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help, and it turns out that among birds and mammals whose
males engage in paternal behavior, the males actually have
higher levels of blood prolactin, just like mothers. We also see
changes in blood testosterone levels in these fathers.
Animals that have fewer children (for example bears) tend to be
more committed to them than are animals that have litters (for
example rats). Because mammals with fewer offspring procreate
less, the survival of each one of their offspring is that much more
important. It is also interesting to note that a species with fewer
offspring can more easily influence the behavior of those offspring
through reward and punishment to bring about desirable behavior.
Of course, it’s biologically important for parents and offspring
to create a bond. That way, parents will support and protect the
young so that they can grow to reproductive age and continue
the species into the future. So, there are three basic phases that
lead to this bonding. The first phase is the preparatory phase in
which the mother’s body prepares to nourish the child. The second
phase is the delivery phase in which the mother’s body prepares
itself for the trauma of giving birth and the baby is actually
delivered. The third phase is the parental response after birth in
which emotional bonds are made between parents and offspring.
It’s also important to note that the fewer the offspring produced,
the stronger the bond.
05 Campus Life
W: Yes, how can I assist you?
M: Hi. Ummm... I want to get some information.
W: OK, what kind of information would you like?
M: About the campus counseling. I think I might need some help.
W: I see. Well, that’s what we are here for, to help students like you.

W: Oh yeah. The cold weather and short days can affect people that
way, especially when combined with end-of-semester stress.
M: Wow. That’s good to know.
W: Yeah. It’s important for you to know that you’re not alone in
this --- not by a long shot. Now, you also mentioned financial
problems?
M: Yeah, well that’s not the biggest problem, but I did quit my
part-time job at the student union.
W: Do you have enough money for your basic necessities, like
food, books, tuition?
M: Yeah. I just don’t have enough to go out much anymore, which isn’t
such a big deal because I don’t feel like going out much anymore.
W: All right, well hopefully we can turn that around. We can
probably help you get your job back, too, if you so choose.
M: OK.
W: And what about your relationship problem?
M: Well, the problem is I don’t have any relationships, though that’s
not a new thing. It’s been like that for quite a while.
W: I see. OK, the next thing I need is your name and student number.
Then, I can arrange an appointment to see a counselor for you.
The counselor with talk more with you about your problems
and will try to come up with a plan of action to get you back
on track. He or she may even refer you to a medical doctor if
they think you need medication. Any questions?
M: Umm, no, I guess not. Here’s my student card.
06 Astronomy
M: You all know, of course, what astronomy is; this is Astronomy
205 after all, but do you know what “cosmology” is?
W: Hmmm. I know the Russians called “astronauts” “cosmonauts.”
Is cosmology just the Russian word for astronomy?

astronomy, and mathematics to explain how the universe began
and how it is growing. For hundreds of years, scientists thought the
universe was static and unchanging, but in 1964, they confirmed
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that the universe began with an explosion, coined the “Big Bang.”
Recent technological advances in telescopes and space observatories
have provided a wealth of new information about physical cosmology.
We now have a much better understanding of not only what
makes up the universe, but also its overall architecture. At the
core of modern physical cosmology is an idea developed by the
ancient Greeks, called geometric cosmology. Geometric cosmology
is the belief that the underlying order of the universe can be
expressed in mathematical form... but is mathematics a human
invention, or does it have an independent existence?
W: Math is pure; it has an independent existence, doesn’t it?
M: Well, that’s what many people believe, but it’s hard to prove. It’s
like the whole “if a tree falls in the forest and nobody is there
to hear it, does it make a sound” conundrum. Mathematics may
indeed have an existence independent from human invention, but
as humans, we can only experience math as humans. This can
be a tough concept to grasp, but let’s move on now to the third
type of cosmology: metaphysical cosmology. Who can tell me
what metaphysics is? Any philosophy majors out there?
W: Yeah, metaphysics is the study of reality and the ways in which
we can perceive it.
M: Very good, you must have taken a philosophy class or two. Thank
you. So, metaphysical cosmology stands in between religious
and physical cosmology. Metaphysical cosmology seeks to draw

complex silicates with thousands of known forms. So to define
a mineral, we have to figure its composition. What all is in it?
Now, here is a useful tip that may save you a point or two on
the next exam. Organic compounds are usually excluded from
the category mineral. Got that? If it’s organic, don’t classify it as a
mineral. In fact, there are five main criteria for calling something
a mineral. Let’s go through those criteria. First of all, it must be in
a solid state, not liquid, gas, or plasma. Minerals are solid. Second,
it must be naturally occurring. In other words, it can’t be
man-made. Third, it has to be inorganic. Like I said, if it’s organic,
it’s not a mineral. So third --- oh, sorry --- we’re on number four
now. Fourth, for something to be a mineral, it needs to have a
fixed composition, which means the chemical composition is
the same everywhere it is found and every time it is found.
Mineral X found in my backyard is going to have the same
composition as Mineral X found in Australia. Finally, our fifth
criterion is that a mineral must be either an element or a
compound; so it cannot be a mixture of a chemical compound
and an element. Don’t worry if that last one seems a bit vague
at the moment. We’ll talk a lot more about that over the next
couple of classes.
Sometimes we get certain cases that satisfy all but one criterion.
That’s close, but not a mineral. These things are usually classified
as mineraloids. Pearls would be a good example. Pearls are solid.
They occur naturally. They have a fixed composition, and they’re
a compound. The only criterion they don’t meet is the “inorganic
test.” Pearls are actually a mixture of organic and inorganic
substances. So, because they have that extra organic stuff mixed
in, we can’t classify them as minerals. Pearls should be called
mineraloids.

most of the minerals around us seem like metals or rocks. Most
people forget that minerals come in many states of matter and
forms. That’s why we have those five criteria for determining
whether or not a substance is a mineral. Also, we need to keep
in mind that both chemical composition and crystal structure
together define a mineral. OK, so now we can identify minerals.
But what can we do with them?
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02 Campus Life
W: Excuse me, Dr. Anderson?
M: You must be Maria, come in. What seems to be the problem?
W: Well, I’ve decided to change my major. I was majoring in chemistry,
but now I’ve decided to major in psychology.
M: That’s terrific. What area are you interested in?
W: Well, that’s the problem. You see, because I was majoring in
chemistry, I didn’t take any psychology classes in my second year.
M: You’re in your third year now, I presume.
W: That’s right, and I’d like to take developmental psychology.
M: But it’s a third-year course and you don’t have the prerequisites.
W: Exactly.
M: So, just take some second-year courses this year, and next year
you can take developmental. Unless you want to specialize in
developmental...
W: That’s just it. I want to go into child psychology.
M: Well, I’m sure you know that it’s a little late in the game. Tell
me, why the sudden change in plans?
W: Well, over the summer, I did some volunteer work at the women’s
shelter and spent a lot of time with the kids there. After working

M: Well, it is nice to see such an enthusiastic student. Take this
permission slip when you go to the office to register.
W: Oh, I really appreciate this, Dr. Anderson.
03 Phys. Ed.
W: Today, let’s move on to the final stroke that I want you to practice
--- the butterfly. I hope you’ve all been working on freestyle,
breast stroke, and back stroke in your scheduled pool time. On
your physical exams, you’ll have to show us that you can do
them all with proficiency, so don’t neglect any one of them.
Umm...OK, now we come to the notorious butterfly. In my
opinion, the difficulty of the butterfly has been blown all out of
proportion. We just don’t grow up doing it, and that’s because
it’s a racing stroke. All right, I’ve been observing all of you during
swimming practice, and... well... it’s clear to me that your arm
movement is inefficient. Today, let’s review arm movement in
the butterfly stroke.
Let’s deconstruct it and look at its internal organization. Mastering
the arms in the butterfly is all about economy and efficiency of
movement. The butterfly stroke’s arm movement has three
major parts: the pull, the push, and the recovery. During the pull,
the hands sink a little bit down with the palms facing outwards
and slightly down at shoulder width. This is called catching the
water. The pull movement follows a semicircle with the elbow
higher than the hand and the hand pointing towards the center
of the body and downward. The semicircle ends in front of the
chest at the beginning of the ribcage. That constitutes the pull.
Any questions about that? Sure, go ahead.
M: I get it, basically, but I have a problem. My arms get tired really
fast.
W: And I’ll tell you why, Greg. I was watching you this morning,

water too early. If your arms enter the water too early, you lose
a lot of momentum, forcing yourself to work a lot harder. A
good rule of thumb is this: fly, don’t jump. Get used to going
in and out using a fluid motion. Don’t jump in and out because
that slows you down too much and tires you too quickly. Try to
just skim the water. When you get used to it, it’ll feel like you’re
just flying on top of the water. Pull, push, recovery, repeat. OK,
that’s all for now.
04 History
W: I would like to discuss some of the historical events that led to
the signing of the Magna Carta. The Magna Carta is the most
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famous document of British constitutional history and is widely
considered to be the first step in what was a long process leading
to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. The Magna
Carta required the king to give up a number of rights. As a
result, the king had to follow certain legal procedures and to
accept that the will of the king was not absolute.
Let’s take a look at the background to all this. By the end of the 12
th
century, that is the late 1100s, the English king had become the
most powerful monarch ever seen in Europe. At that time, the king
of England even controlled part of northern France, Normandy.
All of England’s possessions were controlled by barons, and the
king ruled over the barons. However, when King John came to
the throne in the early 13
th
century, he made a series of mistakes

original Magna Carta. The Magna Carta was composed of 63
different articles. Most of these were specific to society of the
13
th
century and thus irrelevant in contemporary times, but I
would like to take a look at one of those articles, a very important
article of the Magna Carta: Article 61.
Article 61 was the most significant clause for King John. It was
known as the “security article” and was the longest portion of the
entire document. Article 61 established a committee of 25 barons
who could at any time meet, and, if they felt it was necessary, had
the power to overrule the king. This could be done through
force by seizing his castles and possessions if needed. In addition,
the King had to take an oath of loyalty to the committee of
barons. However, King John had no intention of honoring the
Magna Carta, as he had been forced to sign it, and Article 61
basically took away his powers. In other words, it made him
King in name only. John renounced the Magna Carta as soon
as the barons left London, which threw the whole country into
a civil war, known as the First Barons’ War. John died in the
middle of this war. His nine-year-old son was crowned King
Henry III in late October 1216, and the war then ended. On
November 12, 1216, the Magna Carta was reissued with Article
61 omitted.
C
hapter
3
Focus A 01
01 Campus Life
M: Have you thought about what you’re going to do this summer,

W: So, should I bring my resumé?
M: Umm...it’s not mandatory, but it’s a good idea.
W: OK. Does it say there what kinds of internships are available?
M: You’re into logistics, right?
W: Yup.
M: They’ve got something at Office Depot and at Wal-Mart.
W: Fantastic. Are you going, too?
M: Yes, I’m going to try to get hired on at a summer camp.
W: Oh, that sounds like fun.
M: It sure would be. It would be a good experience, too, since I’m
studying to be a teacher.
W: Yeah, that would be excellent. Are there many camps listed on
there?
M: There are three. One’s at Camp Ton-A-Wandah, one’s at Wesley
Woods, and the other is at Camp Webb.
W: Camp Ton-A-Wandah? I went there when I was a kid! I had a
horrible time. The camp counselors were awful.
M: Really? Well, I’ll be different.
W: I’m sure you will. I’ll give you a few pointers some time.
M: Let’s just wait and see if I get the job.
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727
W: You won’t have any trouble. You’re at the top of your class, and
you do all that volunteer work.
M: Thanks for the vote of confidence. And good luck to you.
W: Thanks, I’ll need it. Hey, do you want to go together?
M: Sure. We should go early.
W: Good idea. We’ll look enthusiastic that way.
M: Let’s meet at 9:15.

M: Absolutely not. Everyone who has access to submissions in the
writing lab is accountable.
W: Oh! The papers go to a writing lab? So these aren’t English
professors who are giving feedback?
M: No. Your paper will be evaluated by a graduate student who
works in our writing lab. Most of them are English majors, but even
if they’re not, they all have a strong background in writing.
W: I see. Now, I know that the tutoring program is free, but is there
any kind of registration fee for first-time users?
M: No. There are no charges at all. However, only students currently
enrolled at Citywide Community College can use Smartthinking.
It has been set up to provide academic support for our students,
so unfortunately we can’t offer the service to anyone else. Are
you currently enrolled at this community college?
W: Yes.
M: Great. What kind of computer do you have?
W: I have a Mac. That won’t be a problem, will it?
M: No, not at all. As long as you have Internet Explorer, you’ll be
able to log on to the online tutoring system with no difficulties.
I assume that you have a modem?
W: Right, I have a 56K modem.
M: That’s fine. Then all you need to do now is choose your subjects
and sign up.
W: Can I sign up right now?
M: Of course. Those two computers right over there have Internet
access. You can use either one to log on and sign up.
W: Great. Thanks.
Focus A 02
01 Campus Life
M: Excuse me?

library card.
W: Correct, and your PIN is the same as the PIN number you use
when you access the university’s online registration or other
computer services.
M: Then, I just click this log in button down here?
W: Uh-huh, and after your log in information is confirmed, the request
page should open. There it is. You can see that the box next to the
“pick up” option is already checked. Just leave that checked,
and when the book comes in, the circulation desk will email
you that the book is here. Then, you can come in and pick it up.
M: What if I uncheck the “pick up” box. How can I get the book?
W: Then, the book will be mailed to the address we have on file with
your student ID card, but mailing the book takes longer. If you
need the book right away for class or for some research that
you’re doing, I would suggest just coming in and picking it up.
M: Yeah. I want the book as soon as possible, so I’ll come pick it up.
W: Then you can just click the request button at the bottom of the
screen and you’re done.
M: OK. Request. Done. That was easy. Thanks for your help.
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