Smith, P. M. / University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
Mills, Annette M. / University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Mitchell, Mark / Brigham Young University, USA
Mohamedally, Dean / City University London, UK
Monteiro, Paulo P. / SIEMENS S.A. and Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
Morabito, Vincenzo / Bocconi University, Italy
Moser, L. E. / University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
Moyes, Aaron / Brigham Young University, USA
Mundy, Darren P. / University of Hull, UK
Murphy, Peter / Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
Nah, Fiona Fui-Hoon / University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA
Nandavadekar, Vilas D. / University of Pune, India
Neveu, Marc / University of Burgundy, France
Ngoh, Lek Heng / Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore

Rotvold, Justin / Techwise Solutions, LLC, USA
Rowe, Neil C. / U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, USA
Roy, Abhijit / Loyola College in Maryland, USA
Ruela, Jose / Faculdade de Engennaria da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), Portugal
Sánchez-Segura, Maria-Isabel / Carlos III Technical University of Madrid, Spain
Sankar, Chetan S. / Auburn University, USA
Schizas, Christos / University of Cyprus, Cyprus
Shankar P., Jaya / Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore
Shepherd, Jill / Simon Fraser University, Canada
Shuaib, Khaled A. / United Arab Emirates University, UAE
Singh, Richa / Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
Singh, Shawren / University of South Africa, South Africa
Sockel, Hy / Youngstown State University, USA
Sofokleous, Anastasis / Brunel University, UK
Sonwalkar, Nishikant / Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
Spiliopoulou-Chochliourou, Anastasia S. / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (OTE),
Greece
St.Amant, Kirk / Texas Tech University, USA
Standing, Craig / Edith Cowan University, Australia
Stephens, Jackson / Brigham Young University, USA
Stern, Tziporah / Baruch College, CUNY, USA
Still, Brian / Texas Tech University, USA
Subramaniam, R. / Singapore National Academy of Science and Nanyang Technological University,
Singapore
Sun, Jun / Texas A&M University, USA
Suraweera, Theekshana / University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Swierzowicz, Janusz / Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Syed, Mahbubur R. / Minnesota State University, USA
Szabados, Anna / Mission College, USA
Tan, Christopher Yew-Gee / University of South Australia, Australia

Zwitserloot, Reinier / Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Contents
by Volume
VOLUME I
Adoption of Communication Products and the Individual Critical Mass / Markus Voeth and Marcus Liehr ....... 1
Affective Computing / Maja Pantic ......................................................................................................................... 8
Agent Frameworks / Reinier Zwitserloot and Maja Pantic .................................................................................... 15
Application of Genetic Algorithms for QoS Routing in Broadband Networks / Leonard Barolli
and Akio Koyama ................................................................................................................................................ 22
Application Service Providers / Vincenzo Morabito and Bernardino Provera ..................................................... 31
Assessing Digital Video Data Similarity / Waleed E. Farag .................................................................................... 36
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line / Leo Tan Wee Hin and R. Subramaniam ....................................................... 42
ATM Technology and E-Learning Initiatives / Marlyn Kemper Littman ............................................................... 49
Biometric Technologies / Mayank Vatsa, Richa Singh, P. Gupta and A.K. Kaushik ............................................ 56
Biometrics Security / Stewart T. Fleming ................................................................................................................. 63
Biometrics, A Critical Consideration in Information Security Management / Paul Benjamin Lowry,
Jackson Stephens, Aaron Moyes, Sean Wilson and Mark Mitchell .................................................................. 69
Broadband Solutions for Residential Customers / Mariana Hentea ....................................................................... 76
Challenges and Perspectives for Web-Based Applications in Organizations / George K. Lalopoulos,
Ioannis P. Chochliouros and Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou-Chochliourou ......................................................... 82
Collaborative Web-Based Learning Community / Percy Kwok Lai-yin and Christopher Tan Yew-Gee ............... 89
Constructing a Globalized E-Commerce Site / Tom S. Chan .................................................................................... 96
Consumer Attitude in Electronic Commerce / Yuan Gao ......................................................................................... 102
Content Repurposing for Small Devices / Neil C. Rowe .......................................................................................... 110
Content-Based Multimedia Retrieval / Chia-Hung Wei and Chang-Tsun Li .......................................................... 116
Context-Awareness in Mobile Commerce / Jun Sun and Marshall Scott Poole .................................................... 123
Core Principles of Educational Multimedia / Geraldine Torrisi-Steele ................................................................... 130
Corporate Conferencing / Vilas D. Nandavadekar ................................................................................................ 137
Cost Models for Telecommunication Networks and Their Application to GSM Systems / Klaus D. Hackbarth,
J. Antonio Portilla and Ing. Carlos Diaz ........................................................................................................... 143

Fiber to the Premises / Mahesh S. Raisinghani and Hassan Ghanem .................................................................... 324
Fiber-to-the-Home Technologies and Standards / Andjelka Kelic ......................................................................... 329
From Communities to Mobile Communities of Values / Patricia McManus and Craig Standing .......................... 336
Future of M-Interaction, The / Joanna Lumsden ..................................................................................................... 342
Global Navigation Satellite Systems / Phillip Olla .................................................................................................. 348
Going Virtual / Evangelia Baralou and Jill Stepherd ............................................................................................. 353
Heterogeneous Wireless Networks Using a Wireless ATM Platform / Spiros Louvros, Dimitrios Karaboulas,
Athanassios C. Iossifides and Stavros A. Kotsopoulos ..................................................................................... 359
HyperReality / Nobuyoshi Terashima ...................................................................................................................... 368
Improving Student Interaction with Internet and Peer Review / Dilvan de Abreu Moreira and
Elaine Quintino da Silva .................................................................................................................................... 375
Information Hiding, Digital Watermarking and Steganography / Kuanchin Chen ................................................. 382
Information Security Management / Mariana Hentea ............................................................................................. 390
Information Security Management in Picture-Archiving and Communication Systems for the Healthcare
Industry / Carrison KS Tong and Eric TT Wong ................................................................................................ 396
Information Security Threats / Rana Tassabehji ..................................................................................................... 404
Information Systems Strategic Alignment in Small Firms / Paul B. Cragg and Nelly Todorova ............................ 411
Information Technology and Virtual Communities / Chelley Vician and Mari W. Buche ...................................... 417
Integrated Platform for Networked and User-Oriented Virtual Clothing / Pascal Volino, Thomas Di Giacomo,
Fabien Dellas and Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann ................................................................................................ 424
Interactive Digital Television / Margherita Pagani ................................................................................................ 428
Interactive Memex / Sheng-Uei Guan ...................................................................................................................... 437
Interactive Multimedia Technologies for Distance Education in Developing Countries / Hakikur Rahman ......... 447
Interactive Multimedia Technologies for Distance Education Systems / Hakikur Rahman ................................... 454