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
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

!
"#$%&'()*

+",-. Tài chính tiền tệ
/0-12/3-. TS. Nguyễn Thị Lan
45674894/: Anh2- Kinh Doanh Quc Tế - K51
Hà N"i, Th$ng 9 năm 2013
;<'<&#=
   !"#
$%&'&  (')&*+,-./!01#
234&5/ ( #
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M>C L>C


 ! "#$%
&'(
)*+,)-. "#$/
 ! "#0%1
1
)*+,. "#0
2$ "#$ "#02
34562
)3789:
 );<=>8.?#@A
:

&A5C.CN92
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MDRY2/
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M$Pa-)CRAN.C-b&O;-888EF[
M :1
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3aO4E6Pa-)CRAN.C-:
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"7!$+V?;"!&/!QI1J*! "&4/!,0U"">"X,DR:? !!$9
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vNHTM là một tổ chức kinh doanh tiền tệ mà nghiệp vụ thường xuyên và chủ yếu là nhận tiền
gửi của khách hàng với trách nhiệm hoàn trả và sử dụng số tiền đó để cho vay, chiết khấu và
làm phương tiện thanh toán”
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\73,JI=&!$K07"B&&:==&,B&!FcF)&!&/!M&L*I7F)&,!F
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,!F
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2. Ngân hàng trung ương (NHTW)
a.4C/-/:6
3H07*8!,"/"O"8"J!e,8"01-9w"!$U"!8""<-X}!U"&L";"
\,8"D- !7!&D0767"X=" "6767"X=Y<-XI7
"!$ "&L*!$9I&L"40r7FZ"I7" "9E!,8!&D!L!<SnI767
. "IZ&3&L*In"G?4"X=3H07- !7!&D!L,4*?E9PU==!979E!
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€Mở tài khoản và nhận tiền gửi của các NHTM
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!=!9 
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để tác động vào khả năng thanh toán của các NHTM nhằm đạt được mục tiêu của chính sách
tiền tệ quốc gia trong từng thời kỳR
Cứu nguy cho c$c NHTM3H,4*1!$ "&L*F)&"9I="B&"p,e";" "
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€Là tổ chức thanh toán bù trừ giữa các NHTM
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3. Mi quan hệ giữa NHTM và NHTW
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1. RBi ro tín dụng
OB4C/-/:6MW/M[7X-YZ-1
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!)&Pg4P&" "$X&$9M "
$V!U"!/9E!,8"9I=079E!,80Z@!I7"X/"X=67!FG*E&
O!F)+" "FZ"&L-In7*=0E&‡2!1-"967"K+&L!
=*!$9&=&,9E&L=!1-![9E!,8!<Sn*=0E&!F)"&/*z
!!1-"X=*A&67V*I79,J" "M94!&DI=?=9&)"y"Jf "P@!
I~c"=9GIZ&:!7&P4"JM "V$X&$9!<Sn,B&IZ&307$@!0Z
TB/iE4/:-9WOMW/M[7X-YZ-1
.&!&/7"@-!<Sn" "67!FG*E&,D*9*BM94!<Sn,Fc"
97!$4,,XI7,T!)&EF,_!94!1Y<IQ!/P=M&"@-!<Sn"9
M "=3!U"&L!s9Sm&& *P !I&L"PbSnIBI="X=>/!@"J
?&e&LPbSnIBP=&*n",<"9w""JPUM "!F)"J!eS ,/I&L"MO97
!$4,Fc"IBI="X=M "73-4&!Q*?&L- -\[="=!&L-M-!)&
Y "?&e&L!F)w-07
+ . "7!$Q9_8-? 9" 9!7&"<9w"MO""@-,Fc":!O!&*7
67V"

0ZI7M4\I~ccf@!\"=9
97&$="y"Me!Z&:V6?@!M4M SW!Z&PU?@!"X=DM&!/
F!&V!=&"&/!$=" "?&/,8"<!$|,="JfFZ&=!\3=PU!=
,&ID"<P ""X=7FZ"" ""<P "ID9E&!Lf@!1-M`9E&B&
* Rủi ro do môi trường pháp lý chưa thuận lợi tại các quốc gia đang và chậm phát triển
3&L=!E&" "B"&=,=I7"1*- !!$&e*E" "?801!ID!7&"<I7M&
S9=IW"K"F=,Fc"f6SU*8!" "$m$7M-!)&I7!&/,C?8!F)fV
-4&!=,&"•Pb=u&D7M&/"9" ",I7"O! "fb0rI&-E*"F=
,Fc"!$&L!,e"K&D0AI7P=&PJ!
€Rủi ro do sự bất cân xứng về thông tin trên thị trường
$V!!$F)"E!$=MO9749F&L=I&L"67MO,Fc""
"@-" "!O!&"!&/!IDM "7I7Fc"0E&I&L"M "7MO"J,X!O!&
ID" "67PgSW!Z&:&L!FcP=
− U0U=">,B&"o9!O!&?"s,1?J-*^967/!,"9I=
IZ&M "7MO,XM4\!$4coS9=&L-Pj-- P4F)&,=?
P&/!Pc|#
− †X&$9,E9,;"o9!&/!O!&SW!Z&& *P !MO,,X67MO?&/!
,Fc"M "7,_"J:7,8I&-E*!94!1IZ&67FPbSn
!&DI=P=&*n",<"!$Bc|
Nguyên nhân chB quan
€Nguyên nhân từ phía khách hàng
− uB&IZ&M "707" 6
+ F)&I=?!@!&L-"J!e!E*!)&=M^9S7&#SW,/MO"J!1-I7
MO,4*?49,Fc"M4\!$4c
+ :?&/"B?@!!F)!$9"8"PB6MJM\!7&"<"9M "7F
B*,=!=&E"/!0&S
+ F)&,&I=9E",6aMO"<f "
X
− uB&IZ&M "707S9=&L-
+ †X&$9S9!!$F)""@-!$F)""@-MO"JM4\!q=*_PB

I=
− 67,_/!,"9I="•SU=!$V"GP+*O9E!,8"X=S9=&L-
*7MO"\";I79M4\!7&"<"X=S9=&L-
− o9& !$"X=!7&P4?&/,8&4* *;"SUM&/"X=67.
d.jEDE09WOMW/M[7X-YZ-1
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3[M &&L*ID$X&$9!<Sn!=!@$d$X&$9!<Sn07M/!4"X=*B&=L
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E
− …6VPU,I~0K!&"X=F)&"@-!<SnIZ&F)&1!<Sn
− D?4"@!,60709E&$X&$9,=SEI7-;"!E-$@!MJ40rI7!F)fV07
V6SW,/$X&$9M "$X&$9!<Sn"X=*8!67!e&L$=?V97&
"<07MB&0Fcc E*767,J-4& "
− .&$X&$9!<Sn4P&!!s9*;",8*7J6$=:! "E&&V*!$>
MO"•IZ&L!B67IZ&F)&I=I7"K"4IZ&DM&!/I7f_8&
+ uB&IZ&67!FG*E&l*;",8!@-$X&$9!<Sn07*@!,&"G8&M4\
!<"0aIB07*&4*P;"*E"X=6=4F+,/!<I7Q406S7&"X=
67
+ uB&IZ&F)&,&I=O!F)$X&$9!<Sn07L4"X=$X&$9M&S9="X=
M "7Z&c EF)&,&I=97!97*@!C!7&!$c![" "67"G8&
/
M&S9=Pg!8!*@!!7&P4Pg?!"!9w"- !*E&F)&,&I=Pg,;!$FZ"
"G- P4
+ uB&IZ&DM&!/f_8&†X&$9!<Sn";!qF)&I=IB,_MO!U"&L
,Fc"&L4,!FF,w!$=M&I=IB!<Sn![67!FG*E&o9,J0c&<"
M&!/f_8&SUM&/1,Fc",_MO"JP4f@!I70F!O79 Pg,Q!$L
";"\07*"O"n,&D!&/!DM&!/Pg?P/D0c&"X=F)&b&!&DPg
MO,Fc",4*?49
'"Pb9E!,8"X=" "67!FG*E&!$V!/&Z&,_";M&/MO<!" "

,8"X=0E*- !I70K!&D-<=" "3,&DM&LM&S9=!10c&!$9
:\*,6,_07*4P&!F!F+"X=!\!$F+!<Sn J!$9
M&0E&?O0q"<P "40r$X&$907**@!"6,B&*8!PB!FG="G?4!$9
"G"@!7&P4MO,4*?49,T" "!•0L=!97!s9!&V"`"X=677FZ"
&L!=*$9?B&"4,JM&677FZ"!U"&L"<P "!&D!L!j!"w!
*8!" "/!0&L!d*!ID*8!MB&0Fc!&D*w!,C&L!=*M 0Z![0F!O
!Q*8!PB3MO!ef9="eM-!)&?*@!!=M94S9"G"@,!F
Nguyên nhân kh$ch quan:
− =,&!$9,&D7"<P "!&D!L"X=3!O=" ""O"nF!•0LSU
!$:?j!?8"" "09E&0_&P@!F0_&P@!"G?40_&P@!! &"@-IB0_&P@!!!$F)*+|
− =,&0U=">MV,!F"X=" "7,!F
− o9!Q!$EMX94"X=DM&!/MX94MIU"!7&"<

− Y "!&,C!@!!&L!6!6*0r9=*=09Pc!$96S6![,JSW!Z&&L
!Fc0Fc!&D$T!Mq&67!\,8!?&/
Nguyên nhân chB quan từ n"i b" ngân hàng
− 67I=*Fc &D" "M94!&Db&jE![" "" 6I7,"/
!7&"<M "P=,J"e9 "T!7:!7&P4,!FS7&EY9V,_f_
$=!Q!$Emất cân đi về kỳ hạn giữa nguồn vn và sử dụng vn*7!F)w-07SK
!&D!ID![!7&P4,!FqGSK!&D"&$=,e!$4" "M94!&Db&,/E
−  ",8"X=sự thay đổi cBa lãi suất,/F)&b&!&DI7F)&I=IB.&0_&P@!
&4*8!PBF)&b&!&D$T!IBMq&67,e,!FI79G&"J!•P@!P&0c&"=9
G"K:F)&,&I=!<""U"!&/-"1" "M94!<SnIQ0_&P@!,_!@-G
!$FZ"FI1$B!"8"0_&P@!!=,&Pg4F+!$E! &!=M94"X=6
7
− o967,F=$= những chiến lược quản trị rBi ro thanh khoản không phù
hợp và kém hiệu quả F" "";M9 ,=P+:"J!<!=M94!@-SU!$:
"X=67MO,X"9""&!$4
Ngoài ra, rBi ro thanh khoản có thể xảy ra do c$c nguyên nhân chB quan kh$c như :
− 67MOSU!<!$FZ""!7&!$cM94"9I=MO, -;,Fc"

Y9!Z&\*(P=M&!•0L0_&P@!0&V67!\"=9200&V!n"677
w-MJM\!$9I&L",8CIB"9I=I7?8"-4&!Q*M&/*,B&! ",e? 
?Z!:?8-1M&S9=q"X=*Q9$!s$†9"M!1*"<,_0&V0E"IZ&" ""G
=!7&"<"X="<-X"yF67$FGk9‰#,e)!$c&T-
&V:!O!&?<*1!ID" ""8"!$=9,&7?&Z&!$D!O?&/!,Fc"k 9
"<SCS1-,F=$=:SU,9 ID"GI~c"yF"GIZ&F)&b&!&D
M&/"B-&/"X=9$!s$†9"M$Z!MO-=" "7,!F!;"&1I7![,97
F)&F)*Fc-M^9,/" ""& "X=9$!s$†9"M$T!!&D6V"4A09E
$927I7(‡‡(M942!•?4,_,Fc"$T!$=k9‰,_-4&A!$c
?d" "?G**8!0Fc0Z!&D*w!"99$!s$†9"MP9IWMO";I_,Fc"!Q
Q
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=!@!?E&"X=Y<-X!$9:A0U",7*- IZ&" "!e"/!7&"<0Z
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Nguyên nhân chB quan
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