Soil Microbial Biomass Under Native Cerrado
and Its Changes After the Pasture and Annual Crops Introduction

91
delimitation of the zones was performed using the Geographic Information System ArcGis
9.0 with combined information on soils, native vegetation, geology, climate and relief. This
methodology allowed to obtain relatively homogeneous areas that made it possible to
perform a discerning extrapolation of the microbiological parameters for the whole region.
In each one of the 11 zones, two cities were randomly chosen for data collection, totaling 22
points of research sites (Maia et al., 2009). Fig. 1. Distribution of Ecoregions and native areas in study area; (AX) Alto Xingu; (PB)
Parana Basin; (PP) Parecis Plateau; (AD) Araguaia Depression; (CD) Cuiabá Depression;
(DG) Guaporé Depression; (NMT) North of Mato Grosso; (NRO) North of Rondônia; (PA)
Pantanal; (ROC) Central Rondônia.
The follow land uses were selected for this study: native Cerrado area (CER); Agriculture
(AGR) with different crops (soybean, corn, rice, etc); and Pasture area (PAS).
2.1.2 Soil sampling and analytical procedures
Sampling was carried out in June/July 2007 at 0-5 cm depth (15 in Cerrado area, 45 in
agricultural area, and 55 in pasture area) in three replicates on each place, totaling 345
samples. Soil samples were harrowed and sifted through a 2 mm mesh to remove rocks and
vegetation fragments.
Soil Basal Respiration (BR) was determined by CO
2
evolution. Field-moist soil samples
(equivalent to 5g dw) were placed in 250 ml tubes and pre-incubated at 25°C for 3 days. The
tubes were hermetically closed and he CO
2
produced from the soil after 8 hours of
incubation. The samples were carried out with BD syringes (2ml) and analyzed utilizing an

Jakelaitis et al. (2008) also reported the same sequence in their studies. According to Ballota
et al. (1998) soil that exhibit high and low values of MB-C:Corg may represent accumulation
or loss of soil carbon, respectively. Those values are consistent with the percentage proposed
by Jenkinson & Ladd (1981) who consider it normal that 1 do 4 % of soil carbon corresponds
to the microbial component. This ratio is reported as an indicator of the quality of SOM
(Wardle, 1994), it allows to monitor the disturbances promoted by the ecological imbalance
and changes in total SOM caused by management, reacting faster than the physical and
chemical indicators (Alvarez et al., 1995).
Studies in different soils and regions found higher values of qCO
2
in native areas (Xavier,
2004; Santos et al., 2004; Fialho et al., 2006). Assessing agroecosystem for 21 years, Mader et
al. (2002) reported a high negative correlation between microbial diversity and qCO
2
. The
lower values observed in pasture (0.76) suggest that these areas have a more efficient
microbial biomass energy use, featuring more stable environment (Chaer, 2001) and also
have higher microbial diversity (Mader et al., 2002). Dinesh et al. (2003) assigns higher
values of qCO
2
due the large amount of C content available for soil microbial degradation.
The higher values of MB-C and MB-N observed in soils under pasture (PAS) in relation to
native area (CER) is due to long time of pasture implantation in these ecoregions (10 to 25
years of establishment). Luizão et al. (1999) studied pastures 2 to 13 years in the Amazon
region and assign that the SMB and BR in the soil superficial layer (0-5 cm) increase until
five years after the pasture establishment. After that a progressive decline occurs until the
eighth year. However, De Vries et al. (2007) shows a positive correlation between SMB
(fungal and bacterial) and the age of pasture.
Soil Microbial Biomass Under Native Cerrado
and Its Changes After the Pasture and Annual Crops Introduction

qCO
2

(g CO
2
h
-1
)
Mean N S.D C.V. (%)
AGR 1.01 a 120 0.49 97.14
PAS 0.76 b 120 0.47 45.09
CER 1.02 a 20 0.78 76.52
Table 1. Soil microbial attributes in different areas at Mato Grosso and Rondonia states.
AGR: Agriculture; PAS: Pasture areas; CER: Cerrado; S.D.: Standard Deviation; C.V.:
Coefficient of Variation.
According to Luizão et al. (1999), the biomass of fine roots is a factor that may influence the
response of the microbial attributes in the pasture system, having a positive correlation with
the SMB and the soil water content. The higher BR observed in degraded pastures may be
related to the diversity of invasive plants which have varied root systems, resulting in
greater soil aeration and oxygenation (Grimaldi et al., 1992). Moreover, there is an increase
in nutrient input through litter and exudates produced by different plant species.
The greatest MB-N content in degraded pastures may indicate, indirectly, a change in
taxonomic groups that compose the microbial biomass (Venzke Filho, 1999). The
development of nitrifying microorganisms occurs due to different physical, chemical and
nutritional properties.
Other factor that promotes the development of the SMB in pasture is an intensive livestock,
resulting in an increase in MB-C and MB-N (Wang et al., 2006). The livestock waste acts as a
natural fertilizer and consequently causes reactions in the dynamics of soil microorganisms
(Saviozzi et al., 2001; Iyyemperumal et al., 2007). The microbial biomass is sensitive to
changes in soil organic carbon related to management and land-use-change. After the

-1

(TP), without statistical differences between DP and TP. The MB-N (figure 3)
showed higher values to IP (41.54 mgN kg solo
-1
), followed by DP (23.36 mgN kg solo
-1
) and
TP (13.29 mgN kg solo
-1
).The BR values (Figure 4) were 0.61 (IP), 0.42 (DP) and 0.46 ugCO
2

gsolo
-1
h
-1
(TP).
The highest values of soil microbial attributes founded in IP may be related to the
application of fertilizers and lime in the study area. Hatch et al. (2000) demonstrated
increases in basal respiration in soils after the application of fertilizers, however, no reported
increases in the MB-C, different that observed in this study.
The fertilizer can initiate a process of "priming effect" on soil, promoting an increase in the
active biomass (r-strategists microorganisms) which die after the exhaustion of the substrate,
or become dormant due to its inability to mineralize the SOM. In contrast, the microbial
biomass of slower growth (k-strategists microorganisms) remains active and increased its
population due the non-degraded fractions by r-strategists microorganisms and also the
substrates provided by cell lyses (Fontaine et al., 2003). The mechanisms of priming effect are
not fully elucidated yet; however competition between r and k-strategists microorganisms can
help to elucidate the dynamics observed in these study areas with pasture.

2.2.1 Study areas
The study was carried out at the União Farm (12
o
29’S, 60
o
00’W), a conventional farm with
an area of 3,700 in Rondonia State, Brazil (Figure 5). The native vegetation of the region is
classified as Cerrado, sub-group Cerradão of the dense vegetation type (Ribeiro and Walter,
1998). According to Köppen (1900) the climate is classified as Aw (humid tropical) with
mean temperature of 23.1 °C and a minimum temperature of 18.0 °C during the coldest
month. The region has a well defined dry season (May to September) with a monthly
rainfall below 10 mm, while the mean annual rainfall is 2,170 mm. The mean altitude of the
region is 600 m with undulating relief. The soil was classified as an Oxisol (Typic Hapludox)
with very clayey texture (730 g clay kg
-1
of soil). Fig. 5. Map of location of the study area in the União Farm, Rondônia State, Amazon region,
Brazil.
Soil Microbial Biomass Under Native Cerrado
and Its Changes After the Pasture and Annual Crops Introduction

97
Areas of about 500 ha of the farm were cleared yearly for cultivation between 1999 and 2004.
(Figure 6). The clearing was done by tractor and blade at the end of the wet season
(May/June). After a drying period of 20 days, aboveground biomass was burnt. Mechanical
windrowing followed this operation and areas were subsequently cleaned by burning
stumps and root residues and removing remaining material. For further soil preparation, a
disc harrow was used to incorporate dolomite lime, which was applied to achieve 50 % base

®
CN-2000.
As samples were collected from fixed layers, the C stock calculation needed to be adjusted for
variations in bulk density (BD) after land use changes. Therefore, the methodology described Biomass and Remote Sensing of Biomass

98

Land
use
Cultivation
period
Main
crop
Winter
crop
Lime Soil
Density
pH
CaCl
2

Available
P
V

2 1.11 4.7 9.4 32.5
2002 – 2003 rice (CT) fallow
land
2
2003 – 2004 soybean
(NT)
maize 2
2NT
2000 – 2001 rice (CT) fallow
land
2 0.98 5.0 15.4 39.1
2001 – 2002 rice (CT) fallow
land
2
2002 – 2003 soybean
(NT)
sorghum 1
2003 – 2004 soybean
(NT)
millet 1
3NT
1999 – 2000 rice (CT) fallow
land
1 1.14 5.4 29.7 58.9
2000 – 2001 rice (CT) fallow
land
2
2001 – 2002 soybean
(NT)
fallow

were transported on ice, in a cooler, to the laboratory. Field moist soils were sieved through
a 2 mm screen, and immediately stored in sealed plastic bags at 4°C.
The samples used for microbial biomass and determination of soil basal respiration (BR)
were adjusted to 55% of the field capacity, considered the ideal soil water content for
studying microbial activity responses. The soil microbial biomass was estimated by the
fumigation-extraction method proposed by Vance et al. (1987). Fumigated and non-
fumigated soil samples were extracted with 0.5 M K
2
SO
4
for 30 min (1:5 soil:extraction ratio),
filtered, and the aliquot was analyzed. The microbial C concentration in the extracts was
obtained by a SHIMADZU TOC 5000-A equipment. The microbial N was determined by the
ninhydrin reactive compound quantification method (Joergensen & Brookes, 1990) using the
conversion factor kEN = 0,65 (Sparling et al., 1993).
The statistical analysis of data was performed on a completely randomized sampling design,
with the assumption that the areas studied had the same topographic, edaphic and climatic
conditions. Six areas with five pseudo replicates were evaluated.
Data from soil C stocks under different areas were analyzed for variance (ANOVA) to
determine land use effects. A Tukey test was used to test significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences
among treatments. All statistical analyses were performed using the SAS program, version 6.
2.2.3 Results and discussion
In the 0–30 cm soil layer, the C stock in CE was 50 Mg ha
-1
, significantly smaller than the
stocks in 1NT and 3NT (p < 0.05), in the dry season (Table 3). Corazza et al. (1999), studying
a clayey Typic Hapludox under Brazilian Cerrado vegetation, measured a soil C stock in the
0-20 cm layer of 39.8 Mg ha
-1
. Resck et al. (2000) measured in a Typic Hapludox under


100
Situations
Soil C Stocks (Mg ha
-1
)
Dry season Wet season
CE
50.0  7.4 b 48.1  2.6 a
1CT
47.6  4.9 b 47.4  7.2 a
2CT
55.4  8.5 ab 58.5  11.0 a
1NT
66.5  6.5 a 65.6  15.4 a
2NT
54.5  5.6 ab 47.4  7.9 a
3NT
67.5  10.3 a 59.0  18.5 a
LSD
(1)
14.49 22.87
CV%
(2)
13.0 21.5
Table 3. Soil C stocks (Mg ha
-1
) in the equivalent soil mass of 30 cm depth under Cerradão in
the dry (July 2004) and wet (January 2005) seasons under Cerrado (CE), conventional tillage
(1CT and 2CT) and no-tillage (1NT, 2NT and 3NT) in Vilhena, Rondonia State, Brazil.

installation this system. Souza et al. (2006) founded similar results, with lower values in NT
than in CT. According to D’Andrea et al. (2001) this occurs in NT areas recently
implemented, where there is initially a reduction of MB-C and then after the stabilization of
NT the result is an increase in soil MB-C.
Soil Microbial Biomass Under Native Cerrado
and Its Changes After the Pasture and Annual Crops Introduction

101
Situation
Microbial biomass carbon (mg C kg soil
-1
)
Dry season (July 2004)

Wet season (January 2005)
0–5 cm 5–10 cm 10–20 cm

0–5 cm 5-10 cm 10-20 cm
CE
713  147 a 644

69 a 421

118 ab

1262

310 a 993

263 a 840  212 a


543

141 b 657

118 ab 655  250 bc
2NT
465  104 ab 307

80 c 280

116 b

228

28 c 307

97 c 239  133 c
3NT
641  183 ab 346

76 c 299

75 b

292

110 bc 244

93 c 364  127 bc

36

28 a 75

19 a 58  11 a
1CT
21  4 cd 20

4 bc 23

12 ab

27

22 a 35

25 ab 43  22 ab
2CT
28  8 bcd 31

4 ab 33

4 a

22

10 a 24

25 b 32  14 abc
1NT

28

15 a 22

23 b 14  8 c
Table 5. Microbial biomass nitrogen (MB-N) in the dry (July 2004) and wet (January 2005)
seasons under Cerrado (CE), conventional tillage (1CT and 2CT) and no-tillage (1NT, 2NT
and 3NT) in Vilhena, Rondonia State, Brazil. The results represent the mean (n=5) 
standard deviation. Means within each column of th same depth followed by the same letter
are not significantly different by the Tukey test (p<0.05).
Fernandes et al. (1998) in a study at Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais State, founded the quantity of
the soil MB-N two times higher in NT than in CT.
The ratio between microbial biomass carbon and total organic carbon (MB-C:Corg) has been
considered a good indicator of changes of SOM in the evaluation of soil management
systems (Sá et al., 2001) and reflects the amount of C available for the growth of
microorganisms.
The MB-C:Corg ratio ranged between dry and rainy seasons, confirming the results
obtained by Frazão et al (2010) in a sandy soil in the Amazon region. The MB-C:Corg ratio

Biomass and Remote Sensing of Biomass

102
was highest at 0-10 cm than at 10-20cm soil depth. (Figure 7). Haynes (1999) evaluated
temperate soils and reported a reduction in ratio with the increase of soil depth. In dry
season, considering 0-20 cm layer, the higher MB-C:Corg ratio was observed in CE (1,6%).
The values ranged between 1.4 (2CT) and 0.9% (1NT) in management systems. Fig. 7. MB-C:Corg ratio (%) in dry and rainy season. Situations evaluated: Cerrado (CE),
Conventional tillage (1CTand 2CT) and No-tillage (1NT, 2NT and 3NT).

103

Fig. 8. MB-N:Ntotal ratio (%) in dry and rainy season. Situations evaluated: Cerrado (CE),
Conventional tillage (1CTand 2CT) and No-tillage (1NT, 2NT and 3NT).
3. Conclusions
The land-use-change in the Cerrado region for pasture and agricultural purposes using
different soil management systems promote alterations in the microbial components of
soil.
The highest values of MB-C and MB-N were found in the Cerrado and pasture areas. The
permanent soil cover and the lack of soil disturbance with the absence of agricultural
practices produced more favorable conditions for microbial development in those
systems.
The largest variations in the agricultural systems can be attributed more to climatic
seasonality than to differences in the management systems.
In general, it is possible to conclude that soils under native system and agriculture with
minimal disturbance of soil contribute to development and maintenance of soil microbial
attributes.
4. Acknowledgments
The authors thank FAPESP - Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (The State
of São Paulo Research Foundation) and CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento
Cientifico e Tecnológico (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) for
concession of scholarships and financial resources.
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