DAI
HOC
QIJOC
(;IA
IIA NOI
riU)()N(J OAI
HOC
KIIOA ll()(
XA
IIOI
VA
NIIAN
VAN
BUOC
DAU TIM
HIEU
VE
TIN
NGUONG
MAU
"DAO
MAU"
0 VIET NAM
DE TAl
KIIOA HOC
Ma so:
QX.
2002.
11
Cliu
tri

Viet Nam
^^
1.1,
Khai
niem
tin ngirang
va long quan
v^
Ifn ngirang
Viet Nam
6
1.1.1. Mot
vcYi khia cgnli ciui
khdi niem tin
ngudng,
tin
ngudng 6
Mdu
1.1.2.
rdng
quan ve tin
ngUdng
Viet Nam 9
1.2.
Tfn nguong
MSu a
Viet Nam
16
1.2.1.
Su

Sir
ton tai cua tfn nguang Mau a Viet Nam hicn nay va nhung
29
bidu hiCn
vd
mal
sinh boat cua no
2.1.1.
Si(
ton tai cua tin ngUdng Mdu d Viet Nam hicn nay 29
2.1.2.
Mot so bieu hien ve mat sinh hoat cua tin
n^Kdui*
Mdu 34
2.2.
MAl
so gia tri va han
chc
cua
ifn
ngirang
MAu
37
2.2.1.
Old tri cua tin ngUdng Mdu 37
2.2.2.
Ihin checua
tin ngUdng Mdu 41
Ket
luan 46

dua ra
m6t
cai
nhin
mang
tinh tdng
the
\6 Ijch
sir,
v6 cA'u
true ciia hien tugng tfn
nguang MAu cung nhu nhung
khia
canh triet hgc ciia no. Tuy nhien, dual
goc do van hoa, da c6
rA't
nhieu bai viet ve
vA'n
de nay.
Nhijng
bai viet nay
chu
y6'u
de cAp den than
Ihoai
va truyen thuyet ve MAu, dac biet la MAu
Li6u
Hanh, ngoai ra c6
dt
cAp den mot vai

Gfin
dAy, mot so cong
ti"inh
nghien cuu ciia cae hgc gia nuac ngoai cho thay c6 su tra
lai
vai tfn nguang
ban dja [32], trong do c6
tin
nguang MAu vai nhung goc
nhln
va
sir
danh
gia
khdc
nhau, lam cho
tinh hinh nghiSn ciJu
cang tra nen phuc tap. Vf du
CO
hgc gia khAng dinh
sir
ton tai
thirc ciia linh
hon (y
thirc,
tinh
IhAn)
cua
nhiJng
vat v6 tri nhu dat da [32]; Co hgc gia khi ly giai nhfmg van de cua

sir phirc
tap cua sinh hoat tfn nguang MAu, ngoai
sir
dan
xen, pha tap vao cae
I6n
gido va hoat dAng
mS
tfn, nhung sinh
hoai
tfn
nguang MAu vdri tfnh
d6c hip
tuang doi ciia no da va dang dat ra nhung van
de
c^n
tiep tuc
li
giai ve mat vAn hoa, triet hgc, ton giao, dao
due,
v.v.
Viee nghien
ciJu
tfn nguang MAu mang tfnh long the duai goc do
tric't hgc va ton giao hgc va dat no trong dai song xa hoi va nen van hoa
ciia
dAn toe Viet Nam nhAm ly giai
v6
hien tugng tfn nguang MAu la cong
vice

Vict Nam
Ira
nen
da dang vai
nhidu
sAc thai, vai cae
chieu
tac dgng khac nhau.
Sir
gia tAng
nay dugc bieu hien trong viec xAy
sira
den, mieu, dien, phii, v.v,
didn
ra a
nhieu nai, tham
ehi
c6 nguai da bien nha a
ciia
minh thanh dien tha MAu,
tha Thanh; Dugc the hien trong cae
euge
hanh
hucrng v6 nal ihicng ciia
tfn
nguang MAu; Dugc the hien
a
viec tra lai nhfrng nghi
\t
mot

CO
tfn nguang,
ion
giao va nhfrng nguai khong tfn
ngufyng,
ion
giao ;
gifra nhfrng nguai c6
cae Ifn
nguang.
Ion
giao khac nhau; dong thai
lao
co"
sa de dAu tranh chong nhung la dao, nhfrng hoat dgng mc
ifn
di doan,
Un
dung ton giao lam hai den
Igi
fch
ciia
To quoc, dan
Igc
va nhau
dan."
122,
52 -
531.
Vice llm

nay. Bai
vi
lam dugc
difiu
nay se
giiip
cho nguai
c6 ifn
nguang nhan
ihuc
diing
ban vd
tin
nguang
ciia mlnh
va ban che dugc nhiJng sinh hoat
c6
tfnh
mc
Ifn
hu tuc, nguai khong c6 tfn nguang cung
c6 duac
cai nhln khach
quan han vi tfn nguang.
3.
Tfn nguang ciia
nguofi
Vict Nam la mot he thong phong
phu,
da

nhan thirc sai lech ve loai
hinh
nay. Chiing toi cho rAng ngoai phuang phap luan chung
ciia vice
tiep
can
Ifn
nguang ton giao, cAn phai
sir
dung
mgl
so phuang phap khac nhu
phuang phap
lieh
sir,
phuang phap so sanh, loai suy, phuang phap thong
ke,
phAn tfch, v.v, cung nhu
vi6c sir
dung
l6ng
hgp eac
phuirng
phap do, hay
cung
CO
the ggi la phuang phap nghien cuu lien nganh (hay
cii
the hon la
phuang phap nghien cuu xa hoi lien nganh). Duai goc do ton giao hgc,

vAy mgl khi nhu
cAu
ngoai tfn nguang, ton giao khong dugc dap ung hoac
gia tAng no c6 the kco theo
sir
giai
lAng
ciia nhu cfiu tfn nguang, ton giao.
4-
Tfn nguang MAu hay noi
r6ng
ra la
lin
nguang Nfr thAn
ciia Viel
Nam
CO
su
hidn
dien
b
nhieu cong dong tgc
ngu5i
khac nhau trong he thong
cae tgc
nguori
b Viet Nam trong
Ijch sir
cung nhu hien nay, do dicu kien
khach quan va chii quan, lac gia ciia de tai m6i chi

tdng
quan ve fin ngirong Viet Nam
/././. Mot vdi khia canh cua khdi niem tin
ngUdng,
tin
ngud'ng
Mdu
- Tfn nguang la khai niem chii yeu dugc dung trong
ITnh
vuc ton giao.
O mgl so quoc gia khong c6
sir
phAn biet
Ifn
nguang vai
ion
giao,
nghia
la
noi tfn nguang cung la noi ton giao va
nguge
lai. O Viet Nam va mot so
nuac thugc khu vuc chAu A doi khi tfn nguang cung dugc hieu nhu vay; Vf
du,
a
Viet Nam chAng ban, khi noi quyen tu do tfn nguang cung chfnh la
hay chf ft la bao ham ca quyen
liJ
do ton giao, eac vAn ban
ciia

the
phan dinh. Bai
vl,
tin
nguang vai nghia den
ciia
no la tin tuang va nguang
mg, nguang vgng; Tfn nguang a goc do tfn nguang
ion
giao do la
sir
tin
tuang va nguang mg vao mot
lire
lugng sieu nhien. Nhu vay c6 the noi rAng
ca
a
ton giao (nhu: Phat
giao.
Kilo giao, v.v,) va
tin
nguang (nhu: tha
ciing
TO Tien, tha Than, v.v,) ddu
c6
niem tin nay. Nhu vay, ddc
trirng
chung
ciia
tfn nguang,

ion
giao vAn dugc trfch dAn trong eac an pham a Viet Nam phai dugc
eoi
la
dinh nghia rgng (theo nghia no bao ham tat ca
cae
loai
hinh ciia tin
nguang,
ton giao), la dinh nghia duai goc do cua nhan thuc luan duy
vai.
Ph.
Angghen cho rAng: "Nhung
Utt
ca mgi ton giao chAng qua chi la
sir
phan
iinh hu ao - vao
dfiu
6c
ciia
con nguai -
ciia
nhfrng
lire
lugng a ben
ngoiu
chi
phoi euge song hang ngay
eiia

liru
y rAng khong giong eac nha
v6
than
trirofc
dAy,
C.Mac cung nhu Ph. Angghen khong
phii
nhan cai sieu nhien than thanh
v6i
tu each la y thuc, la niem tin, cae Ong cho rang cai sieu nhien
ihAn
thanh la san pham tat yeu
ciia
nhan
Ihu'c ciia
con nguai vai dac trung va
phuang
Ihfre
xac dinh. Cai sien nhien nay ton tai trong dAu
6c ciia
con
ngu5i;
Khong giong
v6i
cae nha
IhAn
hgc, cae Ong khong
ihi^ra
nhan

dong nhat vi mat y thuc,
nxim
tin, song khong
phai vl the ma chiing khong c6
sir
khac biet a mire do nhal dinh, ma cu the
la a cau true
ciia
niem lin. Trong ton giao, nxim lin ton giao gAn vai nhfrng
giao ly, tfn dieu, vdi he tu
lirdng Ion
giao cung nhu than hgc
ciia
no; Con
trong tfn ngudng, niem lin thudng thl chua c6 va chua bi
sir
chi phdi bdi
giao ly, tfn dieu va cang chua c6 than hgc. Niem lin
ciia
tfn ngudng hi chi
phoi
Ixri truydn
thong, phong tuc tap quan. Noi nhu vay c6 nghia la ton giao
CO
su phat trien ban so vdi tfn ngudng, song d dAy chiing la lai khong the ket
luan rdng ton gido cao ho'n tin
ngu'dng,
Bdi vl moi mgl loai
hinh niiy
ngoai

nghia la ton giao bao gom: Y thuc (dac biet la he
lu
tirdng),
su
ihd
cung (he thong quy djnh
Ihd
cung) va to
chue
hay giao hoi; Till d tfn
ngudng chua hoac chua c6 dAy
dii
cae bg phan
Iren.
Ton giao va lin ngudng
deu la
hi6n
tugng xa
hdi
song
cAi hi6n
tugng
idn
giao cd
sir
gAn ket de thanh
thicl
che mang nhirng ten ggi khac nhau nhu: Giao hoi,
I
Igi

nhidii
vi than linh nao do
va nhung
hinh
thuc.
Id
nghi
Ihuc hifin sir
sung bai A'y."
|9,
59|.
Con d tfn
ngudng thl su sung bai va
Id
nghi bieu hien
sir
siing bai ay chua phai la mgl
he thong. Khi khang dinh ton giao la he thong eac quan niem tfn ngudng
siing bai mot hay nhieu vi than linh nao do,
sir
khAng dinh nay da khAc phuc
dugc
sir
bat cap trong mgl so quan niem trude dAy khi nhan manh den dac
Inrng
nhat than
ciia
ton giao trong
sir
tuang

hay do dc
8
con
nguori
tudng tugng thanh hai thur loai tuang phan, thudng dugc chi dinh
bAng hai
tir
rieng
bi6t
c6
th^
tarn dich la "pham
tiic"
va "linh thanh". Tach
biet
ihc
gidi lam hai khu vuc,
mdt
gom nhiJng gi la "linh thanh" (sacre),
mot g6m nhung
gi
la "pham tuc" (prafane), do la dac tfnh
ciia
tu tudng ton
giao
vAy"
[30, 13]. Luu y rAng
b
Viet Nam chiing la ngudi Viet thudng
diing tir

ngudng, tdn giao. Nhu vay ngiJ nghia
ciia chiJ
thd chi
cd the
giiip
chung la tham khao khi ly giai ve
tin
ngudng, ton giao chu
khdng the thay the cho
thuAl
ngu
tin
ngudng hay tdn giao dugc.
- Tfn ngudng MAu la mgl loai blnh trong he thong tfn ngudng
ciia
ngudi Viet, no ed dac trung chung nhu eac loai blnh tfn ngudng khac, song
sir
khac biet la no tdn
siing
NiJ
Ih^n
ma cae vi Nfr
ihSn
nay lai gAn vdi
sir
sinh sdi nay nd cho nen dugc ggi la cae Me, cae MAu
(/O^).
Nhu vay cd the
khu biet
tin

tin
ngudng la mgl bg phAn trong he
ihdng
tfn
ngudng, tdn giao Viet Nam. Neu xem xet ton giao theo nghia rgng, thl d
Viet Nam hien nay cd eac loai
hinh eiia
tdn giao theo nghia rgng nhu sau:
* Tdn giao (theo nghia hep, vdi hai tieu
chi
ca ban de xac dinh: La
mdt tieu he Ihdng kien true thugng
tiing;
Cd giao ly, giao
Id,
giao
luAl,
cd to
chuc hay giao
hdi) g6m
eac
Idn
giao:
Phai
giao, Cong giao,
I
loi giao, Tin
Lanh giao, Cao Dai giao, Hoa Hao giao.
*
Tfn ngudng (chua cd du cae

doan, la
hii
tuc) bao gom nhidu
loai
hinh,
tdn lai
dAc lAp hoiie
dan xen vdi
ifn
ngudng, tdn giao.
*
I/ien
ti((mg
tdn giao mdi la ton giao theo nghia rdng, song no
thudng la
hvtn
tugng phan van hoa, phan dao due.
Hifin
nay d
Vifii
Nam c6
hang tram hien lugng Idn giao mdi.
Didu can luu y la
sir
phan loai ton giao
(iheo
nghia rgng) la van dd
cue
ky phuc tap, irong mgl sd
tiirdng

phii.
De tiep can eac
ifn
ngudng nay can c6
sir
phan loai nhAm, mot mat la c6 cai nhln
tdng ihe
vd tfn ngudng, mal
khdc
la
c6 Ihd khu biet d muc dd nhA't djnh
mAi
tfn
nguftng
va chi ra
mftt
sd loai
hinh
tfn ngudng tieu bieu. Cung can phai luu y rAng phan loai tfn ngudng d
dAy chfnh la phan loai cdc vi than md ngUdi Viet ton thd. Dudi day chiing
Idi
xin neu
mdi
vai each phan loai cu the nhu sau:
ihu
nhdl:
Phan loai theo
lang
bae
khOng

vdi bidu hien
ciia
nd la thd Ba DAu, Ba Dau, Ba Dan va
^^ ^
Ba Tudng.
Cae
Ba nay lai dem dAt trong su tuang quan vdi Ong Trdi. Cdn
Ong Trdi tuy dugc dd cao vdi bieu hien la
liie
khdn quAn thl ngirdi la keu
Trdi, cau
Trdi,
song dAy Trdi khdng (chua) phai la vi
tbSn
tdi cao,
luyet
ddi
nhu quan
ni6m ciia
ngudi Trung Hoa.
Bi^u hi6n eiia
didu nay la khi keu,
eSu
Trdi khdng dugc
Ihi
ngudi ta trdch
Trdi,
odn
Trdi,
chid

ibi
khdng cdn
cilu khA'n
mgl vi than nao de gd tdi dugc, v.v. Nhu vay cd the thay rAng
ngudi Viet mac
dii
cd su dd cao dng Trdi song trong
lAm IhiJc
tfn ngudng
cua hg cae vi
thdn
cd quan he true tiep vdi hg nhu may, mua, sam chdp, dat,
nude,
niii,
sdng, cAy cd, eon ngudi vAn la mdi bAn
lAm
ddi vdi hg. Ngoai
Idc
Vict, nhidu tgc
it
ngudi khac b khu vuc mien
niii
phfa BAc, TAy Nguyen,
Nam Trudng San
eiia
Viet Nam cung cd quan niem vd trdi va
sir
thd trdi.
Theo
khAo

dd cao mgl vi than nao dd irong eac
than neu tren.
- Cae vj
ihSn
cai quan d cdi Am thudng la cae ac than. Mdi quan ngai
vd mat
lAm
linh
ciia
ngudi Viet trong
liic
sdng thl sg ac than lam hai, khi
chel
thl sg khdng dugc vd vdi To Tien ma bj day xudng cdi am
phii,
na\
eac
ac
ihiin
cai quan.
Till?
hai: PhAn loai theo kha nAng va phAm chat. Phan theo pham chat
gdm ed Thien than va Ac than, Trong
Ihien IhAn
(phAn loai theo kha nAng)
lai bao gom cae vj: Thugng dAng than, Trung dAng than va Ha dAng
ihan.
Didu
citn
luu y d dAy la Nha nude Phong kien Viet Nam la

van di nay la,
Nha nude Phong kien da eoi cae vi than nhu Than GAp
phan.
Than An may,
Tlian
Ke trdm, v.v; Coi eac
Id
nghi tfn ngudng lien quan
deii ifn
ngudng
phdn
ihuc
la la than, dAm than. Song ddi vdi ngudi dAn
ihl
nhfrng vj thfin
tren lien quan den
euge
sdng hang ngay
ciia
hg, hg cd the cfiu xin
Irg giiip
ciia
eac vi
IhAn
nay dugc, bdi vay, ddi vdi hg cae vi nay la Than, la Thanh
chu khdng phai la ta hay dAm than.
Cae
tfn ngudng nay dugc quan niem la
tfn ngudng dAn gian, loai
tin

ha: PhAn loai
iheo
pham vi lac dgng ddi vdi eac vj than tren mat
dat,
sir
phAn loai nay bao gdm cae vj than sau:
- Cae vj than lac dgng ddi vdi mgl hay mgl sd ngudi cung loai, dd la
Than Bdn menh.
ThSn
Ban menh
ciia
ai ngudi nay thd va chi c6
sir
tac dgng
ddi vdi ngudi thugc ban menh ay. Trong Ijch sir va hien nay, vice Ihd vj
IhAn
nay Ihudng dugc thay d mgl sd chj em phu
nu*
dugc coi la
////////
cao so
ndng cho nen phai ddi bat
hucfng
d ddn, d
phii
de thd Than ban menh.
6
mdt sd tgc ft ngudi thugc khu vuc TAy nguycn ngay nay vAn cdn dau hieu
ciia
viec thd ban menh [20, 122 va 32, 229]. Neu md rgng pham vi

ciia
mot sd nghi
Id
nhu thd
ciing
Vua
I
liing.
Due
Thanh TrAn, MAu Lidu de cfiu mong cho
sir
hung thinh
ciia
dat nude. Ddi
vdi cae ton giao, d
nhirng
muc do khac nhau eac tfn dd, cae nhdm, cae cgng
ddng tdn giao cung ed than ban menh trong chfnh tdn giao
ciia
hg.
- Cae vj
thitn
lac ddng trong pham vi mgl gia
dinh
nhu: To Tien, Tho
cong.
To
Tien dugc coi la nhfmg ngudi da mat thugc vd huyet tgc
ciia
mlnh,

thudng duac
cho la thugc vd md ma (phat ma hoac ddng ma). Va nhu vay ngirdi Vict rai
coi trgng md ma, vdi quan niem "Sdng
vi
md vl ma dAu phai vl ca
mieiig
cam" va
cAu chiru
doe dja nhat ddi vdi mdt gia
dinh
la "Dao ma bd may
len". Ngay nay van dd md ma vAn dang cdn la mgl Irong nhirng van de
phiic
lap
ciia
tfn ngudng thd ciing To Tien. Cung vdi Ihd ciing To lien la thd
Cling ddng hg, ddng hg dugc xac dinh
dim
tren quan he tdng tgc ve phfa
nam gidi. Viec
Ihd eiing
ddng hg dugc thuc hicn d nha
ihd
hg
idc
trong
ngay gid T6
(T6
hg),
vi6c

nghia la
iho
cong nha nao
thl nha nay thd, cd thd nham
thd
cong nha khac thl cung chAng dugc
Igi Idc
gl.
Tlieo
nghia den
ciia thuAl
ngiJ tho
edng
(thAn trdng coi dAt), song viec
thd tho edng
eiia
ngudi Viel khdng chi lien quan
deii dai
dai ma con lien
quan den hanh vi
ciia
gia
dinh
tren dat dai ay.
- Cae vj thiin tac ddng trong pham vi lang, xa nhu: Thanh Hoang
lang, Than Linh,
Tlio
Dja (d dAy chiing tdi dac biet luu y
idi
Thanh Hoang

mgl
thanh vicn trong lang. O cae
Idc il
ngudi,
hinh
thuc tfn ngudng tuong ung
vdi thd Cling Thanh Hoang la thd Than Budn, Than Ban, Ma ngoai, v.v. Ddi
vdi ngirdi Viet, Thanh Hoang lang dugc thd d ngdi
dinh
(fv)> ehfr dinh a
dAy cd the dugc hieu la ddng, hay nai diJng lai
ciia
cgng dong trong
cjua
trinh md mang, khai khan dat dai. Do chd, Thanh Hoang lang la vj
ibfin
chung, vi
IhAn Idn
nhA't cua
lAng
cho
n6n
ngdi
dinh lAng
cung dugc coi la
nai linh thieng, va la edng trinh
Idn
nhal
eiia
lang. Trong ngdn ngu dAn da,

lung Vuong dugc coi
la To Tien chung
ciia
quoc gia. Tu Bat tir cung dugc coi la tfn ngudng mang
tfnh quoc gia, song cd rat nhidu diem khac biet so vdi thd ciing To Tien
(chiing tdi se trd lai van di nay d mdt chd khac trong dd tai).
Ngoai ba lieu chf
ciia sir
phan loai tren, cdn cd nhiing lieu chf khac
nhu phan loai theo gidi tfnh, theo chuc nghiep, v.v, nhirng tfn ngudng
ciia
ngudi Viel la he Ihdng
phu'c
tap bdi vay nhUng
sir
phAn loai nay cung chua
Ihc
bao
qiiat
hei
dugc
eac vi than ma ngudi Vict ton thd.
Vay d dAy, tfn ngudng MAu nAm d dAu trong he thong phan loai
tren?
Chiing tdi cho rAng, neu hieu
tin
ngudng MAu
Iheo
nghia rgng, thl
ifn

nhidu loai tin ngudng khac nhau. Va nhu vay cd the thay Dao Mdu hay
Ifn
ngudng MAu la
sir
khai qual, su
chAl Igc tir tin
ngudng thd Nu than.
1.2. Tin
ngirdng
MAu b Viet Nam
1.2.1.
Sit
khu biet cua hien
tit(fng
tin ngudng Mdu
Ljch sir phat trien
ciia
tdn giao (theo nghia rgng) cho thay
ifn
ngirdng
thd Nfr than xual hien tir rat sdm trong ddi sdng xa hdi. Ngay
lir ihdi
ky
ciia
xa hdi Cgng san Nguyen thuy d giai doan MAu he ngudi ta da thay dau hieu
ciia
tuc thd Nfr
IhAn.
Chung la luu y rAng tdn giao ra ddi
iir ihdi

chii
yeu boat ddng trong
linh
vuc san bAn, va hg
khdng dem lai ngudn
ihiJc
An ed tfnh thudng xuyen, on djnh cho
ihi
igc).
Vdi dac trirng
ciia
hoat dgng ay da tao ra cho hg
(trirdc
bet la ngudi phu nfr)
mgl nidm lin, mgl khat vgng d
sir
sinh sdi nay nd
ciia
san vat tu nhien de
phuc
VII
cho con ngirdi, ma
sir
sinh sdi ay
duc/ng
nhien la giong cdi. Nhung
nhfmg cam nhAn
ciia
con ngudi
ihdi

lien
trinh phat trien.
Sir
phat trien cua tdn giao tir so khai den hicn dai cho
ihay
rAng ed nhiJng
hinh thiJe
tdn giao bi thay the bdi blnh
thire
tdn giao mdi
ban, phu hgp han vdi ddi hdi
ciia
ddi sdng
Iran
tuc va tAm linh.
Nhimg sir
mat di ay khdng phai la
sir phii
djnh sach
Iran,
khdng phai la khdng de la
dau
vel ciia
nd trong ddi sdng con ngudi, ma nd cd the dugc tdn giao sau dd
tiep thu, ke thiJa,
Igc
bd; Co the trd thanh
triiydn
thong, tap tuc cdn ton tai
dcii lAn

ciia
di lai nay. Song theo cluing loi thl khong the
khdng khAng dinh rAng ton giao cd
sir phai
tridn vdi nhfrng
hinh
Ihuc bet
siJc
phong phii da dang va
phiJc
tap, ma tfn ngudng MAu la mdt trong nhfrng
blnh thuc ay.
Vay lien trinh
ciia
tdn giao di theo hudng nao? Theo
sir
phAn tfch
ciia
chiing tdi
ihl
vd dai the cd the blnh dung lien trinh nhu sau:
—> Tdn giao hien dai
Tdn giao nguyen thuy
>
Me tfn di doan (hay Mc
Ifn hii
tuc)
> Tfn ngirdng
Qua luge dd nay, chiing ta
IhAy

sir
tuang quan so sanh vdi
tdn giao va tfn ngudng, nd khdng cd
sir
thay
d6'\
hoac khdng
ihay
doi kjp so
vdi
sir
phat trien xa hdi, do vay nd cd tinh chinh ddng ve mat lich sd. Xet ve
sir
phat trien, nd la nhung manh vd
ciia
tdn giao nguyen thuy. Nhan
ihuc
nay la bet
sure
quan trgng trong viec ung xir vdi me tfn khi
cae
edng ddng cd
sir
phat trien khdng ddng ddu vd kinh le xa hdi, nhan
lluic
va cd dac trung
rieng ve vAn hda.
+ Tfn ngirdng la blnh thirc cd
lir
tdn giao nguyen thuy, nd cd

khdng chi cd d nhung tfn
ngudng nhu da dugc khu biet sa luge d tren. Chiing la thay rAng trong cae
tdn giao d Viet Nam cung ed su Ihd eiing Me, MAu, Nfr than, nhu:
Tlid
Quan
The
Am Bd Tat (Phat giao), thd
Due
Me Maria (Cong giao). Trong
tfn ngirdng dAn da cdn cd viec thd Ba Cd ddi vdi nhfrng phu nfr khdng co
chong con, hoac phu
nir
chct
ire.
Vay su khac
bicl ciia
tfn ngudng
Mfiu
vdi
nhirng
hinh
thuc thd ciing Nfr than neu tren la d diem nao?
Chung tdi cho rAng diem khac biet
trwdc
hei dd la thd MAu
la
thd
nhiJng phu nd
(Ni?
than) dd sinh con, hay MAu la chu the cua

cd
sir
tuang lac dan xen
giira
thd Nu
tbSn eiia
ngudi Viet vdi thfin trong cae tdn
giao du nhap vao Viet Nam, song neu cae vj
Nu"
than trong cae tdn giao cd
xiiA't
xu gAn vdi kinh sach
ciia
cae ton giao ay (Phat Ba Quan Am, Due Me
Maria) thl
Nir
than, MAu
ciia
ngudi Viet
chii
yeu gAn vdi huydn thoai,
truydn thuyet song lai rA't gi1n gui vdi eon ngirdi. Cae vj MAu (hay Me, Ba)
dugc nhidu ngudi biet den nhu MAu Lidu, Ba Denh, Ba
Chiia
Xu va ca Ba
Pd
Inu
Nuga, MAu
Tliicn
Ya Na. Qua huydn thoai, truydn thuyet chiing ta

ngay ciia con ngirdi, do vay cd
sir
each biet rat
Idn
gifra cae vj ay vdi con
ngirdi. Cdn cae MAu Viet Nam lai rat gAn gui vdi con ngirdi ma cd the ndi
Mc xu sd la mdt bieu hien,
sir
gAn gui nay dugc the hien d ca nhirng boat
ddng thugc ddi sdng sinh,
lAm
ly
(lA'y
chong, sinh con, nudi day con cai,
dan bdn, qua trach, v.v) va boat ddng xa hdi (trong cay, va may, budn ban,
v.v).
Mgl van dd vAn cdn ed nhidu y kien khac nhau do la
cjuan
he
giufa Tlid
MAu (dao MAu) va dao Phu thuy. Khi nghien cuu mot sd loai
hinh ciia
sinh
hoat tfn ngudng MAu, ngudi la
Ihay
cd bieu hien
ciia sir gidiig
nhau gifra tfn
19
ngudng MAu vdi dao

thuy va dao
MAu la khac nhau, mat khac, ngay d hanh vi nhap ddng, len ddng d dao
Phii
thuy va dao MAu cung khdng hoan loan gid'ng nhau. Chiing tdi se cd gAng
lam rd ban
sir
khac biet nay d nhiJng phfin sau.
J
.2.2.
Sir
ra ddi tin ngirdng Mdu vd van
de
"Dao Mdu"
'
Su ra ddi tfn ngudng MAu:
Viet Nam la qudc gia cd
sir
blnh Ihanh va phat
Iricn
sdm, nhfrng tai
lieu khiio co hgc gfin dAy chung minh rAng khdng chi tgc Viet d khu vuc
phfa
BAC,
ma ca cae tgc d khu vuc TAy nguyen, khu
vvxc
Nam bg da dugc
hinh
thanh tir
rfil
sdm va da dat dugc trinh do phat trien kinh le - vAn hda -

ciia sir
chd che
ihuang
yeu va bao dung.
Hinh
tuang quan he nam niJ tren thap dong d din Hung nhu la mot nghi
ihuc
linh
thieng; blnh tugng danh trdng ddng bAng chay (ddn
Hiing);
Id
hdi Nd
Nudng (LAm
Tliao
-
Phii
Tlig),
TAl den (Ha TAy), v.v,
vira
la bieu hien
ciia
tfn ngudng phon thuc vira la bieu hien
eiia
tfn ngirdng Mau cung la nhfrng
dfiu
hieu
xac dinh tfn ngirdng Mau.
20
Nhu da
irlnh bSy

TAI
den, thd cung
Nir
Thanh Hoang lang, Cudi vg cho voi, v.v, cho thay
trong ljch sir da ton tai blnh
Ihuc
tfn ngirdng nay.
VI
sao tfn ngudng thd
NO"
thfin ndi chung va tfn ngirdng MAu ndi
rieng lai tdn tai
lAu
dai den nhu vay? Didu nay thudng dugc ly giai tir dac
diem
ciia
cu dAn Viel.
Cu dAn Viet la cu dAn trdng cay
liia
nude (trong Ijch sir mdt sd tgc ft
ngudi a khu vuc TAy nguyen cung canh tac theo
Idi
nay), do vay hg coi
trgng
chii
the cua cdi sinh sdi nay nd, ma
chii
the A'y la giong cai, va cho
den nay ndng nghiep - ndng thdn - ndng dAn vAn
chiem

chla
khda, vAn cd quydn nhat djnh, tham chf la quye'l djnh, cai
cAu:
"Lenh
dng khdng bAng c6ng ba" trong ddi sdng gia
dinh
a Viet Nam
hien nay dudng nhu vAn,
IhAm
chf la "se cdn cd
hieu
lire".
Mac
dii
gia
dinh
phu he dugc xac lap tir kha sdm trong quan he bdn nhan va c|uan be vd
ciia
21
cai,
nhung nhung sgi dAy
ciia
MAu he, cua tgc ngoai dudng nhu vAn cdn rat
ben chat.
Tir
cam nhAn ve su sinh sdi
eiia
Me trong lao dgng san
xiia'l
va trong

mang tfnh dai dien, dAy cung la tien trinh phat trien
ciia
tfn ngirdng MAu.
Trong lien Irlnh nay, con ngudi da
chirng
cat (hay chAt
Igc,
he ihdng hda,
quy vd) tfn ngudng da Nfr than vd mgl sd vj Nfr thfin co ban va ggi la Mc, la
MAu. Bao gom: Mau Ciru
Thien
Huydn Nfr, Mau Thugng Ngan, MAu Thoai
(lliuy).
Ba vj mAu tren dai dien cho ba khu vuc khdng gian dja ly khac
nhau; Trong dd MAu Ciru
Tliien
Huydn Nu cai quan d vung trdi, MAu
Thugng Ngan cai quan d vung rirng niii, MAu Thoai cai quan d viing sdng
nude. Nhu vay dAy la mdt bude phat trien quan trgng
ciia
tfn ngirdng MAu,
sir phai
trien ve mal quan niem, nidm lin nay kheo theo
sir
phat trien irong
bai trf va nghi
Id
thd cung Mau. Nhidu nha nghien
ciiii
vd tfn ngirdng MAu d

yeu
id
cfiu thanh mot tdn giao, vdi nhirng
bieu
hien cu the
ciia
nd la:
Nen
22
thd
lir,
nghi
Id
thd eiing. Tuy nhien d dAy chiing ta cung can luu y rang
Dcuf
Tam phu hay Dao
Mdu
cd su khac biet ft nhidu vdi eac dao hay cae tdn
giao vAn dugc quan niem nhu
hiSn
nay.
Vao Ihe ky XVT, ngoai ba vi MAu ca ban Iren, ngudi Viel cdn sang
lao ra mgl vj MAu mdi dd la MAu Lidu Hanh de bo sung vao he ihdng tfn
ngudng MAu cu,
sir
bd sung nay dudng nhu la da gdp phfin blnh ihanh, hoan
thien dao MAu. Didu nay dugc the hien bdi mdt sd ly do sau:
- Thd nhat: Vai trd
eiia
MAu Lidu Hanh trong Dao Mau

hem,
chia se vdi
Iran
gian nhfrng phiit
cam thong. Ba la me,
la
vg, la ngirdi yeu, la
chii
gia
dinh,
la trudng cgng
ddng khu vuc. Ba cung am hieu vAn chuang, dao ly, cung danh giac, cung
chua benh cho ngirdi, ca nhfrng bcnh dfiy vd tAm hon va the xac"
|37,
731.
Den dAy nfiy sinh vA'n di, them mdt MAu la phai
Ihem
loa, them
phii,
nghia
la tir dao Tam
phii
thanh dao
Tu*
phii.
Dung la trong ngdn ngfr
ciia
ngudi
theo
ifn

thu nhai)
ciua vice
dau thai vao
23
vg dng Le Thai Cong (d Vu Ban Nam Dinh), nhu vay, MAu Lidu Hanh co
xuA'l
xu lir cdi trdi, song lai dugc sinh ra d cdi ngudi.
C)
cdi ngudi, Lidu
Hanh cung nhu mgi ngudi eon gai khac, cung chan tAm, del vai, trdng ran,
cfiy
Ilia
va cd dugc hgc hanh
chiit
ft. Lidu Hanh cung lay chong, sinh con,
song con dugc mdt tuoi thl Lidu Hanh bet ban trdi day a cdi Irfin
nen
Ba da
dugc trd ve trdi. Khdng yen d cdi trdi, Ba xin Nggc Hoang de dugc giang
trfin
(Ifin
thu hai) de
IhAm
con, khuycn chong hgc hanh
Ihi
cir, rdi Ba lai ve
Irdi.
Song dudng nhu la ed
duySn
ng vdi cdi ngudi, nen Ba lai xin Nggc

rfil xa each con ngirdi, ngudi la
khdng rd lung tfch va hanh xir
eiia
Ba, do vay khi ma MAu Lidu Hanh xufil
hien blnh anh
ciia
Ba ngay cang bj md nhal, cd
cliang
nd chi cdn la mgl ky
ire.
Mat khac con sd ba theo quan niem
ciia
ngirdi phuang Ddng ndi chung
va Vict Nam ndi rieng la con sd thieng, vice coi ba vi MAu ca ban (MAu
Thugng Ngan, Mau Thoai, MAu Lidu Hanh) la
phii
hgp vdi quan niem nay.
- Thu' hai: La dao Mdu vl no da co cae yen
id
cfiu thanh mgl Idn giao
hicn dai, dudi dAy, chiing la xem xet vd cae yeu
id
nay.
Trirdc hei d y mat thuc hay giao ly: Y thuc
ciia
tfn ngudng Man
fi
nhidu da cd dugc
sir
bieu hicn thong qua kinh sach