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

 Bài báo cáo môn:
Sinh học đại cương
Đề tài:
Nguồn gốc sự sống trên Trái Đất
 !"#$%&'(&')#*&
)+!,- -
!
./01-,,233,453
06.0)-,,233,-2,
06-,,233,7,-
06801-,,233,595
TP.HCM, 06/2012

:;
3 ./01
-,,233,453,
'<&"=>=>?&"@'AB='#$C= DE# =FG& HIJK
JL&"@&"#M&"LBBNOBPBB'Q='<#BRBRST&U
- 06.0)
-,,233,-2,
"#M&"LBBNOBPBB'Q='<#BRBRST&@=(FVFW#
=FC&"O&'
5 06
-,,233,7,-
FOFDXY&=FC&'ZO=FI&JF&''AB@=(FVFW#=FC&"
O&'
4 06801
-,,233,595

tiên…………………………15
IV. Giai đoạn tiến hóa sinh học
……………………………………………………….21
V. Tài liệu tiếng anh: Origins of Life on
Earth……………………………………….23
Tài liệu tham khảo………………………………………
…………………….34
LỜI MỞ ĐẦU:"(&'['XO'ABJF&'H\='FW&DYFDO&"D>R&"DE#H]F
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=eX&"&'<&"Vf&'HKBD>gBSFC=DC&eQ='Y&B'C@^hBij'E#'C=&'<&"'Fk#SFC=BNO
BX&&">lFHIS_^m&JF&''ABH(='C"F]F=K&'FG&V(iKO=eG&DFI#DZU\$JKJL&"
Sa=&"#M&=bD*#c
hBijBm&"HFWB&"'FG&Bd#HIVf&'HKB&($eQ=B'\^&'>&"&ZV#m&V#m&
='#'n=JKB'noBNO&'FI#&">lFS?FHpD*$V(^_=B*#'`FeQ=V]&H(eQ=['ZU_=JL
&'<&"JK[FW&DqB'XB'n&"=OSFC=^_=r'E&DFI#[FW&=YX&G&JKJL&"@&'>&"BR
B'CSG&=eX&"=YX&G&JKJL&"Hs&V(^_=DFI#Stu&U
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'FW&&O$BR='kJL&"B'vD>gBJF&'eO=bBR='kJL&"BZJy&B'd['m&"='kD>gBJF&'
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B'n&"=O['XT&"4@7=v&|^B'>O'IBZJKJL&"U'C='pJKJL&"D>gBJF&'eO=b
D*#c"($&O$['XO'ABDqBZB*#=eTVlFB'XHQ&DI&"#M&"LBJKJL&"UKJL&"
B'v{#Q='FW&BPB'D*$4=v&|^Sx&"BX&D>l&"HmBRi>]F=PBD_&"BNOBPB&'*&
=L=K&'FG&z#O5"FOFDXY&!=FC&'ZO'ZO'AB}=FC&'ZO=FI&JF&''AB}=FC&'ZOJF&'
'ABU
I. Những tư tưởng, học thuyết đầu tiên về sự sống
(X='C[v='d4=e>]Bm&"&"#$G&@eFJ=X=V~Dq=ep&'S($iKO=eG&&'<&"
DFI#^(BX&&">lF='lFDZSFC=D>gB@t=&'Q=V(?'*#;#@ex&"&'<&"H\=='kJL&"
r'P=JF&'=b&'<&"H\=='k['m&"JL&"Uti•&'>SAB'€=H(B'#_=r'P=JF&'=b
&'<&"DL&"ePBB•'O$S_=^p@&'<&"BX&"F‚FH(e#MF=eX&"='ƒ=='LFU
&"DFDC&[C=V#\&!#_BJL&"@&ZF&"a&"A&'R&@V(Sa=&"#M&=bJKr'P=

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&ZU
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=eA&"&'Q==eX&"z#P=ep&'=FC&'ZOJKJL&"UK{#Q='FW&=CS(XB't&'V(S>]BDP&'
iQ#B'#$k&SFC&=b='C"F]F'ZO'ABHmJF&'DkSa=DE#JKJL&"JF&'H\=U"'FG&Bd#
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JL&"U
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II. Nguồn gốc của các chất hữu cơ cơ bản
1. Giả thuyết: Sự sống đến từ vũ trụ.
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H(X^_=Sp&'='d'OFr'Z&"=FOV•ODFW&VFG&=•B†^mr'`&"JQ^J€=ˆU—&'gr['t
D>gBV(^VY&'@&">&"=•VYF†^mr'`&"'FW&=>g&"ePFQ=&"#_FiE&ˆH(is&
&">gB=e?VYFH(XSp&'DE#=FG&Dk=FCr=•BB'#=ep&'=eG&U
eX&"H‚&"^_="Fl@&>]B=eX&"Sp&'B'#$k&JO&"^(#BO^UO#^_==#E&@
'Az#O&JP=='Q$32˜BOBSX&DqB'#$k&='(&''grB'Q='<#BRUO#H(F=#E&@B'Q=
V`&"=eX&"Sp&'DE#=FG&=e?&G&Ju^^(#H(iE&iE&B'#$k&='(&'^(#&*#='s^U

&FG&3‹9,J@J•i•&"&|&"V>g&"'ZO'AB=bJ#Vr'Fi~JJa=@&'>$eF=~U|&"V>g&"
&($['m&"&'<&"=…&"'grD>gBBPBr'*&=•'<#BR^(B‚&=YXD>gBBPBXVF"X^~eJ
H(rXV$^~eJU't&"'FW^JT&{#Q=D>gBiFr~r=Fi~J†,U4DC&3-U4˜ˆH(^_=t=
=eFr~r=Fi~J†,U3˜ˆU
]FD*$['P^r'PHF['#u&Methanosarcina acetivorans?i>]FDP$SFk&U
F['#u&='lFB…DYF&($'Qr='•BOeSX&^X&X{Fi~H(&'TeO^~='O&~H(OB~=O=~U
šO^~J›~ee$H('eFJ=Xr'~eX#J~BNOYF'AB~&&=O=~&FH~eJF=$['P^r'P
='G^ex&"HF['#u&&($VQ$&|&"V>g&"=br'T&d&""F<OOB~=O=~H(J#Vr'Fi~Ja=B'v
&'l-O^F&XOBFiJDR&"FT&@['PBH]FJ>BE&=]F=eG&3,O^F&XOBFiJ&'>'FW&&O$U
'eFJ=XŠF~SeFB'~e@&|^-,,9@='(&'Bm&"=eX&"HFWB=YX^_=^]F
B'dO4,,SOJ~J=b^_=^s#='FG&&'FG&=eX&"DFI#[FW&S|&""FPUs#
^]F&($=|&"=e>?&"SOXz#O&'='FG&&'FG&U
'Z^&"'FG&Bd#YFABOeHOei@&|^-,,9@B'XSFC=DO&"&"'FG&Bd#
HFWB=YX=CS(X&'*&=YXU'Z^&"'FG&Bd#&($B'X=e_&H(FOBFiS€X†ŠO==$OBFiJˆ
H]F †='FG&&'FG&ˆ=eX&"^_=L&"&"'FW^@[C=z#TB'X='Q$='(&'V\r^_=['LF
^]FB'dO&'FI#='m&"=F&iF=e#$I&UC#='G^H(XDZ&#BV~X=Fi~J†='FG&
&'FG&ˆ='p&#BV~X=Fi~JB'Y$H(XH( =KB'FODmF†e~rVFBO=~ˆ=eX&"H‚&"^_=
&"($U#$&'FG&@='t&"'FW^=YX ^]Fr'TFiKOH(X H(&#BV~X=Fi~J='FG&
&'FG&=etB'=b&'F%^='kU
'X=]F&O$@B'>OBZ['XO'AB"FO&(X=YXD>gB=CS(X&'*&=YX@&"O$BT
'O$ &'*&=YXU|^-,,‹@#='~eVO&iH(&'Z^&"'FG&Bd#='#_BYF
ABO&B'~J=~e†&'z#LBˆDq='(&'Bm&"=…&"'grD>gB-['LFBQ#=YX
=eX&"JL4['LFB|&ST&BNO@H(&'Z^m&"=F&=>?&"ex&"J‡='(&'Bm&"=…&"
'grD>gB&'*&=YX=bBPBi#&"iƒB''ZO'ABU_=['F=…&"'grD>gB
&'*&=YX='p['m&"['ZVa^=eX&"HFWB=…&"'gr &'*&=YX@H(iKO='~X&"'FG&
Bd#BNO&'Z^OeHOei@=…&"'gr='(&'=CS(X&'*&=YXJ‡=eX&"=E^=O$U
_=BPB'=…&"z#P=@BPB"FT='#$C=B'Xex&"B't&'&'l&|&"V>g&"BNO'`O
iFW^JR&@JQ^J€=@=FO=•&"XYF=…&"'grBPB['t='lF&"#$G&='N$='(&'BPBB'Q=
'<#BRDR&"FT&†^X&X^~eJˆ&'>O^F&XOBFiJ@&#BV~XSOJ~J@eMFBPBB'Q=DR&"FT&
&($=…&"'gr='(&'BPBB'Q=r'dB=Yr'R&†rXV$^~eJˆU'Q=J€="F(#Ja=†FeX&}eB'

'~XrOeF&@B'A&VAB=K&'FG&J‡"F<VYFH('X(&='FW&BPB"FA==L='R&Dk
=YX&G&=CS(XU
bBPBB'Q='<#BRBOXr'*&=•BZ'FW&=>g&"Dm&"=•='(&'"FA=[~X"AFV(
"FA=BXOJ~eHO@D*$V(iQ#'FW#JR['OFBNOJKJL&"†=eOXD…FB'Q=@V]&VG&@r'*&
B'FOˆU
2. Sự hình thành lớp màng
K'p&'='(&'V]r^(&"&'x^r'*&BPB'BXOJ~eHOH]F^mF=e>l&"U'm&"
z#O^(&"@BXOJ~eHOJ‡='KB'FW&JK=eOXD…FB'Q=H]F^mF=e>l&"UV]r^(&"&($"M^
&'<&"r'*&=•reX=~F&H(VFrFiJar{Cr='~X^_==e\==K{PBDƒ&'U
PBDYFr'*&=•VFrFi@reX=F=@O{F=&#BV~FB’{#Q='FW&=eX&"&>]BH(=\r=e#&"
Bj&"&'O#is&=]FHFWBBPBr'*&=•VFrFiBZ=t&'[¢&>]BJ‡V\r=dB'p&'='(&'&G&
V]r^(&"SOXSABVQ$=\r'grBPBDYFr'*&=•'<#BR=YX&G&BPB"FA=&'`VF=F['PB
&'O#UPB"FA=&($B'ƒ#JK=PBD_&"BNOB'A&VAB=K&'FG&J‡iE&=FC&'ZOH(=YX&G&
BPB=CS(XJR['OFU
3. Sự xuất hiện của enzyme
PB~&•$^~DZ&"HOF=e‚{nB=PB@V(^B'Xz#P=ep&'=…&"'grH(r'*&"FTFBPB
B'Q='<#BR{T$eO&'O&''R&UFI&='*&BNOBPB~&•$^~DZBZ='kV(&'<&"B'Q=
'<#BRr'*& =•V>g&"='Qr[C='grH]FBPBFX&[F^VXYFH(VFG&[C=H]FBPB
rXV$r~r=Fi~U
4. Hình thành cơ chế di truyền
'~XB'A&VAB=K&'FG&@^mF=e>l&"J‡B'A&VAB&'<&"=CS(X='tB'&"'FH(
D(X='TF&'<&"=CS(X['m&"='tB'&"'FUPBDhB=t&'BNO=CS(X['m&"='ki#$=epH(
=FC&'ZOz#O=b&"='C'W&C#&'>['m&"BZBRB'CiF=e#$I&UeX&"=CS(X@='m&"=F&
iF=e#$I&D>gB^q'ZO=eX&"O{F=&#BV~F=† H(ˆ@&'>&" {#Q='FW&
=e>]B'O$&">gBVYFcZHs&B‚&V(DFI#Stu&U
a. Giả thuyết cho rằng DNA xuất hiện trưởc
|^3‹-‹@U#VV~e^_=&'(iF=e#$I&'AB&…F=FC&"&G#"FT='#$C=B'Xex&"
JKJL&"Sa=DE#=b^_='XhBH(F"~&=YX='(&'['m&"iXBPBJF&'H\=UeX&"^_=
='lF"FO&i(F@"FT='#$C=&($['m&"D>gBB'noU
'>&"JO#DZDq{#Q='FW&^_=H(FSx&"B'd&"B'X='Q$"FT='#$C=&($&"($

&QB='O&"BNO'OFJgF{Xa& U(JK[C=BhrDhB='jeFG&"SFW=V(z#O&=eA&"Dk
JOXB'€r=e#&"='(&'='m&"=F&UPBr'*&=•r'XJr'O=~H(D>l&"V(^='(&'{>R&"
JL&"BNO^—FJgF 'XhB
Các nucleobase
PB&#BV~XSOJ~BZ='k[C='gr^_=BPB'=Kr'P=JO#^_=JLS>]B=bB$O&Fi~@
OB~=$V~&~H(&'<&"r'*&=•DR&"FT&BZ^h==eX&"JLBPB'ZOB'Q=&"#$G&='N$U
Đường Ribose
>l&"B•&"BZ='k[C='gr=b&'<&"'ZOB'Q=DR&"FT&SO&DE#Uq3,,&|^&">lF
=ODqSFC=BPBVXYFr'*&=•D>l&"BZ='k'p&'='(&'Sx&"BPB'V(^&Z&"i#&"iƒB'
[FI^BNOŠXe^OVi~'$i~@BPBVXYF'ZOB'Q=&($B•&"=M&=YF['FePFDQ=B‚&?='lF[œ
&"#$G&JRUX&"HQ&DIV(?B'—V(^='C&(XBZD>gBDn&"VXYFD>l&"}B•='kV(
eFSXJ~@=eX&"=e>l&"'gr”DkV(^eOD>gB&#BV~X=Fi~UFSXJ~@Bj&"H]F5VXYF
D>l&"VFG&z#O&BZ='k'p&'='(&'=br'T&d&"BNO'OFVXYFD>l&"DR&"FT&'R&
B'dO-H(5&"#$G&=•BOBSX&='~X='d=KU'T&|&"'p&'='(&'BNOeFSXJ~='~X
BPB'[k=eG&['m&""FTFz#$C=HQ&DIHpJOXeFSXJ~VYFBZ&'FI#=eG&ePFDQ=VnB
&"#$G&JR@eFSXJ~['m&"SI&H(i%i(&"r'*&eq=eX&"i#&"iƒB'[FI^&'“UeX&"
z#P['dDFI#z#O&JP=&($is&&'FI#&'(&"'FG&Bd#DC&[C=V#\&ex&"BPBr'*&=•
iF=e#$I&&"#$G&='N$['m&"B'dOeFSXJ~U
Phosphorus
'E&r'XJr'O=~BNOBPB&#BV~X=Fi~V(r'E&"*$eO^_=Stu&U'XJr'Xe#J}&"#$G&=L
=e#&"=*^BNO&'Z^r'XJr'O=~}V(&"#$G&=L=e#&"=*^BNO&'Z^r'XJr'O=~}V(
&"#$G&=LBZ&'FI#=eX&"H`ePFDQ=JX&"['m&"'‚O=O&=eX&"&>]BV(^mF=e>l&"
^(&">lF=O"FTDƒ&'?DQ$Dqr'P=JF&'JKJL&"U XDZ['Z'Fk#D>gBHpJOX
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Tiền tế bào và các túi

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