The relative clause that connect to the Internet is required. If it were omitted, the
sentence would have a different meaning. It would mean that all palm-sized com-
puters are becoming popular, which is different from what the sentence says now.
The clause is restrictive because it restricts the meaning of the noun phrase Palm-
sized computers.
Nonrestrictive clause: Seabreeze High School, which is on the beachside, is
the rival of Mainland High School.
In this case, you can omit the relative clause which is on the beachside, and the
sentence means the same thing: Seabreeze High School is the rival of Mainland
High School. The location of Seabreeze High School is provided as additional in-
formation and doesn’t define the school, so it is nonrestrictive.
Who, Whom, and Whose
Who and whom are also used in different ways, but either word can be used in re-
strictive and nonrestrictive sentences. The difference between these two relative
pronouns is that one is used to replace the subject of a sentence, and one is used to
replace the complement.
Who is used to replace a noun phrase in the subject of the sentence. Whom is
used to replace a noun phrase in the complement.
The TOEFL test probably won’t test the distinction between these two words be-
cause even native English speakers often use them incorrectly.
T
he athletes have scored the most points.
subject
The athletes will play on the all-star team.
The athletes who have scored the most points will play on the all-star team.
Professor Allen is the only instructor.
She has consulted Pr
ofessor Allen about the project.
complement
Professor Allen is the only instructor whom she has consulted about the project.
Note: If the noun in question could be replaced by the pronoun him, her, or them,

C. do not
D. no have
The answer is A, lack, because that choice is the only conjugated verb. The main
sentence, Instructors are prevalent . . . has a subject and verb, but the relative
clause does not have one, unless you add lack.
Clause 1: Instructors are prevalent at this university because publishing is
one of the major criteria for tenure.
Clause 2: Instructors lack teaching ability.
Q. Not all textbooks that have been written on this subject __________ as
detailed as this one.
A. with
B. to
C. be
D. are
81
Structure
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The answer is D, are. The sentence contains a relative clause — that have been
written on this subject. Thus, the independent clause is Not all textbooks
__________ as detailed as this one. The word detailed functions as an adjective,
not a verb, in this sentence. Therefore, a conjugated verb is missing, and are is the
only choice. Choice A contains no verb, and choices B and C are not conjugated
verbs.
Clause 1: Not all textbooks are as detailed as this one.
Clause 2: Textbooks have been written on this subject.
Q. The oldest tree in this part of the world is the redwood, __________
thousands of years old.
A. which may be
B. its age
C. and which

The contractor has completed construction on a home equipped with a safe
room.
reduced relative clause
Before prepositional phrases:
The car that is in the garage has a flat tire.
relative clause
The car in the garage has a flat tire.
reduced relative clause
Before noun phrases with nonrestrictive clauses:
Tracy Stafford, w
ho is a paralegal, is considering enrolling in law school.
relative clause
Tracy Stafford, a paralegal, is considering enrolling in law school.
reduced relative clause
Adverb Clauses
An adverb clause is another type of subordinate clause, which is identified by cer-
tain connector words that vary depending on the function of the clause. Just like
adjective clauses, adverb clauses connect two independent clauses into a more
complex sentence.
Adverb connectors used to indicate concession include although, even
though, even if, though, whereas, and while. Concession means that some-
thing is true (or false) in spite of the fact that another thing is true (or false).
For example, consider the following two sentences:
She studied every day.
She didn’t grasp the concepts presented.
These two sentences can be combined by using one of the connector words listed
above to create an adverb clause.
T
hough she studied every day, she didn’t grasp the concepts presented.
connector

Reduced Adverb Clauses
Just as you can reduce an adjective clause, you can reduce an adverb clause by re-
moving the auxiliary words. If there isn’t an auxiliary, the verb must be converted
to a verb+ing form, and the subject of both clauses must be the same. Following
are several examples.
Active Verb
When they drive cars, teenagers need to remember their lack of experience.
When driving cars, teenagers need to remember their lack of experience.
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Part III: Detailed Review of Items Tested
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