VNUJournalofScience,EarthSciences24(2008)16‐25
Usingmulti‐criteriaanalysisasatooltoselectthefeasible
measuresforsustainabledevelopmentofbrackishwater
shrimpcultureinQuangTriProvince
NguyenTienGiang
1,
*,TranAnhPhuong
1
,TranNgocAnh
1
,NguyenThanhSon
1
,
NguyenTruongKhoa
2
1
CollegeofScience,VNU
2
DepartmentofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment,QuangTriPeopleCommittee
Received7July2008;receivedinrevisedform23August2008
Abstract. In recent years, brackish water shrimp culture in Quang Tri Province has developed
rapidly.Thankstothisdevelopment,livesofmanylocalfarmershavebeenimproved,contributing
considerably to the poverty alleviation goal. However, together with this positive impact,
policy‐
makers and shrimp farmers are facing several issues such as spread of shrimp’s diseases, water
pollution and salinity intrusion. For the purpose of sustainable development, it is necessary to
search for and implement those measures which can solve effectively these emerging problems.
This paper presents the results on the
application of a multi‐criteria analysis method to selecting
0
C,inwhichthehighestandlowest
temperature usually happens on July and
January,respectively.
Quang Tri has a total annual rainfall of
about2000–2700mm,buttherainfallisrather
unequally distributed over time and space.
16
NguyenTienGiangetal./VNUJournalofScience,EarthSciences 24(2008)16‐25
17
TherainyseasonstartsinSeptember,endsin
January and accounts for 75% to 85% of the
total yearly rainfall, whereas the dry season
lasts up to 6 months, from February to July
andoccupiesonly15‐25%ofthetotalrainfall.
Fig.1.QuangTriProvince.
Quang Tri has 75 km of coastal line and
tworivermouths,namelyCuaTungandCua
Viet. In recent years, there has been a rapid
development of brackish pond area in the
province.AsshowninFig.2,thetotalareaof
brackish water shrimp culture has increased
approximately4
times,from251hain2000to
902.5 ha in 2007. According to the provincial
aquaculture development plan [6], the total
area in 2010 would be 1,889 ha, which
doubles the present’s value. Thank to this
development, the brackish pond culture has
Area
(
hectars
)
Quang Tri Province
Fig.2.Thedevelopmentofbrackishpondareain
QuangTriProvince.
Inorder to have feasible sets of measures
fortheabove‐statedproblem,aMulti‐Criteria
Analysis (MCA) method was used and its
resultsarepresentedinthenextsections.
This paper is divided into 5 sections.
Section 1 is involved with the problem
statement. Section 2 is devoted to the
overview of the MCA methods. Section 3
describes step by step the application of the
MCA method using pair‐wise comparison
and its results to the problem of brackish
water shrimp culture in Quang Tri Province.
Subsequently, sections 4 and 5 present some
discussions, conclusions on the results and
the
researchoutlook.
2.Methodology
2.1.Frameworkformulti‐criteriaanalysis
Any decision problem can be structured
A decision problem is the difference
between the desired and existing state of the
real world. It is a gap recognized by the
stakeholders(decisionmakers,scientistsand/or
farmers). Any decision making process
beginswiththerecognitionandthedefinition
oftheproblem.Thisstageisin the
intelligence
phase of decision making and it involves in
searching the decision environment for
conditions,obtaining,processingandexamining
therawdatatoidentifytheproblems.
2.3.Constraints
After the problem has been defined,
constraints (or boundary conditions) of this
problem have to be determined for the
followingtworeasons:
‐ The studied problems are usually
complicate,they are relatingtomany aspects
andsectors.Therefore,itisimpossibletotake
intoaccountalltheseeffectsinpractice.
‐ On the other hand, for solving a
problem,manymeasureswouldbesuggested.
Theresponsibilityofthescientistsistoscreen
amongthese
alternativesthefeasiblemeasures
based on applicability and suitability for the
localconditions.
ProblemDefinition
2.4.Evaluationcriteria
Constraints
Alternatives
Pairwisecomparison
matrix
DecisionMaker’s
Preferences
EvaluationCriteria
DecisionMatrix
Selectfeasible
measures
CriterionWeights
NguyenTienGiangetal./VNUJournalofScience,EarthSciences 24(2008)16‐25
19
Table1.Methodsfordeterminingcriterionweights[8,9]
Methods
Features
Ranking Rating Pairwisecomparison Trade‐offanalysis
Numberofjudgments n n n(n‐1)/2 <n
Responsescale Ordinal IntervalRatioInterval
Hierarchical Possible Possible Yes Yes
Underlyingtheory NoneNone Statistical/heuristic Axiomatic/deductive
Easeofuse Veryeasy Veryeasy Easy Difficult
Trustworthiness Low High High Medium
Precision Approximations Notprecise Quiteprecise Quiteprecise
Softwareavailability Spreadsheets Spreadsheets ExpertChoice LogicalDecision
However, when it comes to the ease of
use,pairwisecomparisonismuchbetterthan
the trade‐off analysis. For these reasons,
its column total (the resulting matrix is
referred to as the normalized pairwise
comparison matrix). In
the third step,
computationoftheaverageoftheelementsin
eachrowofthenormalizedmatrixshouldbe
made which includes dividing the sum of
normalized scores for each row by the
numberofcriteria.Theseaveragesprovidean
estimateoftherelativeweightsofthecriteria
beingcompared.
The
advantageofthismethodisthatonly
twocriteriahavetobeconsideredatatime,it
can be implemented in a spreadsheet
environment[3]. One of the disadvantages is
that the relative importance of evaluation
criteriaisdeterminedwithoutconsideringthe
scales on which the criteria are measured.
Another
disadvantage is the large amount of
pairwisecomparisonsifmanycriteriaexist.
2.6.Determinationofalternatives
Basedontheconstraintsandobjectivesof
the problem and the re lating sectors, the
measures or combinations of measures to
solve the problem is to be suggested. These
measures can be the ones that have
been
being applied elsewhere having features or
shrimpfarmsandfromothersectors
suchasindustryandagriculture.
Another problem for the shrimp farmers
is to keep a decent salinity rate for growing
black tiger shrimps (Penaeus monodon). This
salinity rate changes considerably over time
because of the tidal regime. Only at certain
periods water with the
appropriate salinity
ratecanbetakeninbythefarmers.
3.2.Boundaryconditions
Thereareseveralboundaryconditionsthat
need to be mentioned related to the problems
and possible solutions of the wastewater
problemsnearshrimpponds.Theseare:
(i) Spatial boundaries: the location of the
shrimp farms has to
stay nearby the river
estuaries; The available space for a
productionpondremains0.5‐1ha.
(ii) Social boundaries: the standard of
livingforthefarmersshouldnotbelowered.
(iii) Ecological boundaries: the water
quality in the ponds should be improved to
theneededstandardsforblacktigershrimps;
Water
qualityinthe riverandintheestuaries
shouldbe improved; No measuresmay have
negativeeffectsontheenvironment.
Measures suggested should meet these
3.4.Evaluationcriteria
To choose criteria that are useful for the
multi‐criteria analysis, several aspects are
kept in mind. First of all, the relating aspects
can influence the water quality in the river,
estuaries and shrimp ponds. Secondly, the
related actors, every actor has his main
interests, which are important
to find a
measure,oracombinationofmeasuresthatis
suitable for all the actors. Thirdly, all of the
suggested criteria have to meet the demand
of boundary conditions. Based on these
requirements, the following criteria were
taken into account in order to evaluate the
effectivenessofalternatives:
‐Costs
ofimplementation:thiscriterionis
quitelogical,asitisimportantforthefarmers
andthelocalgovernmentthatameasurewill
beaffordable.
‐ Time of implementation: this is very
importantforthefarmers.Manyfarmersnow
are already in debt because of the loans they
tookfortheirinitial
investmentcosts.Forthe
localgovernmentit is also important to have
aquicksolutionfortheissuesatthefarmsas
the shrimp farming industry itself has great
potentialfordevelopment.
aquacultureinQuangTriProvince.
3.5.Determinationofcriterionweights
When the criteria have been selected, the
next step is to determine weights for these
criteria based on the importance of each
criterion. Because the main objective of the
study is to create a more stable economic
environmentforthe
farmersandgovernment,
the two criteria, which are economic profit
and environmental impact, will be assigned
the highest weight. Other objectives are cost
and time of implementation, effect on
diseases. Finally, the impact and area of
impact are important for the aquaculture,
agriculture, industries and other land users.
Based on these
criteria and the preference
order,thefollowingparagraphdiscusseshow
to determine these weights by the pairwise
comparisonmethod:
Establishmentofpairwisecomparisonmatrix:
Eachpairofcriteriawastakenfromthesetof
the criteria and compare with each other.
Experts’ consultation was used for the
relative important level
of one criterion
between a pair of criteria based on
information in Table 2. The exercise was
repeated for all the pairs of criteria and the
0.02 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02
Establishment of standardized comparison
matrix: This matrix can be estimated by
dividing each element in the pairwise
comparison matrix by its column total. The
resultispresentedinTable4.
Computation of criterion weights: Weights
of each of the criteria were determined by
computing the average of the elements in
eachrowofthenormalizedmatrix.Theresult
isshowninthelastcolumnofTable4.
3.6. Measures for Quang Tri’s brackish water
shrimpculture
To solve the problems relating to Quang
Tri’sbrackishwatershrimpculture,thestudy
considers those measures that are being used
inthetarget
areasaswellasforeigncountries,
such as Indonesia, China, Bangladesh,
Germany, Mexico, Colombia, USA. Some of
themareintroducedasfollows.
3.6.1.Structuralmeasures
A1:Polyculture
In the shrimp farm, the first crop will
remain the same as before, but the second
crop(JulytoOctober)willbeusedto
produce
not only shrimp but also other culture, like
estuary, which may cause an
off‐flavor to
developinshrimp.
‐ A2.2: Wetland. A wetland also can be a
solutiontoQuangTriProvince.The wetland
islocatedneartheshrimppondsandconsists
ofsoilwithacertainslopeandobstaclesinit,
so that water will flow through in a certain
direction. In
this way the water gets cleaned
before it reaches the discharge channel [11].
The costs of a constructed wetland depend
on the size of the wetland needed, which on
itself depends on the amount of flowing
wastewater. The advantages of the
constructed wetlands are that they can be
very effective in
improving water quality in
the downstream waters. They also are
effective in removing or stabilizing
sediments, heavy metals and organic
contaminants.
‐ A2.3: Sedimentation reservoir + reservoir
with culture (oysters, crabs). This system
includestwobasins:asedimentationbasinto
settlethesuspendedsubstancesinthewater;
and a basin with
bacteria, or other cultures
like oysters, mussels or crabs, to remove
certain nutrients (Fig. 4). The cost of this
wastewater, not only from shrimp farms but
alsothewastewateroutputofindustriesand
agriculture.
Whenthesetwo eventsoccurtoo
closetoeachother,shrimpfarmswilltakein
polluted water. The pumping in and out of
salineandwastewatershouldfollowthetidal
regimescientifically.
In practice, in order to have more
effective measures, a number of alternatives
(especially the non‐structural) are
usually
implemented simultaneously. Based on the
QuangTri’slocal conditions andthefeasibility
of alternatives, 10 combinations below were
takenintoaccountintheMCAprocess:
A1+A2.3:Polyculture+Sedimentreservoir
&reservoirwithculture.
A1 + B1: Polyculture + Improved feeding
management.
A1 + B2: Polyculture + Better
water
management.
A1+B1+B2:Polyculture+Improvedfeeding
management+Betterwatermanagement.
A2.1+A2.3:Mangrovefilter+Sedimentation
reservoir&reservoirwithculture.
A2.1 + B1: Mangrove filter + Improved
feedingmanagement.
A2.2 + A2.3: Wetland + Sedimentation
Large scale effectiveness: The higher
the
scalethebetter
Basedonthesemeaning,theimpactlevels
and scores of the suggested measures for
eachofthecriteriashouldbeassessed.
The cost of implementation criterion:
amongmeasures,themeasurewiththehighest
andlowest cost will get thescoreof0and1,
respectively. The others will be interpolated
fromthelowestandhighestcost.
The time of implementation criterion: if
theimplementingtimeofameasureislonger
than 4 months, equal to 2‐3 months and
shorterthan2months, itsscore is 0, 0.5, and
1,respectively.
Othercriteria:thisstudyevaluatesimpact
of the measures in 3 levels: hard/medium/
easy or high/medium/low
with 3 re spective
standardizedscoreof0,0.5,and1.
The standardized scores for different
criteriaareshowninTable5.
Based on the standardization scoring
card, the study has consulted experts in the
some of related sectors, local authorities and
residents about the impact level of measures
on each
of the criteria. These evaluation
resultsareshowninTable6.
CombinationofMeasures
Criteria A2.1+B1 A2.2+A2.3 A2.2+B1 A2.3+B1 A2.3+B1+B2
Costsofimplementation est:622 est:8351 est:8236 est:155 est:175
Timeofimplementation >4 >4 >4 1‐2 1‐2
Manageabilitybyfarmers medium medium medium medium medium
Economicbenefits medium medium medium medium high
Effectonproduction medium high high medium high
Effectondiseases medium high high medium medium
Environmentalimpact high high high low medium
Neededpolicies medium
medium medium high low
Largescaleeffectiveness high medium medium low low
Next, the standardized score for the cost
of implementation should be estimated so
thattheoverallevaluation can be done. First
ofall,thecostofimplementationandapplied
areas of some projects in other locations are
collected [1, 11 ]. The research assumes that
thecosttoestablishthesemeasu resin
Quang
Tri Province is equal to the cost in other
regions. These values, then, are divided by
theshrimppondareatogetthestandardized
cost (USD/ha). The results are presented in
Table 8. As a rule, the alternative A2.3 + B1
withlowestcost(155USD)willbeassigned
a
score of 1 and the combination A2.2 + A2.3
criteria are shown in Table 8. From these
scoresand
weightsofeachofthecriteria,the
evaluation score of the alternatives is
estimatedas:
∑
=
=
n
j
jiji
wsA
1
,
inwhich,A
i
isthescoreofthei
th
measure;w
j
is the weight of the j
th
criterion and s
ij
is the
scoreofthei
th
measurewithrespecttothej
th
NguyenTienGiangetal./VNUJournalofScience,EarthSciences 24(2008)16‐25
27
It can be seen from Table 8 that the
measure which has the smallest score is
option A2.3 + B1. Based on the MCA result,
the4bestcombinationsare:(1)A1+A2.3;(2)
A1 + B1; (3) A1 + B2; (4) A2.3 + B1 + B2. The
last combination
(Sedimentation reservoir &
reservoir with culture + Improved feeding
management + Better water management) is the
ʺbestʺalternativewithoverallscoreof0.770.
4.Discussions
TheapplicationresultsofMCAmethodto
theproblemofbrackishshrimppondculture
in Quang Tri suggest several points worth
discussing.
First, sustainable
development is a
relatively new concept which requires taking
both short and long term goals of multiple
stakeholders into consideration. The use of
MCAasatoolinthisproblemhelpsdecision
makers in Quang Tri Province to select the
feasible measure(s) andʺbestʺ option in a
rational manner. Particularly,
the option
“Sedimentationreservoir&reservoirwithculture
+ Improved feeding management + Better water
management” is reco mmended due to its
objectivesand
requirementsofrelatedfactors,
aswellasthealternativesthathavebeenused
in the study area. From that it suggests the
measurestosolvetheproblemsandapplythe
MCAapproachforselectingthemostsuitable
options.
The research determined that the
combination of measures Sedimentation
reservoir & reservoir with culture + Improved
feeding management + Better water management
is the most suitable
for the Quang Tri’s
conditionforthetimebeing.
From scientific point of view, the
complexityofenvironmentalproblemsmakes
necessarythedevelopmentandapplicationof
new tools capable of processing not only the
numerical aspects, but also the experience of
experts and wide public participation, which
areallneededinthedecision‐makingprocess
[7].
MCA is a qualitative analysis method
which allows the use of participatory
approach in the decision making process. In
other words, with MCA, all relevant
stakeholders (farmers, scientists, decision
makers) can be involved in this process. In
NguyenTienGiangetal./VNUJournalofScience,EarthSciences 24(2008)16‐25
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