JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE
Social Sci., 2010, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 75-82
QUAN NIEM NGHE THUAT VE CON
NGUCJI
TRONG TRUYEN NGAN VIET NAM GIAI DOAN 1940-1945
Dinh Thi
Cam
Le
Hoc
vien
Hdnh chinh Qudc gia Hd Chi Minh
1.
Dat van de
Su ddi mdi cua truyen ngdn (va cua ca vdn xufli nghe thuat ndi chung) giai
doan 1940 - 1945 thi hien d nhiiu binh dien, song d chiiu sau va cd tinh chit quyit
dinh, chinh la sQ ddi mdi trong quan niem vi con ngudi. Dd la "su mieu ti hQu ban
cua thi gidi vd ban
Id
cuflc ddi", "la hinh thQc ben trong cua sQ chiim linh ddi sdng",
"Id
he quy chiiu in chim trong hinh thQc nghe thudt", thi hien "cai gidi han tdi da
trdng each hiiu thi gidi va con ngudi cua mpt he thdng nghe thuat" [3;184-185].
Chfnh vi vay, viec nhan biit quan niem nghe thudt vi con ngudi trong truyen ngdn
1940 - 1945 la xac dinh nhQng "nguygn tac cat nghia thi gidi vd con ngudi" d giai
doan nay, di tQ dd thiy dQpc sQ tiin boa cua van hpc ndi chung va thi loai truyen
ngdn Viet Nam ndi rigng.
2.
Noi dung nghien
ciiu
2.1.
Quan niem "con ngu'di

nghi,
thdi quen, hanh
dOng
trong sinh boat hang ngay cua hp. Nhflng con ngudi dd khong he dupc
11
tudng hoa,
trai lai, hit sQc trin tuc, gin gui.
Truyen Nam Cao rit it di vao nhflng xung dot giai cip gay gat, nhiiu truyen
cua Ong thudng di vao nhflng chuyen vat vanh, "truyen khong ed chuyen" xung quanh
xd bip, goc vudn, chuyen mieng dn. Khi viet vi ting
Idp
trf thQc tiiu tu sin, Qng
hay ddt hp trong mfli trudng sinh boat ddi thudng, vdi nhflng tfnh toan
tiin
mun,
nhflng luc
due
vat vanh cua cdm ao, gao tiin hang ngay. Kit thue truyen ngdn Trdng
sdng that dfle dao va diy am inh: "Sang hflm sau, Diin viet gifla tiing con khde,
tiing vp gat gdng, tiing leo xeo ddi np ngodi diu xdm. Vd, ci tiing chQi bdi cua
mOt
ngudi lang gieng ban dem mit ga". Cae sang tac
ciia
Nam Cao
lufln
tran diy
nhflng am thanh khflng chut gi la du
duong,
trai lai, dd la nhflng am thanh rit khd
nghe eua muon mat ddi thudng lam lu, nhech nhae.

Idp
ba vdi thing chau dfeh
tfln.
Do la tam
If
rat binh thudng
eua mpt can be quen dupe mpi ngudi trong gia dinh gianh cho tit ca su yeu thuong,
chiiu ehupng va bay gid phii chia se tinh cam iy eho ngudi khac.
Ban chit eon ngudi la da dien, phQc tap, d dd luon cd
sQ
trpn lin cua nhQng
tdt - xiu. Y thQc ro diiu dd, hiu hit eac cay but truyen ngdn 1940-1945 da tfl bd
viec xay dung nhan vat nhit phien, chi cd "mpt gia tri" di nhin con ngudi da dien
va xuit hien dung nhu vdn cd trong cuOe ddi luon phQc tap, da doan. Bdi, theo hp,
con ngQdi khflng phii la nhflng vi thanh, nen khflng thi nhin nhan con
hgudi
theo
nhflng khufln miu dao dQc,
If
tQdng nao do. Cach nhin ay khiin hinh anh con ngQdi
trong tac phim trd nen "that" ban, gin gui
hon.
Ddng thdi, nd cung thi hien mpt
tinh thin nhan ban thim thia khi nha van hiiu, cam thOng va benh vuc nhflng nhu
76
Quan niem nghe thudt vi con
ngUdi
trong truyen ngan Viet Nam
ciu tu nhien, ddi thudng cua con ngudi. Cd thi xem day la quan niem mdi me kha
phd biin trong eac cay but truyen ngdn giai doan nay.

phiin dien vi cen ngudi. Thee Qng, "ngudi
ta thay ddi la vi hoan canh", va "miy ai chdng chpi ndi vdi hoan cinh". Ma hoan
canh, theo Vu Trpng Phung, chu yiu
Id
"cdi ba vat chit" cd sQc me hoac, cam dd
khd CQdng lai ddi vdi con ngQdi, khiin eho eon ngQdi khflng thi khong bi biin chit.
SQ
tuyet ddi boa vai trd cua hoan canh (thuc chat la su cam dd cua "ba vat chit")
trong ngdi but Vu Trpng Phung con dupc diy len mflt mQc cao hon khi Ong cho
ring, con ngudi khflng chi bi chi phdi bdi hoan canh bgn ngoai, ma cdn la nfl le cua
nhQng due vpng tim thudng, fch ky ben trong. Quan niem mang dam diu in chu
nghia tu nhien iy cho thiy sQ bi quan sdu sde cua tac gia ddi vdi con ngudi. Ong
chQa thay dQpc sQc manh cua nhan phim va cung khflng thiy vai trd, trach nhiem
cua con ngudi ddi vdi nhdn cdeh eua minh. Dd la diim ban chi dang tiic trong ngdi
but manh liet cua nha vdn hien thQc xuit sde nay.
Din giai doan 1940-1945, sQ tac dflng cua hoan canh ddi vdi con ngudi da trd
thanh each nhin phd biin d nhiiu nha vdn. Dd khong chi la hodn canh xa
hOi
cd
phan chia giai cip, ma cdn la mfli trudng vdn hoa, mfli trudng tu nhien, mfli trQdng
gia dinh, nhflng thanh kiin xa hfli cung nhflng quan he xa hpi, gia dinh. Mdi con
ngudi tQ khi sinh ra cho den khi chit di lufln gdn bd va ft nhiiu chiu nhQng inh
hudng tQ nhQng hodn canh, mfli trQdng sdng cu thi dd. Nam Cao da cd mflt loat
truyen co tinh chit luan di chQng minh cho quan niem nay. Cd thi coi dd la nhQng
truygn
luan
di - tam ly, ma chu dich la khdng dinh rang: tam ly, tinh each con ngudi
chinh la do hoan canh sdng cua ngudi dd quy dinh. NhQng nhan vat nOng dan trong
tac phdm cua Nam Cao nhu anh cu
Lfl

mOc
mac. Nhflng chang trai, cO gai mdi hom nao cdn yeu thupng, thi non hen biin
vdi nhau, vdy ma nhflng toan tfnh ddi thudng, nhflng ving hao quang diy mdi gpi,
quyen ru npi thanh thi da chia re hp. Mdi ngudi lai re ngang theo con dudng cua
rieng minh
(Ong
gidng khdng biit
ndi,
Mpt ngudi di xa vi, Lua, Vdng
phai).
Nguyin Tuan, vdi ngdi but diy ngflng nghenh, khinh bac, cung nhan thiy sQc
ep cua hoan canh ddi vdi "thien
luong"
cua con ngQdi. No cd thi khiin mflt nhae
cflng tai ndng, lufln mong mudn dupc tiu nhae di thi hien "cai thu thanh cao am
tham cua tam hdn", nhung bdi chuyen cPm do, nen ngay ngay bupc phai danh dan
di mua vui cho dam ngudi "thQa dn mac" mudn
mupn
tiing dan di "lam tieu
mOt
cuflc no say hanh dien", hay nhQng ao tQdng tinh ai "thu tinh, tho kech" {Mpt ngudi
muon dap vd ddn)
Dang chu y la
mOt
sd cay but truyen ngdn giai doan 1940-1945, ma tieu biiu
nhit la Nam Cao, da khdng chi thiy dupc sQ tac dflng manh me eua hoan canh ddi
vdi mdi con ngudi, ma cdn nhan thiy su tac dOng trd lai
ciia
con ngudi vdi hoan
canh.

Quan niem mdi me, tiin
bO
nay chua dupc ddt ra d ngoi but Vu Trpng Phung, vd
cang chua dupc biit tdi d ngdi but cua NgO Tit Td, Nguyin Cflng Hoan, nhung nd
lai dupc thi hien mflt edch tap trung, he thdng d ngdi but Nam Cao va cua khflng
ft nhd van giai doan ndy.
2.1.2.
Moi cuoc ddi la mot "kiep lam than"
Khflng phai din giai doan nay vdn hpc mdi quan tam viit vi canh khd cua
con ngudi, nhung ed le chi din luc nay cim thQc lim than mdi trd nen phd biin,
thQdng trQc, nhQc nhdi trong ngdi but eua nhiiu nha van. Dudi con mit cua hp, cdi
khd, cai lim than "luon luon biy ra diy", nd cd mat d khdp noi, nhin ddu cung thiy
nhu la hien hinh cua ndi
cP
cue, lim than. Mdi ddi ngudi la
mOt
kiip khd, kiip lim
than.
Trong truyen ngan Hinh bdng (Ngpc Giao), tac gia da mieu ti diy am inh
hinh anh "lu bdng ngudi
lom
khom di trgn dia sflng. Dudi giang, lu bdng ngudi nhu
mflt doan dm binh" dang "cdng
lUng
bd sdt trgn mat dit", "cdm nin keo con thuyin
nang ngupc ddng, di khflng cung". NhQng "hinh bdng" vat vd khi md, khi td trong
man sQPng lanh npi bin vang gpi len sQ the
iQPng
va tinh cinh lim than, khdn cung
cua ngudi lao dOng da dupc Ngpc Giao sQ dung nhu mflt biiu tupng vi sQ

Dinh Thi Cdm
Lg
'
lai trong nhieu trang truyen ngdn la minh chQng cho
mOt
giai doan dac biet
ciia
mflt dit nudc dang ngheo ddi, dieu tan. Nd gpi len sQ lim lui va chit chdc : "Dudng
vdng ngdt. Cd mpt ve gi lanh leo din lam ngudi ta rdn rpn ( ) vang vdng nhflng
tiing khde ti ti bay theo gid chiiu ( ) nhflng quan gianh vdng ngdt dQng xa
rO
nhQ
nhflng con ga xu long ra, ngu rdm" {Qudi di - Nam Cao). Cam quan lam than khiin
nhflng ddng mieu ta canh vat cung trd nen day am anh. Khflng khi the
luong,
siu
tham ehup len sd phan con ngudi va bao trum canh vat nhu bao hieu xa hfli dang
dQng trQdc vQc thdm den tdi.
Kiip lim than van vao mpi euOe ddi va nhQ la sd kiip gdn chat vdi mfli ngQdi,
du nghi nghiep, tudi tac, hodn canh cu thi cua hp cd khac
nhau.Vdi
tam trang cim
thuong than phan con ngudi, nhiiu nha vdn da cam nhan thim
thia
tinh canh lim
than chung cua ci xa hpi. Va, dieu dd da tao ra nhQng rung dpng dQ dpi trong tam
tQ,
suy nghi cua nha van, bQt hp ra khdi nhQng bay bdng cua van chupng lang man
diy cam xuc, bdt hp md mdt di ddn liy "mpi vang dflng cua ddi"
(Trdng

ThQ,
San, Oanh, din ting
Idp
nhQng ngQdi lao dflng nhQ flng Hpc, Mfl, u em, anh
xe va ci nhflng nhflng ngudi nOng dan d lang Vu Dai, que
ThQ deu
la nhQng ngQdi
dang lay lit, "chit mdn".
Neu chi den eudn tiiu thuyit
nay.
Nam Cao mdi dung khai niem "chet mdn",
thi d hang loat truyen ngdn eua Ong, tu tudng nay da dupc thi hien nfli bat, ci d
cip
do
chi tiit, ci d cip
dO
chu di. Dd la nhQng nhan vat quen thupc da tQng dQpc
cac nha nghien cQu nhae din nhiiu nhu Hp {Ddi
thica),
Diin {Trdng sdng), Diin
{Nude
mdt),
nhflng ngudi sudt ddi mudn lam dupc nhflng dieu ldn lao di nang cao
gia tri su sdng, nhung rdi chi lo chuyen com do da du met, nen cQ mdn mdi, lay lit
80
Quan niem nghe thudt vi con ngudi trong truyen ngan Viet Nam
keo le cuOe sdng "ddi thQa".
Bui Hiin eung da tQng dQpc Vu Ngpc Phan ca ngpi la co tai viet vi phong
tue,
nhQng, flng eung cd mflt loat truyen, vdi nhQng chan dung cdm cdi dang "chit

tim thudng, tu dpng, lai thudng mieu ti ldi sdng vfl nghia
11
iy bang ngoi but phdn
tich diy day dQt. Trong
Ddi
tri ky guang, nha vdn da xay dQng ngn hinh tQpng
nhan vat Mpi, mflt ngudi sdng ngay ngdn, chin chu din nhat nheo, "ddi chdng xip
gpn gang qua, thanh ra khflng co mflt cai gi la bit thinh
bnh
ca". Mpi "cflng chQc"
din ci trong cflng viec sang tao. Con ngQdi tfli nghiep iy "chQa bao gid dam mo Qdc
din nhQng cai to tat", du biit ring nhQng "hoai bao hung vi iy chi la nhung vpng
tQdng vui vui ein cd, di gifl minh trong eai sdng khd khdn va dam bac nay". Trong
Mat ngudi mudn dap vd ddn, nhdn vdt Xudn, mflt nhae cong thi lai y thQc rit ro vi
tinh trang sdng "vo vi", "nhue nha" cua minh, khi nhdn thiy tQ trudc tdi gid "chua
bao gid minh la nghe si", bdi chi biit "chay theo thien ha di hod
nhae",
di "ca ngpi
nhQng edi vui budn tim thudng".
Trong truygn ngdn cua cac tac gia nhu Manh Phu Tu, Pham Viit Nhan, Dd
DQc Thu cung co thi bit gap hinh inh nhQng eon ngQdi nhQ vdy. Tit ci diu dang
sdng lay lit, thim hai trong sQ mu xdm, cang thim hai hon khi hp khong hi c6 y
thQc vi SQ nhat nheo, vO nghia trong cupc sdng eua minh. Hp sdng khflng niim vui,
hanh phuc, khflng ude mo, hy vpng, hp khflng biit minh sdng di lam gi va sdng cho
ai
Hp cam thiy bdng long vdi no. Tham chf, hp rit sp, niu nhu mflt ngay nao dd,
hp buflc phii thay ddi ldi sdng "tdi u vo ly" iy (chQ dung eua Nam Cao).
Nhu vay, den giai doan 1940-1945, quan niem nghe thuat vi con ngUdi trong
truyen ngdn da cd nhQng chuygn biin ca bin so vdi trudc. Trong each nhin mdi me
81

Nguyin Ddng Manh, 1983. Khdi ludn - Tdng tap Vdn hoc Viet Nam, tap
30A. Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hOi, Ha Nfli.
[3].
Le Ba Han, Trin Dinh SQ, Nguyin Khde Phi, 1992. Tii diin thudt ngii
Vdn hoc. Nxb Giao due, Ha NOi.
[4].
Chu Van Son, 2006. Tuyin tap Nguyin Ddng Manh. Nxb Giao
duc.
Ha
NOi.
ABSTRACT
Conception of human beings in Vietnamese short stories
from artistic viewpoint in the period from 1940 to 1945
The important period 1940-1945 saw innovations from many aspects. However,
innovations in the Human concept from artistic eyes plays a decisive role. Therefore,
acute awareness of this conception has become such an important issue, which will
help discover the new mysterious content and art of literary works. This
knov/lege
is also a leap into the modernisation of literature, in particular the period between
1940 to 1945.
82