

WUw¡QJx}LKFKyQJKzLYLWQDP
NKRDxLQxLQW¬WyXELQ
EPuQxLQW¬YLQWKuQJ









/XQYrQWWQJKLS

oWwL
NKRVWE¥NKXFK} LWSx PWKSWURQJWKzQJWLQYWLQK










6LQKYLzQwQJ9LW7yQ
/±Sw79w+
*9K}±QJGQ7KV1JX\Q1J¨F6|Q

YđLFDQĐ~ĐOYQ~WUX\QWLQ[X\zQOãF~ÊD9GĂQKLzQQĐFàQJFĐQK}F~LP
QK}EÊVX\KDRWUzQ~}đQJWUX\QWX\QKLzQWURQJKWKơQJWK{QJWLQYWLQKQK}F
~LPQ\~~}FNKFSKãF~}FQKđYLFVạGãQJFFENKXFK~LWSyPWKS
Q}F WD WK K WKơQJ WK{QJ WLQ KX WX\Q QKQ FKXQJ ~FĐ Wá OyX FÔQ K
WKơQJWLQY{WX\QWKPLSKWWULQP\QxPJQ~y\YFàQJFÔQOPLPYL
QKLXQJ}đLwJLDRO}XYLWKJLLWKOĂQKYẳFQ\KLQQD\~DQJ~}FTXDQWyP
~XW}SKWWULQPQKP7URQJSKPYLQKƠEFD~WLQ\FK~LVyXQJKLzQ
FằXNKRVWPWSKQQKƠWURQJKWKơQJWK{QJWLQYWLQKwĐOENKXFK~LWS
yPWKSY~}đQJWUX\QFDWK{QJWLQYWLQK3KQQLGXQJFD~WL~}FFKLD
UDWKQKQKQJSKQQK}VDX
&K}|QJ,
7QJTXtWFKXQJ
*LLWKLXYKWKơQJWK{QJWLQYWLQKVẳUD
~đLFDENKXFK~LWSyPWKS~F~LPYFFWK{QJVơFD.wWSyPWKS
SKPYLVạGãQJWURQJFFKWKơQJWK{QJWLQYWLQK
&K}|QJ,,
9~QpQKLXYqpoQJWUX\QWURQJWKmQJWLQYWLQK
&K}|QJ
Q\QJKLzQFằXYQKLXYVX\KDRWURQJWK{QJWLQYWLQKTXD~ĐWK\~}FWP
TXDQWUăQJFDE.wWSyPWKS
&K}|QJ,,,
.KrRVtWPuFK.iWuSkPWK~SWURQJ/(6,10$56$7

7PKLXFXWUảFKRW~QJFDKWKơQJWKXYNKRVWPFK.wWSyPWKS
WURQJ+3/(6OQLGXQJFKÂQK~}FQJKLzQFằXWURQJFK}|QJQ\



&KutQJ,
7QJTX|WFKXQJ

izFpLPFDWKmQJWLQYWLQK

7URQJTXNKằWK{QJWLQNKRQJFFK[D~}FWKẳFKLQEQJY{WX\QWUzQ
VĐQJ+)KRFKXWX\QWUzQPQJWKRL7X\QKLzQGXQJO}QJFFPQJQ\QJ\
FQJTXWLYEWFSWURQJYLFWUX\QWÂQKLXWUX\QKQKWK{QJWLQYWLQKGR~Đ
~}F[HPQK}PWVẳOẳDFKăQKSO
1K}F~LPFKÂQKFD~}đQJWUX\QYWLQKOWUWUX\QGQGRNKRQJFFK
~LSKWYWLQKY~LWKXO}QJWKđLJLDQWUWUXQJEQKYRNKRQJPVWURQJ
WU}đQJKSWKRLKDLFKLXTXDYWLQKOPVFKRF~LYY7F~QJFKÂQKFD


WUWUX\QGQO KLX ằQJ WLQJ YăQJ QJ}đL QĐLQJKHWK\FKÂQKWLQJPQKVDX
NKRQJWKđLJLDQWUKLXằQJQ\ WURQJ PQJPW~W O NK{QJ ~QJNGR WU
QKƠPVQK}QJWUPWUăQJK|QNKLWÂQKLXWUX\QWUzQFPQJYWLQKYPW
~WGRWUWêQJFQJ+LXằQJWLQJYăQJWURQJWK{QJWLQYWLQK~ẳ|FKQFKQKđ
VạGãQJFFEWULWWLQJYăQJ
7KmQJWLQYWLQKFFtFoXpLPVDX
&FGÊFKYãYWLQKFĐWK~}FFXQJFSWKHRNLXSRLQWWRSRLQWKRFSRLQW
WRPXOWLSRLQWYQKLXNLXNKF
&}FWK{QJWLQNK{QJSKãWKXFNKRQJFFKWK{QJWLQ
&Đ WK FXQJFS GÊFKYã QKQJ ~ÊDKQK SKằF WS P WK{QJ WLQPW ~W
NK{QJWK
&XQJFSGÊFKYãQKQJYQJKROQKPQXGQJPQJFDEOHWKFKLSKÂ
UWFDR
&ĐWKFXQJFSGLFKYãFKRFF~LGL~QJQK}WXP\ED\
'XQJO}QJNzQKWK{QJWLQFDFFESKW~SOQK|QEWNẵPWORLKQK
WK{QJWLQQR
wWLQF\WK{QJWLQFDRWX\QWK{QJWLQYWLQKJâPEDWUPWURQJ~ĐYWLQK
OPWWUPOSFÔQOLOKDLWUP~XFXơLPW~WQzQ[FVXWKƠQJKĐFWUzQWX\Q
OUWWKSGR~Đ~WLQF\WUXQJEQK~WWKđLJLDQWK{QJWLQWURQJPWQxP

NPWKHRFFP\PĐF~LQWạ~LXNKLQYWK{QJWLQQĐFXQJFSPơLOLzQKJLD
QJ}đLVạGãQJYPQJO}LWK{QJWLQOLzQOFYWLQK
.KLQLPQJ}đLVạGãQJFĐWKEDRJâPWXELQP\ED\FFWUPPW
~WGL~QJ&F~LQ\WKẳFKLQNWQơLWK{QJWLQYLQKDXKRFYLPQJWK{QJ
WLQPW~WFơ~ÊQKTXDFFYWLQKYFFWUPEđPW~W

&tFEjQJW{QWKXSKtW
9LFVạGãQJFFWQVơWKSK|QWKFKLSKÂUK|QQK}QJGEÊQKLXEL
PQJWK{QJWLQPW~WYKQFKExQJWK{QJ0FGWQVơFDRK|QFĐWK~W
~}FExQJWK{QJOQK|QQK}QJWQVơOQK|Q*K]WKYLFWUX\QWK{QJJS
UWQKLXNKĐNKxQ
w}đQJWUX\QFĐQKQJQKK}QJQKW~ÊQKWLWÂQKLXYWLQKPOQQKWO
OPVX\JLPWÂQKLX&F\XWơFĐWKWF~QJWLVẳVX\JLPOJĐFWU{QJY
WLQKQKƠ
WSyPNKÂTX\QKLQW}QJIDGLQJKRFVẳ[RD\YÔQJIDUDGD\/
KLQW}QJWQJLRQJy\UDVẳSKyQFẳFOLWÂQKLX~LQWá
wNKFSKãFQKQJQKK}QJFD~}đQJWUX\QFFYWLQK~ÊDWĂQKWK}đQJ
GQJFFWQVơJLLWKS*K]ExQJ&*K]ExQJ/&FKWKơQJ
YWLQKNKFVạGãQJGLWQ*K]KRFWURQJW}|QJODLO*K]QKPWxQJ
GXQJO}QJNzQK9LFVạGãQJVĐQJFẳFQJQWURQJWK{QJWLQYWLQK~FKRSKS
WSWUXQJQxQJO}QJEằF[YREảSVĐQJKSNKLSKWWLYWLQKYQJ}FOLY
WLQKSKWOLWÂQKLX[XơQJWUL~WFàQJEảSVĐQJW}|QJ~ơLKS~WxQJNKQxQJ
FKÂQK[FY~WSWUXQJQxQJO}QJ

&tFWKDPVKWKQJ
D&sQJVXWKWKQJ
;WPWP\SKW~QJK}QJEằF[F{QJVXWWêQJ3
~XYPăLK}QJ
PW~LP FFK QJXâQ GP F{QJ VXW ~}FWUL WUzQ PWPWFX EQNÂQKGP
7K{QJO}QJF{QJVXWTXDPWFXEQNÂQKGPO

7êQJF{QJVXWEằF[FDPWDQWHQQDWKạ
*

+VơNKXFK~LDQWHQQDJĐF


9LF[F~ÊQKFFJLWUÊF{QJVXWEằF[YKVơNKXFK~LDQWHQQDFD
WKLWEÊQKPWÂQKWRQJLWUÊ(,53&{QJVXWEằF[~QJK}QJKLXGãQJ~y\
OPWWK{QJVơUWTXDQWUăQJ~~QKJLKLXTXVạGãQJF{QJVXWFDWKLWEÊ
F7{SqP
7S yP WUzQ WX\Q WK{QJ WLQ Y WLQK ~}F KLX O FF WÂQ KLX NK{QJ PRQJ
PXơQFĐWURQJOXâQJWÂQKLXWKXYWSyPOPJLPFKWO}QJWK{QJWLQYÂGã
QK}WVơWÂQKLXWUzQWSyP61VJLP~LKRFWVơVĐQJPDQJWUzQWSyPFàQJ
JLP~LWxQJWÂQKLXOôLELWFD~}đQJWUX\QVơ7UzQWKẳFWYLFFKWKơQJ
WK{QJWLQNKFWKWSyPWK}đQJUWQKƠVRYLWÂQKLXFĐÂFKQK}QJWUzQWX\Q
WK{QJWLQYWLQKWKWÂQKLXWKXYUWQKƠVDXNKLY}WTXDPWTXQJ~}đQJWUX\Q
GLWURQJNKLWSyPWKOLOQQJRLUDEQWKyQDQWHQQDFàQJJĐSQKWWSyPWá
P{LWU}đQJWK{QJTXDFFEảSSKãFDQĐWSyPGRP{LWU}đQJWUX\QVĐQJGR
P}D1zQWÂQKLXWKẳFW~}FWKX[HPQK}FKPWURQJWSyPYWKQJKLzQFằX
WSyPOPWYLFUWTXDQWUăQJNKLWPKLXYKWKơQJWK{QJWLQYWLQK1KQJ
SKQWUQKE\YPWVơWK{QJVơTXDQWUăQJFQWKLW~~QKJLYYQ~WSyP
Y~}đQJWUX\QWURQJWK{QJWLQYWLQKV~}FQĐLUƯK|QFK}|QJ,,

7{SqPQKLWKWKQJ
&FEảSSKãFDDQWHQQDWUPPW~WWKXWSyPQKLWFDEWNẵQJXâQEằF
[QKLWQRQK}PWWUđLFFYVDRFRQQJ}đLKRFFFQJXâQEằF[QKLWWUzQ
PW~WQJXâQWSyPQKLWQ\NWKSYLWSyPQKLWFDWKLWEÊWKXWRUDWS
yPQKLWKWKơQJ

7VVQJPDQJWUrQW{SqP&1

FKRQJKQKKQJKLYKQJNK{QJ
*36*OREDO3RVLWLRQLQJ6\VWHP
/KWKơQJYWLQK~ÊQKYÊWRQFXGẳDWUzQF|VFFằQJGãQJFDYWLQK
QKyQWR~~ÊQKYÊWăD~FKRFKRQJ}đLVạGãQJWURQJNK{QJJLDQEDFKLXYL~
FKÂQK[FFDR1JRLUDFKảQJFÔQFXQJFSFFWK{QJWLQYYQWơFFDQJ}đLVạ
GãQJYWKđLJLDQFKÂQK[F&FKWKơQJQ\FĐYQJEDRSKWRQFXKRW~QJ
WLQF\WURQJPăL~LXNLQWKđLWLWYOLzQWãFWURQJKWURQJQJ\
E&zFKWKQJYWLQKNKXYF
'RQKXFXFDFFQ}FYNKXYWK{QJWLQQJ\FQJWxQJYY\FKyX


FàQJQK}FFQ}F[XQJTXDQK9LW1DPFĐFFYWLQK~ÊDWĂQKQK}VDX
&KLQDVDW9WLQK7UXQJ4XơF
$VLDVDW7êFKằFYWLQKWLQK&KyX


3DWDJD%%9WLQK,QGRQHVLD
7KDLFRP9WLQK7KL/DQ



,,
6UDxĂLYySK|WWULQFĐDE.qW}SsPWKS
.KtLTXtWFKXQJ

&QJYLVẳUD~đLYSKWWULQFDWK{QJWLQYWLQKFFENKXFK~LWSyP
WKSFàQJ~}FUD~đL6ẳUD~đLFDE.wWSyPWKSOYQ~UWTXDQWUăQJ'R
~F ~LP FD WK{QJ WLQ Y WLQK O WÂQ KLX Y{ WX\Q ~}F WUX\Q WUzQ PW TXQJ
~}đQJUWGLQzQWÂQKLXEÊVX\KDR7URQJTXWUQKWUX\QVĐQJY{WX\QWURQJ
WK{QJWLQYWLQKGRQKK}QJFDQKLXYWSyPOPFKRELzQ~FDWÂQKLXEÊ

&ĐEDORLNKXFK~LWSyPWKS~ĐO.KXFK~LWKDPVơ6ạGãQJGLRGHFĐ
~LQGXQJWKD\~êLWKHRWKLzQS~WYRNKXFK~L*D$V)(77UDQ]LWRUKLXằQJ
WU}đQJGQJORLEQGQKôQKSJLD*DOLY$UVHQLF1JRLUDJQ~y\FÔQVạGãQJ
+(07+LJK(OHFWURQ0RELOLW\7UDQVLVWRU7UDQ]LWRUFĐ~OLQK~QJ~LQWạFDR
& KDL ORL NKXFK ~L WKDP Vơ Y NKXFK ~L *D$V )(7 ~X FĐ WK KRW
~QJQKLW~{P{LWU}đQJKRFOPPWEQJQKLW~LQVạGãQJKLXằQJ'LRGH
3HOWLHU0WNKFENKXFK~LWKDPVơFĐWK~}FOPPWEQJQKLW~WKSVạ
GãQJFKWOƠQJ+HOL
%NKXFKpuLWKDPV
*LÂLWKLX
7KXWQJENKXFK ~L WKDPVơ3DUDPS OLzQTXDQWLE NKXFK ~LFĐ
KRFNK{QJFĐELQ~êLWQVơVạGãQJ~LQNKQJSKLWX\QKRFWKD\~êLWKHR
WKđLJLDQ6ẳSKWWULQFDFFGLRGHELQGXQJ9DUDFWRWêQKDRWKS~GQWLVẳ
SKWWULQFDENKXFK~LWKDPVơGLRGHYDUDFWRYLKVơWSyPWKSWURQJPLQ
WQVơVLzXFDR.KXFK~LWKDPVơJâPFFORLPWKDLFêQJVĐQJFK\VX\
ELQWQVơE|PJSKDLOQWQVơWÂQKLXNK{QJVX\ELQQKLXE|PYQKLXE
~P%NKXFK~LGQJUQJULQKWONKXFK~LWKDPVơYLE[RD\YÔQJY
QĐ~WKVơWSyPUWWKSPNK{QJOPWxQJWÂQKSKằFWSFDPFK
.KXFK~LWKDPVơKRW~QJQK}VDX.KLPWWÂQKLXNÂFKWKÂFKOzQPW
GLRGHELQGXQJFFWK{QJVơPFK~LQWạFDQĐWKD\~êLWRUDPW~LQWUyP
GR~ĐNKXFK~LWÂQKLXYR9Y\WáVẳELQ~êL~LQGXQJFDGLRWGHELQGXQJ
GRWÂQKLXNÂFKWKÂFK~}FGQJFKRNKXFK~LYLFJLP~LQWUQLFDGLRGH
ELQGXQJPFQơLWLS~LQGXQJVWRUD~FWÂQKWSyPWKS
1JX\rQOFƠDENKXFKv{LWKDPV

%NKXFK~LWKDPVơOENKXFK~LằQJGãQJ~FWÂQKNK{QJWX\QWÂQK~
SKKSYLWÂQKLXNÂFKWKHRWKđLJLDQ~WSUDKVơNKXFK~L9LFJLLWKÂFK
FFWKDPVơFDENKXFK~LUWSKằFWSYQĐFĐOLzQTXDQ~QWRQKăF6ẳKRW
~QJFDENKXFK~LWKDPVơ~|QJLQ~ĐOGLRGHELQGXQJQK}PW~LQWU
yPYLWQVơWÂQKLX~WYRGR~ĐWRUDVẳNKXFK~L




+QK9DUDFWRUGLRGH
1XFKảQJWDFĐWKOPJLP~LQGXQJ&WKđL~LP~LP~LQWÂFK4OQ
QKWWKVDX~Đ~LQS~WYRWãFàQJSKLWxQJ~GX\WUVẳFyQEQJWKHRKWKằF
WUzQQX~LQGXQJTXD\OL~}FJLWUÊJơFNKL~LQS~WYREQJ[\UDWUPW
SKQW}FKXNẵWãVNK{QJ~}FQS~LQYGÔQJ~LQKLQWKđLVOLzQTXDQ~QJL
WUÊPD[PL7ãV~}FQSY~LQSVWxQJFKXNẵWLSWKHR0WSKQW}FKXNẵ











LáQGXQJ
LáQS
+QK0FK/&~LXFKQK~}F
<
<
$


%
&








+QK6|GâW}|QJ~}|QJ9DUDFWRUGLRGH

7URQJYÂGãPLzXWFFK[DWQVơNÂFKI
SKLEQJKDLOQWQVơWÂQKLX
YQĐFKUD~LQGXQJFDYDUDFWRUWKD\~êL.KL~LXNLQNKĐDSKDJLDKDLWQ
VơWUzQWKQxQJO}QJFKX\QWáWQVơNÂFKVDQJWQVơWÂQKLX.KXFK~LWKDP
VơNLXQ\~}FJăLONKXFK~LWKDPVơVX\ELQQK}QJWURQJWKẳFWJSSKL
QKQJEWOLVDX~y\
& wLQGXQJNVLQKWLSJLS
&
wLQGXQJFDWL
&
wLQGXQJWLSJLSNKL
9DUDFWREÊNÂFK
/
wLQNKQJ~XUD
U
wLQWUWêQKDRQơLWLS


 7QV¬N¢FKSKLFK¢QK[FEQJKDLOQWQV¬W¢QKLX
 3KDF´DWQV¬W¢QKLXSKL~}²FNK§DY±LWQV¬W¢QKLX
 7QV¬N¢FKSKL¯GQJV§QJYX{QJOÀW}¯QJ

+QK0FK~LQW}|QJ~}|QJENKXFK~LWKDPV¬


&
5 / wLQNKQJF´DPFKFK\NK{QJ
&
5 / wLQNKQJF´DW¢QKLXN¢FK
&
5 / wLQNKQJF´DQJX©QW¢QKLX
5
wLQWU¯P\SKWW}|QJ~}|QJQJX©QW¢QKLX




















)
2
cos(
)
2
sin(
2
sin
sin
BABA
BA
+
=+

7DFĐVẳELQ~êLYLKDLWQWUzQFàQJW}|QJWẳQK}VDX














+

~LXFKQKEQJFFKWKD\~êLF{QJVXWNÂFKYWKLzQSFDGLRGHELQGXQJ~FĐ
WK~LXNKLQ~}FOQO}WKVơNKXFK~LY~UQJExQJWQ6|~âNKơLY
YLFFL~W~}FFKUDKQK

















+QK%NKXFK~LWKDPVơ
3$5$03%NKXFK~LWKDPVơ
*81126&%GDR~QJGLRGH*XQQ
%,$6&21752/wLXNKLQWKLzQS
&XUUHQW&RQWUROOHG$WWHQXDWRU%VX\JLP~}F~LXNKLQEQJGÔQJ~LQ
)(7$PSV%NKXFK~LGQJWUDQVLVWRUWU}đQJ
3$5$03
%,$6
&21752/
*81126&










=
1
1
.
1


i
p
de
f
f
G
G
T
T

7URQJ~Đ7
OQKLW~FDFKX\QWLSGLRGHELQGXQJY~LQWUWêQKDR&ĐWK
JLPQKLWWSyPKLXGãQJEQJFFKOPOQKENKXFK~LWKDPVơ[XơQJG}L
QKLW~ SKÔQJ KRF FKăQ~ảQJ WQ VơNÂFK&ĐWK WLQWLWêQKDR FDE[RD\

.KĐ ~LX FKQK Y NK{QJSK KS YLYLFVQ[XW KQJ ORWYLPFKVạ
GãQJơQJGQVĐQJ
%xQJWQKS
-

%WOLY~WLQF\YERG}QJ


.KXFKpuL*D$V)(7
.KXFK~L*D$V)(7~}FGQJUQJULYQJWQVơFDRYLFF~FWÂQK
ExQJWQUQJKVơNKXFK~LFDRY~WLQF\OQFKảQJ~}FVạGãQJUQJUL
FKRFFENKXFK~LWSyPWKSWURQJWK{QJWLQYWLQKY~FWÂQKFDWSyP
WKS~}FFLWLQUWQKLX'RVẳSKWWULQNK{QJQJáQJFD7UDQVLVWRUKLXằQJ
WU}đQJ)(7KLQQD\FĐQKLXENKXFK~LVạGãQJ7UDQVLVWRUFĐNKQxQJKRW
~QJGLWQVơ*+]YLWPyPWKSYExQJWQUQJ6ẳNKXFK~L~}F
ELWWURQJENKXFK~LWSyPWKSFD*D$V)(7&KGQ*D$V)(7~}FVạ
GãQJWURQJENKXFK~LWSyP WKS WKWO~|QJLQ&F7UDQVLVWRUO}QJFẳF
VĐQJQJQNK{QJJLơQJQKDXQĐ\zXFXNK{QJWQ[~FELW~KRQWKQKOS1
KRFOS3FDFKWEQGQ1ĐEDRJâPPWOS*D$VEQGQFFKO\QK}OPW
OSEQGQPW6DX~ĐOPWOSFDNLPORLQK}OYQJ~~}FED\K|LWUzQ
OSFFKO\~LPWLSJLSYLGLRGHUR6KRWWN\YWLSWKHROFẳFQJXâQFẳF
PQJFẳFJơF~}FNKFEQJF{QJQJKLQQKOLWR
0W)(7FĐEDFẳFWURQJ~ĐFẳFFêQJ~LXNKLQKVơNKXFK~LWKHRGÔQJ
~LQWáFẳFQJXâQWLFẳFPQJQKđVẳELQ~êLFDWU}đQJ~LQWáY~ĐOQJX\zQ
QKyQKRW~QJJLơQJQKDXFDFF)(7+QKYOPWJLLWKÂFK~|QJLQFKR
KRW~QJFDWKLWEÊQ\






9LFXWUảFQK}WUzQ~LQS~ÊQKWKLzQQJ}FWF~QJYROSQJKRNzQK
FạDYNKLQFKROSQ\PUQJVDQJPLQNzQKwLX~ĐOELQ~LX~UQJ
KLXGãQJFD~}đQJGQJLDFẳFQJXâQYFẳFPQJ*LVạUQJQâQJ~WSFKW
PLQFẳFFạDFDRK|QQKLXVRYLNzQKYNzQKFĐQâQJ~WSFKWORL3~XO
1
~G\FDOSQJKRNzQKFạDFĐWKOLzQKYL~LQS~ÊQKWKLzQQJ}F9
WUzQFKX\QWLSNzQKFạDQK}
D
GC
qN
V
d

2


7URQJ~ĐHOKQJVơ~LQP{LFDVLOLFTO~LQWÂFKHOHFWURQ
7KLzQSQJ}FWUzQFKX\QWLSNzQKFẳFFạDYơQFĐWKNKLQFKRGPUQJVDQJ
NzQK~OPQJKRKRFOPWKWWRQENzQK~}FJăLO~LQSWKW9
wơLYL
NzQKSKDWS~XFĐQạD~UQJDFĐWKYLW9
QK}VDX

2
2
aqN
V
D
P

&ẳFFạD
1


7URQJ~Đ5
O~LQWUNKơLFDNzQKYLOSQJKREQJ
9LWKLzQS~FKREWNẵ9
!9 NKL~LQSFẳFPQJWxQJGÔQJFẳFPQJ
FàQJWxQJQK}Y\OPWxQJ~VãWSWKXQWUGăFNzQK7LEWNẵ~LPQRGăF
NzQK~VãWS~ĐFàQJFQJYRWêQJWKLzQSWUzQPWSKyQFFKFẳFFạDNzQK
GR~ĐNKLQFKRPLQQJKRPUQJWLSVDQJNzQKOyQFQFẳFPQJ

















+QKwFWX\QGÔQJ~LQ~LQS
0W NLX .w WS yP WKS ~LQ KQKGQJ WUDQVLVWRU WU}đQJ)(7/1$ Vạ










+QK6|~âNKơLE/1$GQJ*D$V)(7

+(07
+LJK(OHFWURQ0RELOLW\WUDQVLVWRU
+(07OLGãQJKLXằQJFKWNKÂ~LQWạKDLFKLXYL~OLQK~QJFDRY
SKKSYLNKXFK~LWSyPWKSWÂQKLXWQVơFDR&|FXQ\VạGãQJWLSJLS
SKDWUQJLD*D$VY$O*D$V1K}KQKVDXFKUDJLDGLGQFD$O*D$VFĐ
PWVDLNKFYQxQJO}QJGLQ\NÂFKWKÂFKORLQFÔQ*D$VNK{QJ~}FNÂFK
WKÂFK9Y\KQKWKQKPWOSJLX~LQWạWURQJ$O*D$VJQEPWWLSJLS
YL*D$V.KL~WPW~LQWU|ÔQJVRQJVRQJYLOSJLX~LQWạQ\FF~LQWạV
FKX\Q~QJYL~OLQKKRWUWFDRYFKảQJNK{QJEÊPWEWNẵPWWQ[QR
GRFFiQJX\zQWạFKRjYFKảQJ~}FSKyQNK{QJJLDQNKƠLFFiQJX\zQWạFKRj
FDYWOLXVLQKUDFKảQJ&F~FWÂQKWSyPWơWK|QVRYL*D$V)(7YLFKLX
GL~LQWạQK}QKDXFDFẳFFêQJQKđ~OLQK~QJFDR+LXằQJQ\~FELWWơW
NKLF|FX~}FOPOQK
wF ~LP QêL EW FD +(07 O ExQJ WQ UQJ NÂFK WK}F QKƠ JL WKQK
WKSGERG}QJYWKXQOLFKRYLFVQ[XWKQJORW
0F G FF E NKXFK ~L Q\ ~P ER OP YLF EQK WK}đQJ QKLW ~
WURQJSKÔQJQK}QJFĐNKLFKảQJ~}FOPOQK~FLWKLQK|QFF~FWÂQKWSyP
FDFKảQJ&ĐKDLSK}|QJSKSOPOQK~}FVạGãQJQK}VDX
/POQK QKLW ~LQ ~ OQK[XơQJ WLNKRQJ

EQJFFKVạGãQJQKLWWKLUDWáWQJOPOQKQKLW~LQQ\~FS~XYRQKLW
FKRWQJNLD+LXQKLW~FẳF~LFĐWK~W~}FWUzQF|VWKẳFWLQONKRQJ

&QJKĂDOQKLW~FẳFWLXFĐWK~W~}F[S[.
wLYWLQKPW ~WằQJGãQJWKLWEÊOPOQKQKLW~LQFKRYLFOPOQK
WQJWLQNKXFK~LFDENKXFK~LWSyPWKS/1$1KLW~OPOQKWK}đQJ
Wá
&~Q &
$V$O*DORLQ.K{QJSKD*D$V
3KQWạFKR wLQWạ
,RQKĐD
'LGQ

'LKĐDWUÊ
wLQWạ
3KQWạFKR
LRQKĐD6


$O*D

$V
*D$V
1Q*D$VEQGQ
&ẳFPQJ
0QJERY
&ẳFFêQJ
&ẳFQJXâQ
/S~LQWạFĐ~
OLQK~QJFDR

nhiệt điện
Nhiệt độ
trong
phòng
Làm lạnh
nhiệt
điện
Làm lạnh
nhiệt
điện
Băng 4GHz Xấp xỉ 15
K
Xấp xỉ 32
K
Xấp xỉ 55
K
Xấp xỉ 45
K
Xấp xỉ 52
K
Băng
12 GHz
90K hoặc
thấp hơn
180K hoặc
thấp hơn
Xấp xỉ
120 K
Xấp xỉ
120 K

th-ớc vô
cùng nhỏ
giá thành
thấp

3KuPYLƯQJGÂQJFDE.iWuSkPWK~S
1 3


%NKXFK~LWSyPWKSFĐSKPYLVạGãQJUWUQJULWURQJFFKWKơQJ
WK{QJWLQYWLQK7URQJKWKơQJYWLQK,QWHOVDW,QWHUQDWLRQDO7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV
6DWHOOLWH2UJDQL]DWLRQPWKWKơQJFĐSKPYLVạGãQJOQQKWWKJLLFXQJFS
FFGÊFKYãWK{QJWLQYWLQKWUzQWRQFXGẳDWUzQF|VWK}|QJPL/PWK
WKơQJWRQFXPFạDFKRPăLTXơFJLDNK{QJSKyQELWKWKơQJFKÂQKWUÊYWUQK
~ SKW WULQ NLQK W 9L Vẳ SKW WULQ FD E .w WS yP WKS WURQJ K WKơQJ
,QWHOVDWPQKđ ~ĐQĐ FàQJ ~}F ằQJGãQJ UQJUL QKW WURQJ K WKơQJ Q\YL
QKLXOĂQKYẳFNKFQKDX&FGÊFKYã,QWHUQHWKLQJKÊWá[DTXDYWLQKNKP
FKD EQK Wá [D FF GÊFK Yã E}X FKÂQK YLQ WK{QJ SKW WKDQK WUX\Q KQK Y
WLQKQJRLUDE.wWSyPWKSFÔQ~}FVạGãQJWURQJQKLXKWKơQJWK{QJ
WLQYWLQKNKFQK}
+WKơQJ,QPDUVDWPWKWKơQJWK{QJWLQYWLQKFKRKQJKLGLWQ
*+]FKRP\WKXExQJ&Y*+]FKRP\WKXExQJ/
+ WKơQJ &RPSDV6DUVDW PW K WKơQJ SKãF Yã FKR FF SKDR (3,5% YL
ExQJWQ0+]GQJWURQJKQJNK{QJY0+]GQJWURQJKQJKL
+WKơQJ*36*OREDO3RVLWLRQLQJ6\VWHPOKWKơQJYWLQK~ÊQKYÊWRQ
FX+WKơQJQ\GẳDWUzQF|VằQJGãQJFFNKQxQJFDYWLQKQKyQWR~
~ÊQKYÊWăD~QJ}đLVạGãQJWURQJNK{QJJLDQEDFKLXYL~FKÂQK[FFDR1JRL
UDFKảQJFÔQFXQJFSFFWK{QJWLQYYQWơFFDQJ}đLFDQJ}đLVạGãQJYWKđL
JLDQFKÂQK[F+WKơQJQ\FĐYQJEDRSKWRQFXKRW~QJWLQF\WURQJPăL
~LXNLQWKđLWLWYOLzQWãFWURQJKQJ\

WX\QWK{QJWLQYWLQKWKWÂQKLXWKXYOUWQKƠVDXNKLY}WTXD~}đQJWUX\Q
GL.PWURQJNKL~ĐWSyPOLOQ%QWKyQDQWHQQDJĐSQKWWSyPWáP{L
WU}đQJTXDEảSVĐQJSKãFDQĐ7SyPGRP{LWU}đQJWUX\QVĐQJGRP}D1X
WÂQKLXWKXY[HPQK}EÊFKPWURQJWSyP9WKQJKLzQFằXWSyPOPWYQ
~UWTXDQWUăQJWURQJNKLWPKLXKWKơQJWK{QJWLQYWLQK~FELWOKWKơQJ
WKXWÂQKLXYWLQK
&tFQJXQWuSkP

7{SqPYƯWUă

WSyPYàWUãKQKWKQKGRQKLXEằF[VLzXFDRWQWá
FFGLQJyQKQKLXNKLPWWUđLKRW~QJPQKSKW[FDPWWUxQJWF
~QJPQKGLG}L*K]
7{SqPNKTX\Q

.KÂTX\QYÂGãQK}R[\QLW|K|LQ}FV}|QJPKS
WKãQxQJO}QJFDVĐQJ~LQWáFĐE}FVĐQJ[S[WQVơGDR~QJFDFFSKyQ
WạNKÂNKLQĐWUX\QTXDQĐOPFKRVĐQJ~LQWáVX\\X~LWSyPFàQJVLQKUDWá
~Đ 7URQJ ~LX NLQ WUđL WURQJ QKLW ~ WS yP W}|QJ ~}|QJ O PWKP Vơ SKã
WKXFYRJĐFQJQJWURQJGLWQWá0+=*K]
7URQJWU}đQJKSGLWQWá*K]*K]NKLJĐFQJQJG}L
WKPằFVX\
KDRGRQKK}QJFDWQJ~ơLO}XVQKƠK|QG%6X\KDRGRPy\P}DYV}|QJ
PYRNKRQJG%WQVơ*K]*K]%xQJ&YVX\KDR~WNKRQJG%GL
WQ*K]YQKƠK|QG%GLWQ*K]
6QJvLQWâEpQJWQWâ*K]*K]

FKQJQKQJEÊVX\KDRNKLWUX\Q
TXDP}DPFÔQFQJWKzPWSyPGRP}D~ĐOFFEằF[VLzXFDRFDP}DQKLW
~Q}FP}DFàQJOPWQJXâQWSyPQKLWYY\WSyPKWKơQJFàQJWxQJWKHR

3VRSKRPHWHUSKLQKƠK|QSZWURQJPWJLđEWNẵ
7{SqPQKLW

%QWKyQQĐVLQKUDGRFKX\Q~QJQJXQKLzQFDFF~LQ
WạWẳGRWURQJFFYWGQ~LQ.KLFKX\Q~QJFDFF~LQWạQ\YDFKPYL
FFQJX\zQWạYVLQKUDWSyPQKLW0FGYWGQFĐKPFK~LQDWKFF
~LQWạWẳGRFKX\Q~QJNK{QJWKHRTX\OXWYQVLQKWSyPQKLzW
7{SqPPWWUL
w}FVLQKUDNKLPWWUđLKRW~QJPQKWKHRFKXNẵNKF
QKDXYQKK}QJFFPằF~NKFQKDX1XWUPPW~WYRYÊWUÂQKQWKQJ
PWWUđLWKFĐWKPWOLzQOFKRQWRQYPằFWSyPTXOQ,QWHOVDWWK}đQJ~R
YWK{QJERFKÂQK[FWKđL~LPQKLXPWWUđLFKRFFWUPYWLQKPW~WWUzQ
WRQFXYRFFJLđNKFQKDX
&tFWKDPVYqpzFWQKFDWuSkP

&sQJVXWW{SqP
7áOyXEQJWKẳFQJKLPQJ}đLWDQKQWK\UQJWSyPSKãWKXFYRQKLW~WU
NKQJYGLWK{QJ1\TX\W~~}DF{QJWKằFOWKX\W~WÂQKWSyPQK}VDX

3 N7%
:


3
OF{QJVXWWSyP~}FWUX\QWLFĐWUNKQJ~XYREQJWUNKQJ
FDP\SKWWSyPWUzQOWKX\W

N
OKQJVơ%ROW]PDQVYFĐJLWUÊN -.