Download miễn phí A study on some difficulties of translating business corespondence



Acknowledgements
Abstract
Statement of Authorship
Chapter I Introduction 1
1.1. Background to the Study 7
1.2. Organization of the study 8
Chapter II Literature Review 9
2.1. Introduction 9
2.2. Basic theory about business letters 9
2.2.1. The importance of business letters in doing business 10
2.2.2. Definition of a business letter. 11
2.2.3. Kinds of business letters 11
2.2.3.1. Social business letters 11
2.2.3.2. Inquiries 14
2.2.3.3. Quotations and offers 14
2.2.3.4. Orders 14
2.2.3.5. Claims 15
2.2.3.6. Letters of Application 15
2.3. Features of a good business letters 15
2.3.1. Giving the letters a professional look 17
2.3.1.1. Paper 17
2.3.1.2. Envelope 17
2.3.1.3. Margins 17
2.3.1.4. Spacing 17
2.3.2. Parts of a business letter 18
2.3.2.1. Letterhead 18
2.3.2.2. Dateline 18
2.3.2.3. Inside address 18
2.3.2.4. Order of inside address 19
2.3.2.5. Punctuation of address 20
2.3.2.6. Salutation 20
2.3.2.7. Content 20
2.3.2.8. Complimentary close 21
2.3.2.9. Signature block 21
2.3.3. Other parts 21
2.3.3.1. Attention line 21
2.3.3.2. References 22
2.3.3.3. P.p 22
2.3.3.4. Enclosures 22
2.3.4. Styles of business letter 22
2.3.4.1. Indented style 22
2.3.4.2. Common expression 22
2.3.5. Useful hints for business letter writing 23
2.3.5.1. Outlining a business letter 23
2.3.5.2. Composing the content 24
2.4. Summary 24
Chapter III Methods and Procedures 25
3.1. Introduction 25
3.2. Subjects 25
3.3. Instrumentation 25
3.4. Procedures 26
3.4.1. Using correct grammar 27
3.4.2. Power of Lexis 27
3.4.3. Terminology in business correspondence 28
3.4.4. Conveying the writing style 28
Chapter IV Results and Discussion 29
4.1. Introduction 29
4.2. The Findings 29
4.3. Discussion 30
4.3.1. Some difficulties and common mistakes in using correct grammar 30
4.3.2. Power of lexis and Terminology, set expression and using words in translating business correspondence 34
4.3.2.1. Lexis and Terminology 34
4.3.2.2. Mistakes and difficulties in set expression and using words 42
4.3.2.3. Mistakes and difficulties in using words 46
4.3.3. Difficulties in conveying the original writing styles 51
4.3.3.1. Problems in tone 52
4.3.3.2. Using inflated language 53
4.3.3.3. Using negative ideas 54
4.3.3.4. Using impersonal style 55
4.4. Summary 56
Chapter V: Implications, Suggestions and Conclusion 57
5.1. Implications 57
5.1.1. Using correct language 57
5.1.2. Solution to conveying the original writing styles 59
5.2. Suggestions for future research 64
5.3. Conclusion 64
References 60
Appendices 61
 
 


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they will find when facing the grammatical aspects. In addition, this could be viewed as in the following chart:
4.3.2. Power of lexis and Terminology, set expression and using words in translating business correspondence
As a branch of linguistics, vocabulary or lexis has long been one of the hard problems facing the translators. It is true. When asked, 25 respondents, accounting for some 52.08% mostly choose the “rather difficult” option. In addition, this number is nearly twice as much as that of the neighboring choice, “difficult”, with a proportion mentioned the first selection of “very difficult”. In addition, the remained 8.33% fall in those who are not quite sure about the lexis’ difficulty. No one selects the last option “not difficult”.
4.3.2.1. Lexis and Terminology
Chart 2: Difficulty levels of using Lexis in translating business correspondence
All respondents reached an agreement that this item must, by all means, fall into some levels of obstruction, rather than merely “not difficult”. A same rate, 6 options (12.5%), is what the respondents chose for the “very difficult” and “not sure”. In the mean time, the percentage of those who though it “rather difficult” turned out to be twice as much as that of the option who expect it to be “not difficult”, 25% and 50% accordingly.
According to Peter Newmark, “to translate a text, you do not have to be an expert in its technology of its topic; but you have to understand that text and temporarily know the vocabulary it uses” ( Newmark, 1995, p.155).
Under the light of this statement, whenever ones come up with the translation of business correspondence, translators need not master all the precise items, however, the more he/ she can understand, and the better his/ her work will be. Practically, it seems that the lexis and terminology involving in commodities, money and so on will simultaneously come to mind when the translator rest his/ her eyes on a letter. As far as many assertions have been taken, these are very important and difficult items for all translators and students.
The fact has it that, Lexis in translation of business correspondence is not restricted in the field only, instead, it refers to all activities in the world, from politics to economic and the like. It is true because everything happening in a country can affect its financial system.
Chart 3: Difficulty levels of Terminology in translating business correspondence
The second problem in this part is the role of terminology or specific terms used in this field. Theoretically, the translation that deals with terminology in specific areas such as commerce, politics, finance, etc. is general considered technical translation. On the main, the differences of technical translation primarily lie on the terminology of each kind it relates to. It has been calculated by Newmark (1995) that terminology only makes up its proportion of a mere 5-10% out of the words used in a text. However, it is impossible for a translator to perfectly perform his/ her work without owning a good knowledge of the specific terms of such field at his/ her fingertips. It is easy to understand that each domain has its own system of terms and so does the business. As such, terminology should be, by all means, of first- hand concern when the translators are bound to embark on another field. In addition, it is one actuality derived from the fact that many technical terms are built from commonly used ones, or from peculiar groupings of familiar language items.
In addition, below is the chart including results of both lexis and terminology:
A hard matter for the translators is how to understand these terms in its correct meanings. Certainly, it is firstly advisable for the translators to apply a set of conventional terminology that has been well rendered and accepted by the professional predecessors. Secondly, another problem is how to tackle with the new terms, and even that of the old ones. In facts, many debates have been aroused when rendering a terminology into Vietnamese.
Therefore, the first and foremost requirement for translator is to own a huge store of vocabulary. However, this aim can only be obtained once the translator practices with high concentration and pressure, if possible.
One of many difficulties facing all translators and interpreters is “Terminology”. Each domain like politics, culture, and economics has its own terminology. Many people said that they always face to terms and these terms create many difficulties for them when reading translating.
Like any other domains, economics has its own complex system of terms. It is difficult for you to guess then to understand the meaning of a term. In order to understand a term, you have to look for it in the dictionary and learn by heart the meaning of it. In economics, each sub-domain also has its own terms. Contract has terms of Contract and Business Correspondence has its terms, too. In terms of law, for example, there are such terms like Ordinance (Ph¸p lÖnh), Jurisdiction (Ph¸p quyÒn), Stipulation (Quy ®Þnh), etc. Or in terms of diplomatic, there are Envoy (§Æc ph¸i viªn), Charge’ d’ Affaires adinterim (§¹i diÖn l©m thêi), Nuncio (§¹i sø cña Gi¸o Hoµng), etc. In terms of economics, there are Abandonment (Sù uû th¸c), Account Payable (Tiªu tr¸i), Advance Bill (Hèi phiÕu tr¶ tr­íc), etc. All these terms make it difficult for both translators and interpreters. They surely will be embarrassed when facing to these terms, which they do not understand profoundly the essential meaning of the term; you cannot use it exactly. In addition, the misuse of any term in any domain is considered taboo. It actually creates misunderstanding between two economics counterparts when transforming business letter. Moreover, you cannot transfer the exact content of business letter from the source language to the target language (See sample letter 12 in Appendices).
In general, the language in this letter is simple, easy to understand and translate. It is only one economic term that can make you embarrassed. How can you translate “Tin dông th­ kh«ng huû ngang” if you do not know what it means? You can transfer it into English equivalent, but you are surely not confident in translating the letter. And this creates difficulty too many translators and interpreters.
It is quite easy for people who study Economics but it appears to be a considerable problem for people who study foreign language only. It is not enough to find the equivalents. Understanding profoundly the meaning of terms helps you to translate confidently. Of course, for many difficulties, we cannot overcome easily. But it is said that “More practice, more perfect”, so if you face to strange economic terms everyday, then terms will become familiar to you day by day.
* Some economic terms and explanations.
- Cash Discount
: Gi¶m gi¸ do tiÒn mÆt. §©y lµ mét sù gi¶m gi¸ dµnh cho viÖc tr¶ tr­íc c¸c mãn nî.
- Cheque
: SÐc, chi phiÕu. §ã lµ hèi phiÕu rót tiÒn t¹i mét ng©n hµng vµ ®­îc chi tr¶ theo yªu cÇu.
- Bearer Cheque
: SÐc tr¶ cho ng­êi cÇm. §©y lµ mét sÐc ®­îc viÕt ®Ó chi tr¶ cho ng­êi thô h­ëng hay ng­êi cÇm.
- Order Cheque
: SÐc tr¶ theo lÖnh. §©y lµ sÐc ®­îc viÕt ®Ó chi tr¶ cho ng­êi thô h­ëng hay theo lÖnh.
- Crossed Cheque
: SÐc g¹ch chÐo. §©y lµ sÐc ®­îc viÕt ®Ó chi tr¶ cho ng­êi thô h­ëng hay theo lÖnh.
- State Cheque
: SÐc mÊt hiÖu lùc. Lµ sÐc kh«ng ®­îc xuÊt tr×nh ®Ó ®­îc chi tr¶ trong mét thêi gian hîp lý.
- Circular Note
: TÝn dông th­ l­u chuyÓn. Lµ th­ tÝn dông do mét ng©n hµng cÊp cho phÐp ng­êi mang th­ tÝn dông nµy cã thÓ xin chi tr¶ l¹i nhiÒu ®iÓm kh¸c nhau, cã thÓ c¶ ë ngo¹i quèc.
- Cover
: TiÒn b¶o chøng. Sè tiÒn ®· ®­îc ký th¸c ®Ó ®¶m b¶o cho sù thua lç cã thÓ x¶y ra.
- Cover note
: Hîp ®ång b¶o hiÓm t¹m thêi. Lµ mét chøng tõ do mét c«ng ty b¶o hiÓm cÊp nh»m thiÕt lËp mét sù b¶o hiÓm t¹m thêi trong khi chê cÊp mét hîp ®ång b¶o hiÓm chÝnh thøc.
- Credit Bill
: Hèi phiÕu tÝn dông. Lµ mét hèi phiÕu mµ ng­êi nî ®· thu xÕp tr­íc ®Ó vay m­în ®­îc tr¶ hèi phiÕu.
- Current account
: Tµi kho¶n v·ng lai. Lµ mét tµi kho¶n ®­îc c«ng ty kinh doanh thiÕt lËp t¹i mét ng©n hµng nh»m gi¶i quyÕt c¸c kho¶n chi tr¶. Th«ng th­êng, tµi kho¶n v·ng lai kh«ng ®­îc h­ëng l·i suÊt trªn kÕt sè d­.
- Date of Manurity
: Ngµy ®Õn h¹n thanh to¸n. Ngµy mµ ng­êi m¾c nî ph¶i thanh to¸n cho chñ nî.
- Days of grace
: Ngµy gia h¹n. Lµ thêi gian phô tréi gia h¹n thªm cho ng­êi m¾c nî ®Ó thanh to¸n c¸c kho¶n nî.
- Dead stock
: Hµng chÕt. Lµ lo¹i hµng kh«ng b¸n ®­îc do kh«ng cã yªu cÇu.
- Due ...

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