VAI TRO CUA DONG KINH
NGHIA
THUC VA NHUNG NHA NHO DUY TAN
TRONG LiNH VlTC VAN HOC (GIA DOAN DAU
THE
KY XX)
CAO THI
HAO'
1.
Budc sang the ky XX ddi vdi Viet Nam
khdng dan gian
chi la
ghi mdt diiu mdc thdi
gian vao quang dudng phat trien
ciia lich
sir
ma cdn
la
re sang mot con dudng khac trong
lich
sLi'
phat trien dan tdc.
Neu
tir the ky
XIX
ve trudc, Viet Nam va cac nude
lang
gieng
Ddng A quy tu trong mdt viing van boa rieng
ddc
lap

dai."
Ddi vdi lich sir van boa Viet Nam
sir
thay
doi nay riit
sau
siic.
Nd bieu hien khdng dan
gian d chd cai
nidi
thay the cai cii, khdng
phiii hai cai cdng
hii,
ma thuc chiit la qua
trinh dai boa trdn, nhao nan cai cu va
cai
mdi
thiim chi la thay doi cdt
each
cua cai da
thanh truyen thdng dan tdc de thanh mdt
Siin
phiim khac. Dieu kien
xiiy
ra
sir
doi thay
niiy
lii nude
ta miit ddc

thay
de'ii se/n
hid" nhu
viiy
cung
dii la
xu the
tiit yeu trong hoan ciinh the gidi hien dai Iiic
dd. Ben canh con dudng Au boa theo thuc
dan cdn cd con dudng Au boa
ciia
cac
nhii
Nho yeu
nude.
Trong phong trao Ddng kinh
nghia thuc chinh ciic nha Nho yeu nude cung
da van ddng cai
each
van boa,
chii
ddng giai
quyei van dd tiep nhim van boa Chau Au
de
tu cudng gianh ddc
Iiip
va hien dai hoa diit
nude.
2.
Ndi den Ddng kinh nghia thuc ngudi ta

Ddng kinh nghia thuc ra ddi da kien nghi
phe bd khoa cir, md trudng
di^ii
hgc, de xudng
Ciii each phong boa, bd qudc phuc, mac Au
54
NGHIEN
Cdu
DONG BflC fl. SO 7(89) 7-2008
Nghien citu khoa hgc
phuc.
ciit
biii td.
biit
tdc ngdn. bd quan
niem
hgc ky
thuiil.
phong
iriio
\an hoii
dim the
ky
nhiit si. dc cao viec thuc nghiep nhu khai ddn
niiy
da
tiio
cho ddc gia
liim
quen dim \di Idi

chii y duy Uin d cac
miit
kinh te, chfnh tri. xa tu duy
theo
kieu phuong Ddng dc hudng tdi
hoi.
nhung cac nha nho
chii
truang phong mot ldi tu duy
nhiui
thiic thuc
ic.
phan tich
triio
niiy
cung dc
ciip deii
viec diing chu qudc hien tugng
ciia
phuong Tay. Dieu
nii)'
hi
riii
ngii,
viei bao. dich sach. Hoan toan cd ly khi ciin thiei trong viec
tiio
dung mot thdi
quen
chiing ta cho riing dd la hanh ddng mang
linh

ra da dc
lai
nhirng du vang
Viel
Niim
co
truyen.
Trong khi dai da sd khdng nhd trong mdt xa hdi vdn bi bao bgc
ngudi dan Vict Nam cdn dang thd bit Han bdi
sir
an phiin va thdi quen tu duy theo
kieu
hoc liim gdi co truyen thi Ddng kinh nghTa hgc
ihco
va dinh
siin.
Diic
biet phong trao da
thuc
dirge
sang
liip
d Ha Ndi dc khai trf dan lac ddng niiinh
iiic dcii
cac nha Nho duy tan.
chiuig.
Trudng da
chii
trgng
lni)'LMi

the
vim cdn c a chi hd giii da nen nhiing
dieu
ky XIX diiu
Ihe
ky XX hi giai doan giao thai
thong thudng vc
kien
thirc tu
nhien
nhu hinh d dd tdn
Uii
hai bd phiin van hgc: van hgc
cii
the trai diit, phep do dudng trdn. thuyet canh
ciia
nha Nho d dia ban ndng thdn van tdn
Uii
tranh
ciia
Darwin,
thuyci dan udc
ciia
va van hgc mdi ctia
irf
thuc
lu
san d thanh
Ihi
Rousseau dugc ddn nhiin nhu mdt bf thuiit

thiiy doi quan trgng trong ldi tu duy nhiin phim trf thiic tan hgc dirng ngoiii cudc
diiu
thuc
ciia
ngudi Vict vdn quen nhin su
vice
tranh giai phdng dan tdc nhung khdng chiip
dira
tren nhiing khudn miiu dinh san. Qua
nhiui
nhirng ap dat do thuc dan
dcni
hii.
viec gidi thieu nhu'ng
kien
thirc phd thdng, Nhu'ng tac giii tien phong
ciia
van hoc
nidi
da
nhirng thdng tin ve khoa hoc tu nhien. khoa viei ve cudc sdng thimh thi dang ur sim boa.
NGHIEN
ecru
DONG
B^C
fl. SO 7(89) 7-2008 55
Nghien citu khoa hgc
cudc sdng ma hg vira thay thfch hgp
vi pbii
hgp vdi tam

Idn:
nude
nha cd cuang
vuc rieng, ngang hang vdi Trung Qudc va
cac nude hoa ha khac thi nhirng trf thii'c tan
hgc viei
vtm
dudi
sir
chi phdi
ciia
chfnh sach
van boa nd dich
ciia
thuc dan Phap. Neu nhu
van hgc trung did biei ket hgp cac gia tri
mang tfnh Trung Qudc va cac gia tri dan
gian de san sinh ra nhirng the
loai
rieng, diic
thu Viet Nam ma
dinh
cao
la
Viet boa he
thdng the
loiii
ngoai nhap, sang
tiio
he thdng

diio.
Cudi XIX dau XX xuat hien nhieu
tha ke su, ve hien thuc. Tac gia
ciia
nd la nha
Nho,
nhu'ng ngudi cd vdn van boa Han hgc.
Ddi tugng thirdng thirc la ngudi ndng dan
vdn cu tu d ndng thdn - mdt dia ban rdng
Idn
ciia nude
ta liic dd. Dua ndi dung hien thuc
vao trong mdt hinh
thii:c
the loai cu quen
thude
vdi tam ly ngudi tiep nhan de
thoii
man
nhu ciiu
ciia
hg ddng thdi thuc
diiy sir
thay
doi trong suy nghi
ciia
hg. Do do ngdn
ngif
sir dung
la

van hgc
van ve dap ii'ng nhu ciiu dgc, ke, nghe
ciia
nhu'ng ngudi tiing
Idp
dudi. Cham ngdi cho
cac hinh thirc van
viin,
ve ke
sir
la cac nha
Nho duy tan va phong triio Ddng kinh nghia
thuc.
Hg la nhirng ngudi diiu tien viei ve,
didn ca de co ddng, tuyen truyen cho nhan
dan.
Nha Nho va phong
tiiio
Ddng kinh nghia
thuc da dgn dudng cho tam ly tiep nhan, cho
kieu tiep nhan van hgc mdi
ciia
ddc gia Viet
Nam d giai
doiin
giao thdi. Van hoa phiii cd
truyen thdng va truyen thdng dd phu
thude
vao tam ly ngudi tiep nhan. Doi mdi phai
phii

sau. khi ma ddc gia vdi lugng kien thii'c hien
diii
dugc
ciip
nhat tuong ddi cua
minh
dang
ddi hdi van hgc phai cd
sir
thay the ve hinh
thirc the hien. Ve mat ly
luan.
Nam
Plie)ng
da
diip
iifng
dugc yeu cau
ciia
thdi dai trong viec
thdng nhiit ngdn ngir, tuyen truyen tu tudng
mdi,
gidi thieu tu tudng phuang Tay cho van
hoc nude nha. Do viiy cd rat nhieu y kien
diinh gia de cao Nam Phong, coi Nam
Plie>ng
nhu mdt dao su van nghe ma ai mudn thanh
nha
viin
phiii chiim but trong binh muc dd.

xuat hien nguy co bi nd
dich ve van hoa.
Ttim
ly tiep nhan van hgc
mdi da dugc cac nha nho duy tan chuiin bi d
hai ciip do.
Truire het,
cac
nha Nho duy tan da phe
phan van chuang cir tir, tuyen bd tir bd van
chuang thanh hien, tir bd ldi viei khoa cir
Hiin hgc va viei theo
hinh
thii'c mdi de dap
ii^ng
nhu ciiu
ciia
ddc giii. Ong tham hoa noi
tieiig
hay tha da tu tay ddt thi tap
ciia
chinh
minh (Nguydn Thugng Hien). Ba dng tien ,sT,
phd biing mdi dd Ien an thi cir. (Phan Chau
Trinh viei Chi thdnh thdng thdnh phe phan
hgc thuiu cu xoa bd nen giao
due
khoa cir
Han hgc. Triin Quy Cap va Hu)nb Thiic
Khang

ndng thdn, grin bd
va him thiiy cho ndng dan, la ngudi sang tac
van hgc tieu bidu cho van hgc
ti^ydn
thdng
ciia
dan tdc. Tir gdc do
niiy
chiing ta cd the
cho riing nhung nha Nho duy tan la nhu'ng
ngudi diiu tien dua van hgc Viet Nam
tii'
van
hgc
vLing
mang tfnh phuang Ddng gia nhiip
viio
quy dao van hgc the gidi. van hgc
phuang Tay qua viec phe bd
viin
hgc cu.
Hai
Id,
hg da him mdi cac the
loai
cu bang
viec dua nhirng ndi dung mdi
viio
dd. Su xuiit
hien kha phong phii cua ve, truyen tho, ky

phiui
cdng. hai
ben
ki hoa udc
Giap Tuiit. Hoang
Dieu
ra
Iriiii
thanh Ha Ndi.
NGHIEN
C(jru
DONG BflC fl. SO 7(89) 7-2008
57
Nghien citu khoa hgc
dd niiii thiinh. Nam 1885 Nguydn Thi Bich ndi thich
hefp ve'ri
tdm hdn me)t sei
.si
phu di
(mdt cung nu
ciia
vua Tu Diic) viet
Le)gn
du tim quen
Idng
trong nhdn
Igc
Didnig
luitt
hanh thue

viet
sii'
bai dugc dich tir chfr Han ra qudc ngu' bang
nhu dng da
thii'a
nhiin: ""Nhinig
Irityen
ei'
Iiic
bat hoiic song thiit luc bat de tuyen
Irong
trii'ii
luc
e'iy
phdn
nhii'ii Id
liiy d quyen truydn
each iTUing
cua Phan Boi Chau.
Hgnli ihite
ca eua Le tdn
Ngiiyin NhiU/e
tin.
Nguydn Thugng Hien. Phan Chau Trinh
Bd
Id
mdt cung phi cua vua Tu
Difc
sou hd him cho ddi sdng van viin
cue

chiia
ngoai. chiia trong rdi ngugc trudc dang trd
!iii
chi phdi van dan ? Ndi
dudng ra vd nhu mdt bai du kf. Ldi van dung cac tac phiim cho chiing ta mdt
cau
tra
giiin di ndm na nhu kc
truyen
binh dan. ldi thiit rd rimg:
the
tha luc biit dugc diing de
Trong sudt mdt ngan nam lich sir chua ghi
hii.
ke lai nhOng
sir
kien thuc le. chi tiet
bao gid hgc giii Vict Nam diing van qudc am lich su' nhu'ng
bidii
cd
ciia
thdi cudc
liic
dd
dc ghi nhu'ng
bien
cd xiiy ra d duang thdi chir khdng phiii ke chuyen
ciia
lich
sii'.

Cudi the ky XIX diiu the ky XX. vim hgc thudng nhu
viiy
va cung chua he thiiy mdt
Viet Nam da cd cudc bien thien riit quan ngdn
ngu"
ddi sdng
iia
vao tha phong phii va
trgng cd
le
mdt diiu hieu quan trgng ft dugc da dang
ddii
the. Vc
Iiic
bat da dap iing dugc
liiih
den la tfnh chiit thdi
sir
ua vao trong tha. nhu
ciiu
ve thdng tin
ciia
ddc
giii.
Day chfnh
Trong ddi sdng van hgc
nude
nha d buoi giao
la
mdt trong nhung con dudng dan ddn

chiing hirdng irng. thudng thirc thi
viin
chuang phai dap irng dugc thi hieu
ciia
cdng
chiing: tfnh ham chuyen
hi.
thfch tin tuc thdi
sir.
nhu'ng su kien giat gan. mdi me. Nhim
xcl
vd uic phiim Chinh khi ca
ciia
Nguydn
Van Giai. Thanh Lang cung khiing dinh:
""Nguyen Vdn Giai dem
nie'n
cdi gi
me'ri
me'
vdo vdn he)c Viet Nam:
me'ri
me
a did
diing
lift
thef que'ic
dm de ghi
nliUng
bieii ed

dde>
vd ti
mi^^'''.
Sir
thay ddi
ciia
van chuang tir truyen tho tai
tii'
giai nhan den ve
luc
bat khdng chi d
vice
thay ddi dd tai, ndi dung ngdn ngu' ma
chii
yeu d
sir
thay ddi quan he tac gia vdi cdng
chiing. Didu
niiy
dan den viec thay ddi ca
tfnh chiit van hgc. Cac tac phiim van viin nay
da phiin anh nhu'ng viin dc thuc tc
ciia
xa hdi
hic dd nhiim tac ddng tdi nhiin thirc
ciia
ddc
giii - nhung ngudi ndng dan dang bat diiu
thay ddi tam
ly,

mot
nude
thuc
sir
chuydn sang hien
diii
viet
Ihco
kieu phuong Tay khi ddi tugng thirdng
thii'c ddng dao
ciia
nd phiii chiip nhiin didu
do.
0 giai doan giiio thdi, nha nho da lam
thiiy giai ciip tu siin va tiing Idp
tieu
tu san
trong viec xiiy dung mdt ndn van hgc
ciin
hien
diii.
Day la mdt trong
nhiin ti
dac diem
diic thii ciia
van hgc Viet Nam khi budc vao
thdi ky hien dai boa.
4.
Nhu
viiy

sii'
dang doi hdi phat
trien theo hudng hien
diii?
Viin de
niiy
ciin
mdt nghien ciiu
sau
ban nua ma chiing tdi
dang theo dudi.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1.
Phiim
The
Ngu
(1974),
Viet Nam van
hoe sir
gidii iiife tdii
hien, lap 3, Quoc hoc
tiing
thu, Siii Gon
tr38,
tr.6.
2.
Thanh Liing
(1967),
Bang
luge do van

Nguyen van Hoiin (2000),
Chie qtide iigi7
vd
stephdl trieii ei'ia
van hod Viet Nam.
Tiip
chi
Vein
hoc, sd 9,
Hii
Noi.
6. Chuang
Thiiu
(1982). Doug Kinh
iigliia
thue
vd
phong trdo edi
edeli
van hod dau the ky
XX,
Nxb Khoa hoc xa
hoi.
Ha Ndi.
'''Tlianh
Lang
(1967).
Bdng
heac
do vdn hoc