VAN H6A NGHg THUAT TROMC
MlflPg
Tang cuong
tinh
hien flai
cho iy iuan van hoc
PHiroNG Liru
K
hoa hpc
tir
nhidn va khoa hpc xa
hdi da danh la rat khic nhau,
nhung cring ddu la khoa hpc, cho
ndn vin cd the giao thoa tuong tic nhau tren
nhung nguyen tic chung nao dd. Toan hpc,
mpt bp mPn hau nhu rat "ddi lap" vdi van
hpc,
nhung that ra cd ly thuye't vd loan hpc lai
gdp phan giai thfch rat sau sic cho dac trung
cria van hpc nghd
thuit. Dd
la
ly thuydt
loan tap md cua L.A.
Daddc, Hoa Ky, gdc
Iran. Nam 1965, Png
xac lap duoc nhring
phuang trinh, ham sd
vd bidn dp cria nhung
cai khPng xac djnh.
Trdn co sd dd, ong

lai du bdo: The ky XX se xuat hien
edng manh me phong trdo khoa hoe tu
nhien xdm nhdp vdo khoa
hpc
xa
hdi'd).
Vdi tu each Id bo phdn ra't nhay
cdm trong khoa hoc xa hoi, iy ludn van
hoe,
mudn tang cudng tinh hien dai,
khdng the bd qua xu hudng ndy.
quy luat nay ve co ban la dung vdi nhung sy
vat va hidn tupng dn djnh, hay la nhring trang
thai dn djnh cua su vat va hidn tupng. Nhtmg
chring td ra khdng du dring vdi nhung sy vat
va hien tuong trong trang thai khdng dn djnh,
ma trang thai nay thi rat phd bie'n, bdi vl sy
vat ludn ludn tuong tac va chuyen bidn, dn
djnh chi la tam thdi va
tuomg
dd'i.
Chfnh vi the
ma can thiet den loai
Idgic ma hd, la loai
Idgic xac xua't dring
vao viec phan doan
nhung kha nang cdn
mo hd, chua that xac
djnh, nhan nhan trong
ddi sd'ng, the hidn

minh.
Nghe
si,
trong dd cd van thi
si,
cring khai quit cupc
sdng, nhung khdng bing nhring cdng thric,
khai nidm, cring khdng bing nhring hinh
tupng minh hpa theo logic don trj, ma la
nhung hinh tuong sdng dpng hriu co vdi tu
each
la nhring
brie
tranh thu gpn cria chfnh
cupc sdng.
Brie
tranh, hidn nhien khdng tuyen
bd thuyet ly, nhung ty nd da chria dyng nhring
cai gi xac djnh ben canh nhung cai khdng
hoac chua xac djnh, cdn mo ho, lam cho
ngudi dpc cam nhin duoc cupc sdng loan dien
va lung linh sinh dpng ban. Ta't nhien can
phan biet hai loai mo hd, mpt loai la do ti'nh
cha't mo hd trong khach the
dupe
nhan bidt bdi
chri the, mpt loai la do sy
u
tdi tri trong chri thd
bpc lp ra. LPgic mo ho la mo hd cung cd Idgic

dung dupe tridn khai. That ra khi chuyen hoa
ly thuyet he thdng thanh phuang phap tidp
can,
thi
phai cu thd hda nd thanh nhring
nguyen tic luan chring gdp phan cau tao npi
dung cdng trinh. Mudn the phai hieu rd ngpn
ngudn, cdng dung cring tidm nang phai sinh
cua nd, nhung didu ma ban than chring tdi cd
trai nghidm phan nao. Van dd he thd'ng ma
kdt tinh
dupe
thanh ly thuyet la bit ngudn tri
khoa hpc tu nhidn, cu the la tri quan niem cria
nha sinh vat hpc ao Ludwig Von
Beriallanffy
(1901-1971). Trong cdng trinh cd tfnh chit
kinh didn Ca sd, su phdt trien vd dng dung
cda ly thuyet he thd'ng pho thdng, dng cho
ring bat cri sy vat nao cring nim trong mpt he
thd'ng nha't djnh, cho nen phai xem nd nhu
mpt ydu td cua he thd'ng dd dd nghien crin.
Bat ky hieu nang chinh thd cria sinh vat nao
cring khdng hd la ldng cpng chat lupng don le
dri la cua lit ca cac te bao. Hieu nang chinh
the cria he thd'ng khdng bao gid bing, ma ldn
(hoac nhd) ban tdng sd hieu nang cria
timg
ydu td, vl nd cdn triy thupc vao hieu
lye

md thric hda, bdi vl khach thd trong lac pham
chi xuat hien dudi dang md thric. nghia la chi
ban che trong mpt sd phuang dien co ban.
Cdn nhieu phuang dien khic lai tao thanh
nhung
"c'idm
khPng xac dinh", chd dpi ngudi
dpc den lap nhring 16 trdng dd Theo
R.Ingarden,
mdi tang bac
ndi
tren ddu cd
nhring "thupc ti'nh vd gia tri thim my", nhung
Thang 6-2009
Sd 300
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VAN H6A NGHg THUAT TROMC
MIHOC
lai cung nhau ket thanh mdt ban "hda thanh
phric didu". Ridng ve kdt cau cua tac phaim tu
su, thi Tzvetan Todorov lai chia thanh 4 tang
bac:
1) Tang bac ca ban nhat la tri loai, danh
tri dai dien cho nhan vat, dpng tri dai didn cho
dpng tac, hlnh dung tri dai didn cho thupc
tfnh; 2) Tang bac thri hai la menh dd
dupe
cau
thanh bdi mpt nhan vat nao dd hanh dpng ra
sao vdi nhung thupc tfnh gl; 3) Tang bac thri

day kha lau cac nha ly luan
van hpc Xd viet nhu Kagan, Borev,
Khravsenco, Pospelov da cd nhring cdng
trinh nhu Phdn tich he thd'ng hodn chinh
ddi vdi tdc phdm nghe thudt, Lai ly gidi he
thdng mdt cdch hodn
chinh
ddi vdi tdc
phdm
vdn hpc, Suy nghi ve phdn tich he
thd'ng ddi vdi vdn hpc Ching ban, Pospelov
cho ring npi dung cria
tie
pham van hpc gdm
ba ting bac la de tai, chu dd, nhiet hung mang
y nghia
binh
gia; hlnh thric cring gdm ba mat
la sy midu ta cu the, he thdng ngdn ngri, ket
cau
tie
pham. Sy kdt hap hun co giua cac
phucmg didn nay trong npi dung va hlnh thric
se bieu hien thanh nhung the tai va trao
lim
khae
nhau trong van hpc.
Ban than chring tdi tri nhung nam 60, 70
cua the ky Irudc khi nhan nhiem vu giang day
roi tidp theo la viet giao trinh vd phin phuang

nhau
cring la mo hd khdng chfnh xac. Chung tPi
nhan tha'y ring ndi dung cua phuong phap sang
tac phai duoc tieu chf hda ra thanh nhung
phuang didn cu the, cd nghia la phai xem ban
than phuang phap sang tac nhu mdt he thdng
cria nhring ydu td nhu nhan vat trung tam (npi
dung xa hpi ljch sri cua nhan vat); nguyen tic
khic hpa tfnh
each (trie
la phdp dien hlnh hoa);
nhring bidn phap nghe thuat tuong ring
(trie
la
thi phap, phan biet vdi nhung bien phap nghd
thuat trung tfnh ma nhidu phuong phap sang
tac
khae
nhau ddu cd the cring sri dung).
Cliie
chin day chua phai la chan ly cud'i cring, nhung
qua la rat hidu nghidm trong thao tac. Cu the la
khi dem ba
linh
vyc ndi trdn lam tidu chf de ddi
sanh chri nghia cd dien, chri nghia lang man va
chri nghia hidn thyc vdi nhau,
thi
mai den nay
vin tha'y rat rd rang va cu thd sy khic nhau, va

thdng, va cd tic dyng chi phd'i cac yeu td
khae.
Van nghd la thupc
linh
vyc
tinh
cam, va
ban chat cria nd thupc pham trri tham my.
Cho nen chric nang duy nha't mang tfnh chat
he thdng cria nd la bdi dudng
tinh
cam cho
con ngudi vuon den chdn cao dep, ndu bupc
phai ndi den cai xau xa, thap hen cung la de
canh bao ma tranh xa, cd nghia la cung gian
tidp hudng vd cai cao dep. Ndi duy nha't,
thi
lay dau nria ma thria, nhung cring khPng sp
thidu, bdi vl nd ham chria vd so chric nang d
ci'p dp yeu td. Nhung nhring chric nang nay
khdng the ty xac lap, dung rieng le vl dd cd
nguy
CO
ty diy
minh
sans
cac
linh
vyc
khae,

Bude vao nhung
nam
90, trong khi phai
phat tridn npi dung chuyen luan Ve quan
niem vdn chuong co Viet Nam thanh cPng
trinh hoan chinh Gdp phdn xde lap he thdng
quan niem vdn hpc trung dai Viet Nam, ma
ngay tieu de da co hai chri he thdng. the tat
bupc tdi phai hpc hdi them ve ly thuyet he
thdng, song khdng phai nhdi nhdt, gin ghep,
trang didm.
Trai lai phai nghidn ngim npi dung ly
thuydt ay, hlnh thanh cho
dupe
nhung mrii
tidp can cu the cd tac dung trong viec tao lap
npi dung va co cau cua cdng trinh nhu nhring
didm
dupe
liet ke sau day: 1) He thd'ng bao
Tir khoa
hoc tu
nhidn sang
khoa hoc xa hdi, nhd't Id nghidn
ciiu
vdn hoc khdng phai Id
su
true
didn
gidn

che vdi nhau. Xin ndi cu
thd them rieng vd diem
cudi cring nay. Trong he
thdng quan niem van hpc
trung dai Viet Nam cring
nhu Trung Hoa, van
dl
tai
dao ehi la mpt trong nhieu
quan nidm, nghia la mpt
trong nhieu yeu to, nhung
ty nd cring trd thanh mpt
he thdng cua nhieu yeu to
cring quan he chat che giria chring vdi nhau,
can phai duoc khao sat eu thd va
ehi'nh
xac.
"Dao"
d day khdng phai la dao Nho ndi
chung, ma chi la ly hpc cria Tdng Nho, mpt
loai Nho hpc tuy cd nhieu
bude
tidn vd vri try
quan, nhung lai la mpt sy thoai Irii vd nhan
sinh quan. "Van" d day la hpc thuat ndi
chung, chu yeu la van nghi luan, chri khdng
phai la van chucmg tham my, nghia la khdng
cin phai that va dep. Mdi quan he giria hai
ben la "chd" va theo
each

dl
minh dao), van quan thdng dao (van
dl
quan dao). Didu nay cd mpt y nghia phucmg
phap luan vp cring quan trpng, ft ra la d chd
khdng phai hd cri tha'y van nhan nho
si
nao
ndi den dao, la lidn gan cho hp cai nhan hidu
van
dl
tai dao! Dau cd chuydn dd dang thd'!.
Theo nguyen tic phan tfch he thd'ng, cdn ba
khau nua phai lam: phai xem hp chu truong
thri dao gl, hp quan nidm van ra sao, hp ly
giai mdi quan he giua van vdi dao nhu the
nao? (5).
Vria hpc vria lam. khdng bao gid tu
vira
long, nhung den day nhung tudng nhu the la
minh cung da nim
dupe
dai khai ly thuyet va
phuang phap he thd'ng, nhung hda ra chua
phai.
Bude
sang thd ky mdi, cd djp dpc thdm
nhidu tai lieu, hda ra cd ca mdt he thdng cua ly
thuydt he thd'ng, ma nhring didu vria trinh bay
mdi

thi
can phai lam gi. Tuy
da trai qua ban nria
thdky,
nhung cac ly thuyet
nay, nha't la didu khidn hpc, chring ta chua van
dung
dupe
gl dang ke.
Ay the nhung nria sau TK XX lai tie'p tyc
xua't hien ba loai ly thuyet
khae
ve he thdng
hau nhu cdn hoan loan xa la vdi chring ta.
Trude
bet la ly thuydt hao tan (dissipation) do
llya
Prigogine, nha vat ly ndi tidng ngudi Bi,
sang lap, chuyen luan bin vd mpt trang thai
hdn dpn cd the cd kdt thanh mdt he thd'ng ldp
lang, nhung phai tieu hao nang lupng nhu thd
nao.
Thri hai la thuye't ngiu bidn (mutation,
Trung Qud'c djch la dot bien) do mdt nha toan
hpc Phap dd xua't, luan ban vd mdt he thd'ng
khdng durng ydn, ma cd tiem bidn, nhung
trong nhung trudng hpp nao thi xay ra nhring
bidn ddi bat ngd. Cudi cung la thuyet hop
nang (synergdtique, Trung Qud'c djch la
thuye't hiep ddng) do Heaken, nha vat ly nPi

ngheo sic thai thao tac, didn dat khong rd
rang
thi
cung khdng may thuydt phuc. Mudn
tao lap cho nhung quan nidm mdi vd van hpc
mpt
CO
sd vung chic, khdng the khdng van
dyng
each
tu duy cua khoa hpc ty nhien TK
XX vdi nhung ly thuye't ngay cang hidn dai
cria nd J
RL
1.
Lenin todn tap, lap X. Nhdn ddn xuat bdn xd, Bic
Kinh. 1958,
ir.
189.
2.
Lyludn vdn
hpc.
tiip
I.
DHSR Ha
Npi.
2002.
tr.274-279.
3.
Lyludn vdn