TRIET HOC, SO 7 (230),
THANG
7-2010
BnN CHRT
TU'ONG
TRC
XH HOI CUR
Glfl IM
NGO
T0LAP'*'
Bdi
viit dUa ra nhiing ludn gidi nhdm ldm ro bdn chdt tttcfng tdc xd hgi cua gid tri. Theo tdc
gid, mdc do ddp dng cdc nhu cdu cua con
ngUdi
chinh la gid tri. Gid tri bao gom gid tri vdt ly
dugc
xde
dinh bdi cdc yiu
to'vdt
chdt vd gid tri xd hgi
dUdc xde
dinh bdi cdc yiu
tdxd
hgi thdng
qua trao ddi. Td do, tdc gid ludn chdng vd
iing
hd quan diem gid tri khdng phdi chi do lao dgng
tqo ra, md cbn do cdc yiu
to'khdc
diidc ggi la
"cdc

quan niem mang tfnh kinb te hgc ve gia tri
cd the dfldc chia thanh ba trfldng phai
chfnh: trfldng pbai khdch quan, trUdng
phai chu quan va trUdng phai chi chfl trgng
de'n md'i tUdng quan gifla cung va cau. Tdi
mud'n ggi trfldng phai thfl ba nay la trfldng
phai thi triidng.
Trfldng phai khdch quan cho ring, gia
tri cfla hang hda cd the do dUdc mdt
each
khach quan va dUdc quyet dinh bdi cac
nhan td' cfla qua trinh san xua't, nhfl da't
dai,
lao dgng, nguyen vat lieu va vd'n. Den
lUdt
minh, trong dai ban, gia tri
lai
dUdc
the hien qua gia ca tren thi trUdng. Dai
dien cfla trUdng phai nay la St.Thomas
Aquinas (1225-1274), John Duns Scotus
(1265-1308), William Petty (1623-1687),
Richard Cantillon (168?-1734), dac Met la
cac nba kinb te hgc cd dien, nhfl Adam
Smith (1723-1790), David Ricardo (1772-
1823) va C.Mac (1818-1883), nhflng ngUdi
eho rang ngudn gd'c duy nha't cfla gia tri la
Ifldng lao dgng xa hgi cin thidt de san xua't
ra hang hda trong mgt bd'i canh cu the.
Trfldng phai chu quan, trai lai, cho rang

ngfldi da dgc lap - va ddng thdi vdi Leon
Walras - phat trien ly thuyet ve ldi fch bien
(marginal utility).
Trfldng phai thi trUdng tfl bd sfl tim
kiem mdi quan he nhan qua trflc tidp gifla
cac yeu to' khach quan hoac chfl quan vdi
gia tri; cho rang gia tri cfla hang hda dfldc
xac dinh bdi md'i tfldng quan gifla cung va
cau tren thi trfldng. Dai dien sdm nha't eua
trfldng phai nay cd le la John Law
(1671-
1729),
ngfldi da sfl dung quy luat cung ciu
de giai thfch nghich ly ve gia tri cfla nfldc
va kim cUdng. Nhflng ngUdi hoan chinh ly
thuyet cung cau ve gia tri la Leon Walras
(1834-1910) vdi md hinh cdn bdng tdng
qudt (General Equilibrrum) va Alfred
Marshall (1842-1924) vdi md hinh cdn hdng
cue
hg (Partial Equilbrum).
Hai trUdng phai khach quan va chu
quan deu khdng dfl kha nang giai dap cau
hdi ldn nha't cfla kinh te hgc, do la ldi
nhudn din tU ddu, cdi gi ldm cho nen kinh
ti tdng trUdng? Ke tfl khi trUdng phai thi
trUdng xua't hien, ngUdi ta dUdng nhU da tfl
bd cugc tim kiem mgt
each
ly giai mang

chflng ta phai xem xet cdi ngudn vat ly cua
nd. Chung ta deu biet rang, sfl vat cd hai xu
hfldng chfl dao: xu hUdng thU nhdt la duy
tri
sfl tdn tai cfla minh, xu httdng thU hai la
anh hfldng den cac
sii
vat xung quanh. Mgt
each triic quan, xu hUdng thfl nha't, tflc xu
hfldng duy tri sfl tdn tai, dfldc the hien d
lite
qudn tinh; cdn "xu hudng thfl hai, tflc xu
hfldng anh hudng den eae sfl vat xung
quanh, dfldc the hien d
lite
hdp ddn. Mgt
vat
chi
thay ddi trang thai neu cd mgt
lilc
tac ddng dfl manh de thang quan tfnh cua
nd, nhflng ddng thdi
vat
dd cflng hflt cac vat
khac.
Hdn nfla, vat ldn cd nhieu kha nang
hut dfldc vat nhd hdn, va trong trfldng hdp
hflt dfldc, nd se nhan tbem khd'i Ifldng cfla
vat nhd de trd thanh vat ldn hdn nfla.
O con ngfldi, hai xu hudng tU nhien ndi

CUA
GlA TRI
nhu cau vat ly vdi tu each la thiic pham,
nhflng vdi nhflng
each
che bien nha't dinh,
nd cdn dap flng nhu cau xa bgi cua thflc
khach. Mflc do dap flng cac nhu cau cua con
ngfldi chfnh la gia tri. Dieu khang dinh nay
khdng mdi; bdi le, dd chfnh la dinh nghia
gia tri eua Arixtd't, ngUdi dau tien tren the
gidi nghien cflu va'n de ban chit cua gia tri.
Ta cd the tdm tit nhflng dieu vfla trinh
bay
6
tren bang cdng thflc:
V =
Vp-fVs
Trong do, V la gia tri, Vp la gia tri vat
ly va Vs la gia tri xa hgi. Trong cdng thflc
nay, nhin chung, Vp dUdc
xde
dinh hdi cdc
yiu to' sdn xudt, cbn Vs
dUdc xde
dinh hdi
cdc yiu tdxd hgi thdng qua trao ddi.
Viec nghien cflu sfl thay ddi ty trgng eua
Vp va Vs trong cdng thflc nay cho ta tha'y lich
sfl phat trien cua nen san xuat nhan loai.

tri cfla vat cang tang. Ngfldc lai, ndu so' dd'i
tUdng
dUde
quan tam cang nhieu thi Uu the
tUdng dd'i cua ngUdi sd hflu nd cang it, nghia
la gia tri xa hgi cua no cung cang
it.
Vi
the.
ta cd the ndi ring gia tri xa hdi cfla vat ty le
thuan vdi
so'
ngUdi quan tam va ty le nghich
vdi sd'lUdng dd'i tUdng dUdc quan tam.
Khi nang suit cfla nen kinh td cdn rat
tha'p va Sli trao ddi hang hda chUa phat
trien, hiu nhU mgi thfl deu thidu thdn, md'i
quan tam chfl yeu cfla dai da so' cac thanh
vien cfla xa hdi (trfl rat ft nhflng ngfldi dflng
dau boac gidi dac tuyen(l)) la lam sao dap
flng dfldc cac nhu ciu vat ly. Khi a'y, phan
ldn cac san pham cfla nen kinh te dUdc tao
ra nham dap flng cac nhu ciu dd. Dieu nay
cd nghia la, mgt each gin dflng, ngfldi ta cd
the bd qua phin gia tri xa hdi cda da sd sdn
phdm va cdng thflc gia tri se la:
V
=
Vp
Hdn nfla, vi cd the bd qua phan gia tri xa

de tang gia tri xa hdi cua hang hda ngUdi ta
cflng cd the chgn each giam so' Ifldng tUdng
dd'i cfla hang hda so vdi sd ngfldi quan
tam
-
day khdng pbai cai gi khac hdn la quy luat
cung cau.
Trong thiic te, de tang sd ngUdi quan
tam, ngUdi ta cd the sfl dung nhieu hien
phdp nhdn tqo khac nhau, thudng gap nhit
hien nay la quang cao. De giam mdt each
tUdng ddi
so'
lUdng
hang hda so vdi sd' ngUdi
quan tam, each
thudng
dflng la thay ddi
miu ma, tfnh nang cfla hang hda. Ngoai ra,
ngudi ta eung cd the van dung nhflng dac
diem tu nhien cfla hang hda de tao ra
sil
khac biet, chang ban
lUa
chgn thdi diem de
san xua't cac loai hoa qua trai vu.
Trai vdi gia tri vat ly, gia tri xa hgi
khdng c6 gidi ban. Chinh dieu nay se giflp
chflng ta dUa ra cau tra ldi cho eau hdi d
tren: nguon gdc cua

tha'p,
tham chf gay
ra
tinh trang khung
hoang thfla. Vi vay, cae qud'c gia cd nen
kinh te chfl yeu
diia
vao ndng nghiep, danh
ca, tbu cdng nghiep ludn luan quin trong
vdng ngbeo ddi.
Chung ta cung co thi sff dung ly thuyit
gid tri not tren di gidi thich cugc khung
hodng kinh
tindm
2008. De di hieu hdn, ta
cd the hinh dung xa hgi chi bao gdm nhflng
ngfldi trdng lua va hai ngfldi budn ban bit
ddng san la A va B. Gia sfl A ban cho B mgt
ngdi nha gia 100 trieu ddng, B lai ban lai
ngdi nha dd cho chfnh A vdi gia 120 trieu
ddng, nghia la anh ta dfldc lai 20 trieu
ddng. Sau dd, A lai ban chfnh ngdi nha nay
cho B vdi gia 140 trieu ddng va rdi B tiep
tue ban ngdi nha cho A vdi gia 160 trieu
ddng. Neu khdng cd mdt nguyen nhan nao
do chat dflt chudi mua ban nay, thi qua
trinh dd cd the keo dai vd tan va sau mdi
lan giao dich, ngUdi ban deu cd lai. Trong
khi dd, vi nhu cdu vdt ly ve gqo
Id

do vat chat. Xin chd nham
\hn
duy tam vdi
me tin di doan (N.T.L). Xem them bai Go cda nin
kinh ti' duy tdm trong "Minh triet cua gidi han".
Nxb Hpi Nha
van.
Ha Npi, 2005.
66
BAN
CHAT TUONG
TAC
XA HOI CUA
GlA
TRI
se nang cap cd sd ha tang, cai tie'n cong
nghe, phat trien giao
due,
hay tham chf con
trd giup cho ngUdi trdng lua de nang cao
nang suit). Bflc tranh nay ndi chung la tfch
Clic,
ngoai trfl mgt dieu la sU khac biet ve
mflc sd'ng, hay ndi khac di la khoang each
giau ngheo gifla nhflng ngfldi kinh doanh
bat dgng san vdi ngUdi trdng
Ifla
tang len
nhanh chdng. Qua trinh nay se tiep tuc
dien ra nhfl vay cho den khi cd mgt ly do

lUdng
tien khdng ban
che ma khdng gay ra lam pbat, mien la
lUdng
tien bdm them do tUdng flng vdi
sii
gia tang cfla td'ng gia tri tai san. NhUng,
nhu chung ta tha'y d phan trfldc, tdng gia
tri tai san eua xa hdi bi anh hfldng bdi
nhflng ye'u to' duy tam va vi the, bat ky lflc
nao sfl rd'i loan cflng ed the xay ra.
Dl nhien, tren thflc te khdng
ehi
ed
nganh kinh doanh bat ddng san mdi cd kha
nang gay ra bit dn tai chinh. Cd the ndi,
trong nen kinh te hien dai, tuyet dai da so'
cac nganh kinh doanh deu chfla diing nguy
cd nay. Tuy nhien, nhflng nganh dich vu
chfla dung nhieu nguy cd hdn la cac nganh
san xua't, va nganh nao cang ft yeu to' vat
chat thi lai cang tiem an nhieu nguy cd.
Nganh kinh doanb ba't dgng san la nganh
dUdc nhic den nhieu tfl kbi xay ra cugc
khflng hoang tai chfnh den nay, nhflng
nguy cd chfl ydu dfldc tao ra tfl viec dinh gia
bat dgng san, chfl khdng phai la trong qua
trinh xay dflng. Nganh kinh doanh chflng
khoan tham chf cdn chfla dflng nhieu nguy
cd hdn. Dieu nay ed the tha'y rd qua nhflng

se dUdc phan phd'i len mgi thanh vien trong
xa hgi. Dieu nay dung tren quy md qud'c gia
va cung dflng tren quy md qud'c te. Khi kinh
te the gidi eat canh, eac gia tri mdi dUdc tao
ra chfl yeu rdi vao nhflng qud'c gia phat trien
va hau nhu khdng giflp fch gi cho cac
nUdc
ngheo. Tuy nhien, khflng khoang lai tac
dgng den mgi qud'c gia.
Q
67