STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION
PART A: SENTENCE COMPLETION
There are fifteen questions in part A. Forty percent are simple sentences,
others are complex sentences. All the words and phrases in the four answers are
grammatically correct when considered independently. But just only one’s is correct
about meaning. You should spend time to find out what type of structure is need to
form complete sentence. Don’t waste time to find the error in the answers.
PART B: ERROR INDENTIFICATION
You are looking for an error, the part of the sentence is wrong. Don’t wonder
about the error is not underlined or waste time how to change the error corectly. The
error you are looking for is always underlined and you just need to find it that all.
These ten elements are organized into a list of ten objectives, called the 10-
point checklist of problems areas.
10-POINT CHECKLIST OF PROBLEMS AREAS
1. Check the subject and verb (both present; neither repeated)
Kiểm tra câu đã đủ các thành phần chủ ngữ và động từ hay chưa. Đôi lúc là sự lặp
lại chủ ngữ bằng các đại từ không cần thiết.
2. Check verb agreement, tense and form
Kiểm tra sự hòa hợp chủ ngữ và động từ về thì, dạng và số lượng (số ít, số nhiều)
3. Check for full subordination
Kiểm tra sự đầy đủ các thành phần hay chưa của mệnh đề phụ. Thường có thể các
từ liên kết được rút gọn hoặc ẩn đi nhưng phải hoàn chỉnh mệnh đề hoặc ngữ rút
gọn.
4. Check the verbals
Verbals adjective dùng để bổ nghĩa cho noun. Khi thấy nó xuất hiện trước danh từ
thì kiểm tra ngay là ở dạng Ving hay Ved/V
II
tùy theo nghĩa bị động hoặc chủ động.
5. Check pronoun form, agreement, and freference
Kiểm tra vị trí của đại từ có đúng loại đại từ hay chưa (có 5 dạng đại từ), sự hòa hợp
động từ với đại từ, hoặc hòa hợp giữa đại từ và danh từ mà nó thay thế.

3. Form of irregular verbs or regular verbs
A. Singular subjects
• Some of these words are plural in meaning, but they always require
singular verbs.
(sin )
every
some
any
no noun verb gular
each
either
neither
−


−


−

− + →






• When each or every comes before singular subjects joined bay and, a
singular verb is required.
• It + verb (singular)

“the”. (English
→
singular, The English
→
plural)
• Borrowed from other languages:
Singular Plural
-is -es
-on -a
-us -i
-a -ae
-um -a
-ix/-ex -ices
OBJECTIVE 3: CHECK FOR FULL SUBORDINATION
1. A complex sentence contains at least two clauses: a main clause and a
subordination clause
2. A subordination clause can be ADJ, ADV or N clause
• An adjective clause (relative clause): usually begin with the
pronoun such as who, whom, which, that,whose, where or when and immediately
follows the noun or pronoun which it describes.
• An ADV clause: begin with an adverbial conjunction, such as
because, although, if, while,...and frequently found at the beginning or the end of
the sentence.
• A noun clause: begin with the word that or question word, such as
why, what, how and can function in a sentence in any of the ways that a noun can.
3. A subordinate clause is a subject-verb combination that begins with a word
such as because, which,if,... and can’t function independently as a sentence. A main
clause, in either statement form or question form, can function alone. An ADJ
clause must follow a noun in the main clause that it desribes.
4. Introductory words about ADV clauses

though,
as if
Than, as
5. Noun clauses can function as S, but they are more commonly used as objects
of verbs of telling, feeling and thinking, such as said,told, hope, feel, beleive, state,
agrue, show, claim, know,... These noun clauses frequently bigin with pronoun that
and follow those words.
6. Noun clauses can also begin with question words and can function as a S or
O.
7. The sentences beginning with the subject it can be followed by a noun clause
or infinitive phrases. These structures explain the meaning of the subject it.
8. After comma (,) just only use which, not that. And when preposition invert
before connector of subordinate clause, just can use connectors which and whom.
OBJECTIVE 4: CHECK THE VERBALS
1. Gerund (V+ing) = Noun
2. infinitive = to + V, but to preposition phrase = to + N
3. A verbal ADJ can be formed by reducing an ADJ clase to a phrase or a word
(omitted relative pronoun, be-verb and change V to V-ing (if have) or keep it (V-
ed/V
II
) if the tense is perfect). A one-word verbal adj goes before or a verbal phrase
follows the noun it describes.
4. Verbal ADJs can be present participle (V-ing) or past participle (V-ed/V
II
).
Use present participle when the noun does the action or use past participle when the
noun receives the action.
5. Each sentence begins with a verbal phrase with an implied but not stated
subject. If the implied subject of the verbal phrase is the same as the subject of the
main clause, the sentence is correct. If the two subjects are different, the sentence is

• Be used to replace the second noun when comparing two objects of the same
kind that are possessed by different people.
5. Rules for the Reflexive form
• Be used to emphasize the noun or pronoun it refers to.
• By + reflexives pronoun. It means that a person does something alone or
without help.
• Be used when the object of the sentence or of a preposition is the same
person as the subject.
6. Rules for pronoun agreement