f • t:
Ky nang lam van nghj luan
phan tfeh tac pham van hoc
ThS. NGUYEN MINH HOAT
Khoa
SQ
pham TrQdng Dai hgc Tay Nguyen
I.DATVAniDE
Phan mdn Lam van thugc bg mdn NgQ van cd vi
tri dac biet quan trgng trong trudng THPT. Phan
mdn nay dugc xem la tong hgp tri thQc van hgc va
ddi sdng, ket tinh
sQ
sang tao, cam thp van chQdng
cua hgc sinh qua bai viet lam van.
Nghi luan phan tich mdt tac pham van hgc (trdn
ven hay trich doan) la loai bai pho bien cua hgc sinh
trong qua trinh hgc va thi cii. Loai bai nay nham
kiem tra nang luc hieu va cam thu van hgc cija ngudi
viet. ThQc chat d day la ngddi viet chi ra cai hay, cai
d^p ve ndi dung, nghe thuat cija mdt tac pham van
hgc nao dd. Tuy vay, do tinh chat, dac trung rieng
biet ddc dao cua van hgc nen viec phan tich ndi
rieng va each thQc tiep nhan tac pham van hgc ndi
chung khdng ddn
gian.
Mdt mat, doi vdi nhQng kiet tac van hgc cd sQc
sdng lau ben bao gid cung la sQ khai quat sau sac
cua nha van ve cudc sdng va con ngudi. NhQng
khai quat nghe thuat ay tiem an nhQng y
nghTa,

quanh ly thuye't lam van, xac djnh tieu chi kieu bai
phan tich va tieu chi de danh gia chat lUdng mdt bai
lam van.
TQ
nhQng kinh nghiem thQc
tiln,
tham khao nhieu
tai lieu va tiep thu y kien cua ddng nghiep, bai viet
ve
kT
nSng lam van nghi luan phan tich tac pham
van hpc, gdp phan trao doi thao luan vdi ddng
nghiep ve day phan mdn lam van cho hgc
sinh,
giQp hgc sinh hgc tdt kieu bai nghj luan phan tich
tacpham van hoc.
II.
cAc KHAI
niiEivi
PHAN TICH TAC PHAM VAN Hpc
TQ trQdc den nay, d cap THCS va cap THPT da
dQa nghi luan phan tich tac pham van hgc vao giang
day. Tuy nhien d mdi cap hgc va mdt sd tai lieu neu
khai niem phan tich ndi chung va phan tich tac
pham van hgc trong nha trudng ndi rieng cdn cd
nhieu cap do chUa ddng nha't. Cu the ;
- Tai lieu chuan kien thQc Van -Tieng Viet 12
(1994), Tran Dinh SQ (chu bien), NXB GD, tr177,
da neu khai niem : Phan tich van hpc la kham
pha cac gia tri van hpc va van de van hpc qua

tddng. De phan ti'eh npi dung cua sd vat hien
tddng, ngddi ta co the van dung eae bien phap
neu gii thiet, so sanh, ddi chieu va ci phep lap
luan giil thich, chdng minh.
Td'ng hgp la phep lap luan rut ra cai chung tQ
nhQng dieu da phan
tich.
Khdng cd phan tich thi
khdng cd tong hgp. Lap luan tong hgp thudng dat d
cudi doan hay cud'i bai, d phan ke't luan cua mgt
phan hoac toan bg van ban.
- SGK NgQ van 11 tap 1 (2007), Phan Trgng
Luan (tdng chu bien ), Le A (chu bien phan lam
van),
NXB GD, tr 25, cd trinh bay : Trong qua trinh
nhin thdc, viec chia nho ddi tddng thanh nhieu
yeu td de dl sau xem xet mpt each
kT
cing npl
dung vi mdi quan he ben trong cung nhd ben
ngoil cua chung gpi la phin tich.
- SGK NgO van nang cao 11 tapl (2007), Tran
Dinh SQ (td'ng chu bien), NXB GO, tr 70, da dUa ra
khai niem : Chia tach sd vat hien tddng thanh
nhieu yeu td nhd de dl sau vio xem xet mpt
each
kT
Iddng npl dung va mdi quan he ben trong
cua hien tddng va sd vat do gpi li phan tich.
- SGK NgQ van 12 tap 1 (2009), Phan Trgng

trich.
TQ cac khai niem tren chung ta cd the rut ra cac
ngi dung cd ban cua khai niem phan tich mgt tac
pham van hgc (trdn ven hay trich ddan) nhu sau :
- Chia tach dd'i tQdng phan tich ra thanh cac khia
canh.
- Xem xet mgt each
kT
ludng cac gia tri ngi dung
va nghe thuat qua tQng khia canh. Dong thdi kham
pha,
tim hieu mdi quan he ben trong va ben ngoai
cua ddi tugng.
- Td'ng hgp danh gia cac gia trj cua ddi tugng
trong mgt ket luan chung.
Dac diem chung cua thao tac phan tich la:
- Cd thai do khach quan, khoa hgc.
- Xem xet dd'i tugng mgt each toan
dien,
xac thQc
- Can cd sQ phan doan tdng hgp lien tQdng chu
quan,
nhung phai dQa tren nhQng can cQ nhat djnh
de tranh suy didn tuy
tien.
Ml.
CAC THAO
TAC
Ctf BAni KHI
LAM

-I-
Phan tich nhan vat: chia theo cac khia canh
nhu : ngoai hinh - tinh each - ngi tam - hanh
dgng hoac theo ke't cau tinh each cua nhan vat.
H-
Phan tich cac gia tri cua tac pham (Nghe thuat,
nhan dao, sQ thi, ): dua vao cac ngi dung cija gia
trj dugc bieu hien trong tac pham de chia thanh cac
khia canh, nhQng phan dQdc chia nay cung la cac
luan diem trien khai trong bai viet.
2.
Xac djnh luan diem
Luan diem la ngi dung khai quat cua tQng phan
dogc chia. Nd la cac khia canh cua trgng tam. Cac
luan diem chu yeu nam d phan than bai va cung
lam sang to trgng tam.
Luan diem cd the dugc diin ta thanh mgt cau
van (cau chu de) nam trong doan van. Nd cd the
dQng dau hay dQng giQa hay dQng cudi doan van.
Cd luan diem Idn, luan diem nho hay luan diim nho
hdn (tuy vao dung lugng cua bai viet dai hay ngSn
42
DAY vA HOC NGAY NAY SO 7-2010
de trien khai luan diem nhieu bac hay it bac).
Vi du : Phan tich ve dep hinh tugng nhan vat
HuanCao trong tac pham Chd ngddi td tu cua
Nguyin Tuan. Chung ta cd the xac djnh cac luan
diem chinh: ve dep tai hoa - ve dep khi phach - ve
dep thien lUdng.
Cac luan diem chinh cd the trien khai thanh mdt

kien,
theo khdng
gian.
Neu cac din chQng ddn gian den
cac din chQng phQc tap
Cac din chQng phai doge trinh bay d eae kieu
nhu : trich nguyen van din chQng (ndi dung phai
chinh xac va dUdc dat trong ngoac kep); trich mdt
sd
tQ ngQ
tieu
bieu,
cac
tQ
dogc trich cung nam trong
ngoac kep ; khai quat ndi dung din chQng bing Idi
van cua ngQdi viet. Khi trinh bay din chQng can ke't
hgp cac kieu
tren.
Din ChQng phai dogc phan tich lam rd luan diem
: Phan tich din chQng la trinh bay nhQng gia trj ndi
dung,
hinh thQc va y nghTa cua din chQng (din
ChQng dd cd tac dung nhu the nao trong viec diin
ta tam trang hay the hien phong each tae gia hay
diin dat mgt van de
tU
tQdng ).
4. Lien tddng md rpng van de
Bang chat lieu ngdn tQ, tac pham van hgc bao

tinh each, sd phan chung
ta cd the lien tudng den mdt tang ldp ngudi trong xa
hdi.
TQ nhQng yeu td rieng cua mdt eon ngUdi dugc
mieu ta trong tac pham cd tinh dien hinh quy luat
chQng ta cd the lien tQdng den nhQng cai chung cua
cdng ddng, xa hdi.
Lien tudng md rdng hinh tUOng trong tac pham
van hgc ra ngoai ddi sdng mdt each phQ hpp the
hien trinh do nhan thQc khai quat van de nghe thuat
sac sao cua ngudi viet.
5. Tong ket, nhan djnh, danh gia
Muc dich phan tich van hgc la de nhan
djnh,
danh
gia xac dang mdt hien tugng van hgc. Vi vay, sau
khi tien hanh phan tich theo hudng de ra, bai viet
phai de xua't nhan dinh danh gia hien tugng van
hgc nhU:
- Tinh ddc dao (cau
tQ
mdi la, ddi mdi so vdi truyen
thdng)
- Gia tri nhan thQc (mQc do ndng, sau so vdi van
de neu ra)
- Gia trj tu tQdng (thai do ddi vdi nhan dan, dat
nQdc, con ngQdi)
- Gia tri nghe thuat (mQc do tai nghe, sQc thuyet
phuc, ggi cam, phong each)
NhQng Idi tdng ke't, nhan

- Phan tich mpt bai tha trdn ven. Vi du : phan
tich bai Thp duyen cua Xuan
Dieu.
- Phan tich mpt nhan vat. Vi du : Phan tich
nhan vat Chi Pheo trong tac pham cung ten eua
Nam Cao. Hoac phan tich nhan vat Huan Cao trong
tac pham Chd ngddi td tu cua Nguyin Tuan.
- Phan tich mpt tac pham van xudi (thudng la
de lam sang td mdt phQdng dien nao dd ve ndi dung
va nghe thuat). Vi du : Phan tich tinh sQ thi eua
truyen ngin RQng Xa Nu cua Nguyen Trung Thanh.
Hoac: Mdt trong nhQng sang tae nghe thuat dac
sic cua Kim Lan trong truyen la da xay dQng mdt
tinh hudng truyen ddc dao va hap din hay phan
DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 7-2010 43
tich truyen Vd nhat6e chQng minh cho y kien
tren.
- Phan tich mpt hinh tddng. Vi du: Phan tich
hinh tugng "sdn^' trong bai thd sdng cua Xuan
Quynh.
Anh (chj) cd cam nhan gi ve tam hdn ngudi
phu nQ trong tinh yeu qua bai thd nay. Hoac: Phan
tich hinh tUdng cay xa nu trong truyen Rdng xi nu
cua Nguyin Trung Thanh.
- Phan tich mpt hinh anh. 'Vi du : Phan tich hinh
anh dau sung trang treo trong bai thd Dong chi
cua Chinh HQu.
- Phan tich mpt tam trang. 'Vi du: Phan tich tam
trang nang kieu qua doan tho Trao duyen trong
truyen

ham dugc ndi dung yeu cau cija bai ra. Nd ed mat d
md bai, dugc ly giai d than bai thdng qua cac luan
diem va dugc nhac lai d ket bai. Cach xac dinh trgng
tam
-I-
Ddi vdi tac pham trQ tinh :
H-) Bai thd : trgng tam chinh la chu de cua bai
tho.
H-) Doan thd : trgng tam la khai quat ndi dung
cua toan bai thd va vj tri, chu de cua doan
trich.
+ Ddi vdi tac pham tu sQ :
-h) Phan tich nhan vat: trgng tam la dac diem
khai quat eua nhan vat.
+) Phan tich mgt gia trj cua tac pham nhu: nghe
thuat, nhan dao, hien thQc, sif
thi,
lang man, cd
dien,
hien dai trgng tam la khai niem cua gia tri dUdc
bieu hien trong tac pham.
-h) Phan tich tinh hudng, y nghTa bieu tugng :
trgng tam chinh la ndi dung khai quat cua tinh hudng
va ngi dung cai dugc bieu hien cua bieu tugng.
+j Phan tich tac pham, mdtvan de cua tac pham
theo djnh hudng (cd ngi dung nhan xet, y kien danh
gia ve tac pham d de ra) : trgng tam chinh la ngi
dung cOa ldi nhan xet danh gia dd.
+ Khi phan tich so sanh hai tic pham, hay hai
nhan vat, hay hai doan thd, trgng tam la ndi dung

- Nguyen tic:
-I-
Neu dung trgng tam (luan de) cua bai lam
H-
Chi neu nhQng y khai quat
-I-
Ke't cau thanh mgt doan van (khoang 5 den 8
ddng)
- Cach md bai:
-I-Gidi thieu din dit van de
H-) TrQc tiep : di thing vao van de qua xuat xQ,
hoan canh sang tac. Gidi thieu theo hinh thQc nay
thQdng it sai nhQng hanh van kem hap din.
-h) Gian tiep : neu ra nhQng y lien quan den van
de can nghi luan de kheu ggi rdi mdi bit vao van de
ay. Tuy vao mdi lien he giQa ngi dung phan gidi
thieu va trgng tam cua bai viet cd the xac dinh each
gidi thieu theo kieu gian tiep bing hinh thQc diin
djch,
quy nap, tQdng
lien,
ddi lap Gidi thieu theo
kieu nay di phat huy dugc sd trQdng cua hanh van
hay nhung di sa da, vdng veo xa trgng tam, ldi gidi
thieu khdng khcip vdi trgng tam.
H-) ket hdp gian tiep va true tiep.
+ Neu trong tam : day la van de chinh se ban
trong than bai
+ Phan chuyen y xuong than bai : Neu
phUdng thQc nghi luan va pham vi tu lieu se trinh

The hien dung quan diem da trinh bay d than
bai (mieu ta lai trgng tam )
H-
Chi neu nhQng y khai quat, thien ve tdng ket,
danh gia van de
-I-
Ket cau thanh mgt doan van ( khoang 5 den 8
ddng)
- Cach ket bai
+ Khai quat ndi dung bai viet
H-
Mieu ta lai trgng tam
-I-
Lien he, tdng ket danh gia van de (d phUdng
dien ddi sdng va van hgc nghe thuat).
- Mdt sd kieu ket bai tieu
bieu.
+ Tdm Iddc {torn tit quan diem cua ngUdl vietd
than bai)
+ Phat trien (md rdng them van de dat ra trong
de bai)
+ Van dung {neu ra phQdng hQdng ap dung eai
tdt, cai hay hoac khic phuc cai xau, cai dd cua hien
tUdng hay y kien ndi trong bai van vao cudc sdng)
+ Lien tddng (mugn y kien tugng tQ cua dan
gian,
cua mdt ngudi cd uy tin hay Idi binh
luan,
danh
gia ve tac pham, ddi tugng phan tich d SGK, tai lieu

vQa phai md ra, nang cao va cQ ngan nga mai
trong Idng ngQdi.
1/.
KET
LUP
Nghi luan phan tich tae pham van hpe la kieu
bai lam van ed vai trd, vj tri quan trpng trong day
va hgc lam van d trudng THPT.
Thuc te hien nay khdng y hgc sinh edn nham lan
ve the loai phan tich va cac the loai khac mdt sd
giao vien chua eit nghTa rd cac khai niem the
loai.
Vi vay ket qua bai lam van eua hgc sinh ve phan
tich chua duge kha quan, nhieu dap an cham bai thi
td't nghiep THPT, tuyen sinh dai hpe, eao dang eung
cdn nhieu van de ehua thdng nhat ve yeu cau the
loai.
Viee nim chic khai niem, phan biet kieu bai nghj
luan phan tich cd y nghTa thiet thQc giup hpe sinh
thuan thuc ky nang, thao tac kie'u bai nghj luan nay
de van dung vao thQc te lam bai viet dat ket qua tdt.
TAI LIEU THAIVl KHAO
1.
Phan Trpng Luan (ehu bien) (2000), Sach
giao khoa lam van 11, Sach giao khoa lam van
12,
NXB GD, tr71
2.
Phan Trgng Luan (tdng chu bien), Le A
(chu bien phan lam van)(2007), SGK Ngd van