Download miễn phí Đề tài A new approach to semantic and syntactic functions of English adjectives – A contrastive analysis with their Vietnamese equivalents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
Chapter I: Introduction 1
1.1 Rationale 1
1.2 Aims of the study 2
1.3 Scope of the study 2
1.4 Methods of the study 3
1.5 Design of the study 3
Chapter II: An overview of English adjectives 4
2.1 What is an adjective? 4
2.2 Semantic functions of English adjectives 5
2.2.1 Stative and dynamic adjectives 5
2.2.2 Gradable and non- gradable adjectives 6
2.2.3 Inherent and non- inherent 7
2.3 Syntactic functions of English adjectives 9
2.3.1 Attributive adjectives 10
2.3.2 Predicative adjectives 12
2.3.3 Adjectives function as head of a noun phrase 14
2.3.3.1 Well- known groups 15
2.3.3.2 Adjectives referring to abstract ideas 16
2.3.4 Supplementative adjective clauses 17
2.2.5 Exclamatory adjective sentence 20
2.4 Summary 20
Chapter III: A new approach to SEMANTIC AND Syntactic functions of English Adjectives 22
3.1 Classification of English adjectives in terms of their usage 22
3.2. Classification in terms of their semantic functions 27
3.2.1 Gradable and non-gradable adjectives 27
3.2.2 Stative and dynamic adjectives 29
3.3 Classification in terms of syntactic functions 30
3.3.1 Attributive 30
3.3.1.1 Adjectives as premodification 31
3.3.1.2 Adjectives as postmodification 31
3.3.2 Predicative 32
3.3.3 Adjectives as head of a noun phrase 33
3.3.4 Supplementary adjective clause 34
Chapter IV: A contrastive analysis between English and their Vietnamese equivalents 36
4.1 Some features of contrastive analysis in learning a foreign language 36
4.2 An overview of Vietnamese adjectives 37
4.3 A contrastive analysis between English and Vietnamese adjectives 38
4.3.1 In terms of their syntactic functions 38
4.3.2 In terms of their order 42
Chapter V: Conclusion 45
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She is a fine woman. Fine is an adjective realized as noun phrase in which fine pre-modifies noun woman so fine is attributive similarly, faint can be used attributively when it is not in connection with health such as a faint chance, a faint hope. _ Predicative adjectives beginning with a- The following adjectives are used only predicatively like afloat, afraid, alight, alike, alone, ashamed, asleep, awake. The children were asleep at 7, but now they’re awake. These adjectives: asleep, awake used predicatively because they complete the predication begun with the linking verbs were, was. _ Predicative adjectives describing feelings, reactions, etc. Some adjectives which describes feeling, etc. As content, glad, pleased, sorry, upset and a few others like far and near apart from the far East or the Near East are normally used only predicatively, for example:
I am very glad to meet you. Your hotel is quite near here, It isn’t far from home. ( L. G. Alexander 109-110)
2.3.3 Adjectives function as head of a noun phrase
Adjective can function as head of noun phrase and can be subject, of the sentence, object, complement or complement of a preposition. As a result, they do not inflect for number or genitive case, and they must take a definitive determiner. We can not usually leave out a noun after an adjective, for example:
Poor little boy! ( not poor little!) (10)
In the example (10) poor little has meaningless, non-sense so reader can’t understand. There are some exceptions, there are three types of adjectives that function without noun, that are adjectives functioning as head of noun phrase)
2.3.3.1 Well- known groups
Adjectives belonging to well- known group are adjectives expressing some group of people in society. The form the + adjective used to discuss certain well- known groups of people in society especially people in a particular physical or social condition such as the blind, the dead, the deaf, the handicapped, the jobless, the mentally ill, the old, the poor, the rich, the unemployed, the young, the sick,…for example: He’s collecting money for the blind.(11) In the example 11, it means that he’s collecting money for the blind people or all blind people in general. It does not refer to just one person or to a small group. It can not denote one person the blind man, the blind woman. It is often capable of adding a general word for human beings likes people. In which case, people is normally omitted and the use of the blind as head of the noun phrase or without noun. The meaning of well-known groups is usually general, sometimes a more limited group is referred to, for instance: After the accident, the injured were take to hospital.(12)
(Michael Swan, 13) In the example 12, the injured doesn’t mean generally, but it refers to a limited group, that is the injured people in the accident, but such as the injured people in the war, fighting. Note that these expressions can not be used with a possessive s. The problems of the poor or poor people’s problem is not correct grammatically. Some adjectives used without the as head of a noun phrase in paired structures with and or or, for example: Opportunities for both the rich and the poor.(13) (Michael Swan, 13)
In the example 13, the rich and the poor express the rich people and the poor people in general. From the above point, it’s a very common knowledge that adjectives use as head of a noun phrase ( NP heads) normally need a definite determiner, they are absolutely able to without a determiner if they are linked. So it is the reason that opportunities for both rich and poor we can also say that in the sentence : opportunities for both the rich and the poor.
2.3.3.2 Adjectives referring to abstract ideas
Some adjectives used as noun phrase heads. When they have abstract or general reference such as the supernatural, the unexpected, the unknown, the best, the ridiculous,… so its abstract sense means that thing or those things which are unknown. In which case we can insert a general noun like thing/ news. And these abstract adjectives are followed by a singular verb, for example:
The most surprising (thing) is that she will study abroad.
Verb which has subject ( with abstract adjectives) taken singular form is. Let’s see another example: The annoying thing was that I didn’t understand deeply the exercise. 2.3.3.3 Nationality adjectives used without nouns Some adjectives referring to nationalities use as noun phrase heads: The Vietnamese are very proud of their history.(14) In example 14, the Vietnamese expresses the Vietnamese people in general, but not the particular Vietnamese people or Vietnamese women/ men. A few nationality adjectives ending in -sh, -ch or –ese are used after the as head of noun phrase, they include: -sh : British, English, Spanish, Irish; -ch: Dutch, French; -ese : Vietnamese, Chinese, Japanese. Similarly, adjectives relating to well-known groups of people in social group, nationality adjectives are referred to general meaning and take plural and singular equivalences as well. For example an Irish woman, a welsh man unlike adjectives referring social groups, adjectives of nationality can not be modified by adjectives like very with general and plural meaning. They can be modified by adjectives which are commonly non-restrictive. Consider the following sentence: The industrious Vietnamese women always strive harder to catch up with those in other countries. (15) In example 15, it can be understood that the Vietnamese women, who are industrious and dexterous always strive harder to catch up with those in other countries. The native English are very friendly. ( The English, who are native, are very friendly.) 2.3.4 Supplementative adjective clauses
An adjective (alone or as head of adjective phrase ) can function as supplementative adjective clause or a verbless adjective clause . The clause is mobile, through it usually precedes or follow the subject of the superordinate clause
(by then) nervous, the man opened the letter. The man, (by then) nervous, opened the letter. The man opened the letter, (by then ) nervous. (Quirk et el 1972, 119 )
When verbless adjective clause comes closely the subject, such as The man, (by then) nervous, opened the letter. It is, in some aspects, like a non-restrictive relative clause as in: The man, who was ( by then) nervous, opened the letter. Unlike the relative clause, the adjective clause is mobile and its implied is usually the subject of the sentences. Thus, while we have : The man restrained the woman, who was aggressive. We do not have: *The man restrained the woman, aggressive. However, if the clause contains addition constituents, its implied subject can be other than the subjective of the sentence: She glanced with disgust at the cat, quiet (now) in her daughter’s lap. While in the participle clause, the implied subjective can also be other than the subjective of the sentence. She glanced with disgust at the cat, stretched out on the rug. She glanced with disgust at the cat, mewing plaintively. (Quirk et al 1972, 119) Nevertheless, the implied subjective of the adjective clause can be the whole of the superordinate clause. Look at these two examples:
Crowded holiday resorts are not very pleasant.(16) Holiday resorts which are crowded are not very pleasant.(17) Crowded in the sentence 16 is an adjective and which are crowded in th example 17 is a clause which has a finite verb are. The clause is doing exactly the same work as the adjective it is describing the holiday resorts or in other words it is qualifying the noun holiday resorts so we call it a relative clause because it relates to the noun. In this case, by means of the word which.
In short, adjectival clause can describe person, things and events. We can realize that the adjectival clause shows that holiday resorts crowdedness is related to the content of whole sentence. Other examples of the verbless adjective clause : Strange, it was she who initiated divorce proceedings. It is semantically equivalent to that is was she who initiated divorce proceedings is strange. An adverb may sometimes replace with little difference in meaning, an adjective function as a verbless clause, for example:
Nervously, the man opened the letter.
Nervous, the man opened the letter.
The adjective refers to the subjective without explicit reference to the action, and otherwise stated, the characterization is only temporary in its application. But if an explicit time indicator is introduced, the application of the adjective is extended in time.
For example, when we insert always, the man’s nervousness becomes a permanent characteristic, and is not specifically connected with the action, for example:
Always nervous, the man op...
