DAI HOC QUOC
GIA
HA
NOI
DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN
LLTONG
THI
THU HANG
PHU Ntr
THAI DEN
VOl VIEC
BAO TON VAN
HO
A
TRONG
THOI
KY DOT
M6I
(Qua nghien
cmi
b xa Thanh
Luong,
Dien bien, Lai Chau)
LUAN VAN THAC SY KHOA HOC
LICH SIT
CHUYEN
NGANH DAN
TOC
HOC
MA SO: 50310
NGUOI

cua
dt
tai 7
2.
Lich su nghien cuu van de 9
3.
Muc
dich
nghien
ctiu
cua de tai 14
4.
Doi tugng va pham vi nghien cuu 15
5.
Nguon tai
lieu
cua
luan
van 16
6. Co so
ly luan
va phuang phap nghien
ciru
16
7.
Dong gop
ciia
luan van 17
8. Bo
cue

a
Thanh Luong 22
1.2.2
Su phan bo dan cu
a
Thanh Luong 25
1.3 Thanh Luong trong khung canh doi mai 26
Chuong hai. 31
KHAI QUAT
Vfi
VAN HOA
THAI
VA BIEN DOI VAN HOA CUA
NGUCII
THAI
6
THANH
LLONG
2.1
Khai niem van hoa
\'a
khai quat ve van
hoa
Thai
31
2.1.1 Khai niem van hoa
31
2.1.2 Khai quat ve van hoa Thai 33
2.2 Nguai Thai Den Thanh Luong vai yeu to truyen thong va 35
hien dai trong van hoa

3.3.1 Phan cong
lao
dgng trong gia
dinh
52
3.3.2 Vai tro
ciia
nguai phu
niJ
Thai Den trong cac boat 63
dgng san xuat
3.3.2.1 Lam rugng 63
3.3.2.2 Lam nuang va lam
vudn
64
3.3.2.3
Chan
nuoi 68
3.3.2.4 Phu nu Thai Den v6i viec phan phoi cac san
71
pham lao dgng va quan ly cac nguon thu nhap ciia gia
dinh
3.4 Phu nir Thai Den
v6i
viec nuoi day con cai 72
3.5 Phu
n\s
Thai Den vai trang phuc
\'a
nghe det truyen thong 74

H. 1995 Nha xuat ban
Chinh
tri
Quoc
gia, Ha Noi.
1995
NXB KHXH Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc Xa hoi
NXB VHDT Nha xuat ban Van hoa Dan
toe
PCT Pho chu tich
UBND Uy ban nhan dan
[60.
663] Tai lieu tham khao 60, trang 663
Phan
thii
nhat
DAN
LUAN
l.Tinh
cap thiet, y
nghia
khoa hgc va thuc
ti^n
cua de tai
Mot trong
nhiJng
van de quan trgng hang dau cua van hoa thai dai
hien nay dugc nhieu nguai quan tam la giu gin van hoa truyen thong ciia
cac dan tgc trong qua trinh phat
tri

tgc
ngudi
da
diin
ra nhu the nao? Vai tro ciia nam va nu
a
m6i dan tgc dam nhiem
qua trinh nay ra sao?
Phu
nir
hien nay la nguai cung cap 2/3
lugng
thai gian cho lao
dgng tren toan the giai,
nhung
hg chi dugc nhan 1/10 tong thu nhap va
chi CO
1/100 so tai san tren toan the giai [60, 663]. Neu nhu su bat binh
dang
vin
con in dau
len
hau nhu tat ca cac xa hoi, du
la
tien tien nhat thi
no
van
khong
th6
ngan can dugc su

thiJ
hai
[11,
305] trong cac dan tgc thieu so va da dugc rat
nhieu nha khoa hgc quan tam nghien cuu. Tuy nhien, trong nhung cong
trinh nghien cuu do cac thong tin ve phu
nil
con rat ft
\'a
cho tai nay
chua
CO
mot nghien cuu chuyen biet nao ve phu nir Thai. Han nira, trong
boi canh doi mdi ciia dat nuac, cugc song cua nguai Thai da c6 nhieu
thay doi, song chua c6 nghien
cu*u
nao de cap den vai tro ciia nguai phu
nil
Thai trong qua trinh thay doi nay. Ve phu nir Thai Den
a
Thanh
Luong (Dien Bien , Lai Chau) thi
tir trudc
den nay cang chua c6 ai quan
tam nghien cuu.
Ben canh do cho tai hien nay, cac nghien cuu ve
gidi
dual goc do
dan tgc hgc va nhan hgc a Viet Nam chua nhieu, dac biet
la

ra dugc nguyen nhan tai sao, phai tra
lai
dugc cau hoi tai sao lai c6 moi quan he do, ca sa cua moi quan he va vai
tro do la gi. Tren the
gidfi
hien nay da c6 rat nhieu cong trinh nghien cuu
giai trong
ITnh \arc
dan tgc hgc va
nhin
hgc, tuy nhien viec tiep
cSn vdi
nhirng thong tin do con rat nhieu kho khan. Kho khan thir nhat la thieu
tai lieu, thuc
te nhiing
tai lieu chuyen sau ve giai
bang
tieng nuac ngoai
trong cac thu vien khong nhieu, ben canh do tai lieu da dugc dich ra
tieng Viet con qua ft 6i. Kho khan
thiic
hai la c6 rat ft nhirng chuyen de
dao tao ve
^ioi
dual goc do dan
toe
hoc va
nhaji
hoc.
^"

hien nay, nghien
ciiu
nhan hgc ve gidi la het
siic
can thiet.
Xua't phat
til
yeu cau ly
luan
va thuc
ti6n
tren, chiing toi da chgn
van de
"P/zu
nu Thai Den
vdi
viec bao ton van hod trong thai ky doi
moi^'
(Qua nghien citu a Thanh Luong, Dien Bien, Lai Chau)
lam
de
tai luan van thac sy ciia minh.
2.
Lich su nghien cuu van de
Hien nay, nghien cuu Thai va cac tgc ngudi noi tieng Thai khong
con la va'n de rieng cua quoc gia nao niia ma no da trd thanh va'n de
mang tfnh quoc te dugc nhieu nha khoa hgc tren the gidi quan tam. Dieu
do dugc the hien bang viec cac hoi nghi Thai hgc dugc to
chiic
lien tiep

ndi
chung,
chiing toi dac biet
luu
y den cac tac pham: Ngudi Thai
6
Tdy
Bdf
Viet
Nam
caia
Cam Trgng [41]. Trong cudn sach nay tac gia da trinh bay ve
nhieu mat ciia ddi song xa hoi Thai, nhat la xa hoi ngudi Thai Den,
vi
cac mdi quan he kinh te, dac biet la va'n de sd hiru dat dai. Day
la
mot tu
lieu
dan tgc hgc quy gia ve ddi song xa hoi dan tgc Thai d Tay bac cho
cac nha nghien cuu Thai tham khao; Trong cudn Tu lieu ve lich su
vd
xd hoi dan tgc Thai do Dang Nghiem Van chii bien [50], da he thong
nhirng tu lieu thanh van, nhirng van tu
c6
pho bien d vung Tay Bac Viet
Nam tiif the ky
thii
VI nhu Qudm to
muang,
le

ciing da cho biet them ve dia vi
ciia
ngudi phu nir Thai trong gia dinh va
cong dong [2, 77] day la tu lieu dang quy giiip cho chiing toi cd ca sd so
sanh ve vai trd gidi
ciia
ngudi Thai d cac
viing
khac vdi diem nghien ciiu
ciia
minh. Cudn
Luqt
tuc Thai a Viet Nam
ciia
Ngo
Diic
Thinh - Cam
Trgng [37], da tap hgp
nhiing
tu
lieu
dan gian ton tai hang tram nam nay
vi
luat
tuc
ciia
dong bao Thai. Trong cudn sach quy nay cd the tim thay
nhung mo ta vi
each
ting xir

ve nguon goc
lich
sir cung nhu cac khfa canh
ciia
ddi song kinh te, van
hoa, xa hoi cua ngudi Thai d
nude
ta.
Ve cac khfa canh khac nhau
ciia
ddi song van hoa Thai da cd cac
tac pham: Nha san Thai cua Hoang Nam - Le Nggc Thang [29],
Nghe
thiiqt
trang phuc Thai
ciia
Le Nggc Thang [33], Hoa van Thai cua
Hoang Luang [26], Lai tang
lido
Hoang Tran Nghich suu tam
[6]
Cac nghien
ciiu
tren day la nguon tu lieu v6 ciing quy gia de chiing
toi cd mot cai nhin tong quat ve xa hoi Thai.
Ddng thdi vdi viec ke thira nhiing nguon tu lieu nghien
ciiu
Thai,
chiing tdi ciing luu y den nhirng nguon tu lieu khac
v^

[58,41],
trong mot nghien
ciiu
d
viing
ha Sahara chau Phi da cho rang
ngudi phu
nil
khong cd kha nang dua ra nhirng ca hoi lam tang san luong
ndne nehicn ciia
ho bdi do anh
hudna
cua khuon mau
jzidi
den cac kc
hoach phat trien tir cac cap dia phuang, viing, qudc gia den qudc te. Hon
nira
trong viec thiet lap mdi quan he gidi tiep can vdi cac nguon
luc
thi
11
. quyen va su dgc lap
ciia
phu nir vdi cac ngudn luc bi giam
siit
ciin^
vai
su hudng phat
tri^n ciia thuong
mai va hang hoa, Cong viec san xuat

Mot trong cac nghien ciru nay da
chi
ra rang
nhUng
dau tu trong nong
nghiep da tao nen thu nhap cao cho mot sd hg gia dinh. Ddng thdi theo
dd la su thay doi trong mdi quan he hg hang va su xuat hien cac
loai
hinh kinh te xa hoi khac nhau.
Ve va'n de gidi trong chuan muc va tap quan cd the tha'y rang cac tap
quan va chuan muc xa hoi gdp phan to Idn vao viec giai thfch su phan
biet gidi. Chiing quyet dinh vai trd cua phu ntr va nam gidi trong gia
dinh va cong dong.
ISIhimg
he thong chuan muc va tap quan ve gidi thay
doi giira cac khu
\arc,
giiia cac
nude
va ngay ca trong mot
nude.
6
vung
phia
bac Nam A, he thong gia tgc dudng nhu phan hoa cao do giira cac
gidi
[55,117].
Phu
nU
d Dong Nam A thudng cd dia vi cao han so vdi

Mot nghien
ciiu
khac
ciia
tac gia Thamora V. Fishel [61,9] da de
cap den van de gidi, di sau vao van
de'gidi
mang tfnh cha't dan tgc hgc.
Tac gia coi hanh vi chfnh tri, gidi la san pham
ciia
van hoa xa hoi. Tac
gia
chii
trgng vao viec tim hieu cau
triic
xa hoi, niem tin, muc dich va
cac gia tri van hoa, coi dd la nhiing nhan td ca ban hinh thanh nen che
do chfnh tri d Thai Lan. Trong nghien ciru cua minh tac gia tap trung vao
mdi quan he giira cac tang idp xa hoi va quyen luc, ciing nhu anh hudng
cua gidi trong xa hoi Thai Lan,
nhiing
nhan td hinh thanh nen mo hinh
gidi,
va tim ra
nhiing
mat han che cua nd.
C5
Viet Nam trong nhirng nam gan day nghien
ciiu
ve gidi mdi

.Cac
nghien
ciiu
nay da neu nen mot sd thuc trang ve van de phu nir
d Viet Nam, dua ra nhirng sd lieu thong ke vi phan cong lao dgng, ve y
te.
giao
due,
dong thdi dua ra mot sd kien nghi vi
v\cc
day manh
nghien
ciiu
phu nir va thuc hien chfnh sach uu tien phat trien ddi vdi phu nir, dac
biet ddi vdi phu ntr cac dan tgc thieu sd.
13
Nhu vay, nhirng nghien
ciiu
Thai hgc
\'a
nhirng nghien ciru v6 gidi
dudi gdc do dan tgc hgc la ngudn tu
lieu
quy gia giiip chiing toi thuc
hien tdt han luan van
ciia
minh.
3.
Muc
dich

dat
nude
hien
nay. Tir dd ciing
chi
ra dugc su tham gia cua phu ntr Thai vdi viec bao
ton nhirng yeu td va di san van boa truyen thdng cua tgc ngudi trong thdi
ky doi mdi.
Mat khac, day la budc thuc hien dau tien, cho mot nghien
ciiu lau
dai cua chiing tdi trong
tuong
lai:
''Phu
nii Thdi trong viec bao ton van
hod tgc
ngu&r\
Han nira nghien
cihi
budc dau nay se giiip chiing toi hgc
hoi,
tiep
can
vdi phuang phap giai quyet mot va'n di mang tfnh tong hgp,
li6n
nganh cao - va'n de van hoa.
14
4.
Ddi tugng va pham vi nghien
ciiu

- Van hoa Thai, cac yeu td truyen thdng, hien dai va bien doi
(cac net khai quat the hien qua vai trd gidi, chu yeu gan vdi nix,
su anh hudng qua
lai ciia
van hoa tgc ngudi trong cung khu
AHJC
dia ly).
- Vai trd
ciia
phu nir Thai Den thong qua thu thap tu lieu tai xa
Thanh Luong trong viec bao
Iiru
va trao truyen cac yeu td van
hoa truyen thdng.
Pham vi dia ban nghien
ciiu
cua luan van
la
xa Thanh Luong,
huyen Dien Bien, tinh Lai Chau. Nai day la mot diem cu
trii lau
ddi cua
ngudi Thai Den d Tay Bac Viet Nam, ddng thdi Thanh Luong nam d nai
chiu su tac dgng cua qua trinh dd thi hoa d Dien Bien ciing nhu trong
mdi quan he cong cu vdi ngudi Kinh va giao luu vdi ngudi Lao d ben kia
bien gidi Viet - Lao.
Ben canh dd de phuc vu cho nghien
ciiu
so sanh trong nhirng
trudng hgp can thiet chiing toi cdn md rgng pham vi nghien ciru sang

ciiu
ve van hoa, gidi va phu nii. Tuy nhien, phan
Idn
nhirng tai
lieu lien
quan den de tai lai ra't ft di.
Nhiing
tai lieu cua cac nghien
ciiu
tren
thudng di cap den ngudi Thai va van hoa Thai ndi chung, cdn cac
nghien
ciiu
chuyen biet vi phu ntr Thai chua cd dugc bao nhieu.
Ben canh dd luan van cdn sir duns cac tai lieu khac ve tinh hinh
kinh te, van hoa, xa hoi qua cac bao cao
ciia
Uy Ban Nhan Dan cac ca'p d
hai tinh Lai Chau, San La.
6. Ca sd ly luan va phuang phap nghien
ciiu
Ca sd
ly
luan dugc van dung trong luan van
la
phuang phap luan
cua Chu nghia duy vat bien chiing va Chu nghia duy
\'at
lich sir de xem
xet danh gia cac su vat hien tugng trong qua trinh nghien ciru nhirng

sd tu
lieu
can
thiet, chiing
toi da di
dien
da
trong
ba nam va
chia
lam
nhieu
dgt
khac nhau.
Mdi dgt
di6n
da
la thdi gian chiing
tdi d tai mdi gia
dinh khac nhau,
cting
an, d,
tham
gia
vao
cac
hoat dgng hang ngay
cua
hg, tien hanh phdng va'n
sau, ghi

(mdi ban to
chiic
hai
cugc thao luan nhdm, chgn ngiu
nhien
mot
nhdm nam
va
mot nhdm nii).
Phan tfch gidi
va so
sanh
la
phuang phap nghien
ciiu
da
dugc
chiing
tdi sir
dung
kha
nhieu
cho den khi
hoan thanh luan
van.
7. Dong gop
cua
luan
van
- Luan

canh
cua su
thfch
ling
vdi qua
trinh
dd thi hoa, va
cong cugc
doi mdi cua
ngudi Thai
Den d
Thanh
Luong.
- Luan
van gdp mot
phan
nhd be vao
nghien
ciiu
gidi,
mot xu
hudng
nghien
ciiu
mdi
trong
Nh'dn
hgc va Dan tgc hgc d
Viet Nam. Ddng thdi
phan

Ngoai phan dan
luan (11
trang), ket luan (4 trang). phu luc
(6 trang), tu lieu anh (9 trang), tai lieu tham khao (6 trang), noi
dung ciia luan van (81 trang) dugc chia thanh 3 chuang.
Chuong mot.
Gl6l
THIEU KHAI QUAT
\i
DIA BAN NGHIEN CUU
Chuong hai.
KHAI QUAT
V^
VAN HOA THAI VA BIEN DOI VAN HOA
CUA
NGUCII
THAI 6 THANH LUONG
Chuong ba.
PHU
NCTHAI
DEN
vQl
VIEC
3A0
TON VAN HOA TOC
NGLf^I
De hoan thanh
luan
van nay tdi da c6 giang het
siic

xa bien gidi
ciia
huyen Dien Bien,
each
trung tam huyen va tinh khoang 5km,
phia
dong
giap thi xa Dien Bien, tay giap Lao vdi dudng bien gidi dai 10 km, bac
giap xa Thanh Nua va nam giap xa Thanh Hung cua huyen Dien Bien.
Dia hinh Thanh Luong theo do doc tir
16*^
den
20°
vdi tong dien
tfch toan xa la
4010ha,
trong dd dat nong nghiep va dat tho cu
la
842 ha,
cdn lai la 3168 ha dat rimg va dien tfch mat nude.
Dia ban Thanh luong da ggi cho chiing toi lien tudng tdi mot net
dac
thii
nai cu
trii ciia
ngudi Thai ndi chung, dd la viec cu tru d cac
thung
Iting
chan
niii

khi
hau, Thanh Luong thugc viing chiu anh hudng khi hau
nhict ddi gid
mua,
hang
nam
thdi tiet chia thanh 2
miia
ro ret:
miia
khd
(tir thang
11
nam trudc den thang 4 nam sau) va mua mua (tir thang 5
den thang 10). Nhiet do trung binh d Thanh Luong
la
22,5*^C,
cao nhat
19
26,6'^^C
(thang 6.7). thap nhat
14.3*^C
(thang 12j: gid nang ca nam d
Dien Bien la 158 gid, cao nhat
219
gid
(thang3),
thap nhat 120 gid
(thang 8); lugng mua trong nam tai Dien Bien la
167mm^

nhien d Thanh Luong, ma dieu chiing tdi mudn de cap tdi la: moi trudng
tu nhien
ciia
mot khu
\arc
dia ly la mot yeu td anh hudng den van hoa tgc
ngudi. Chiing tdi da khong may
ngae
nhien khi tha'y rang nhirng tran
dgng da't d Thanh Luong vara qua da gay thiet hai Idn den nha cira cua
ngudi Kinh, ma khong may thiet hai cho cac ngdi nha san cua ngudi
Thai nai day. Theo udc tfnh
ciia
Uy ban Nhan dan xa Thanh Luong dcrt
ddng dat dau nam 2001 viia qua cd den 70% nha cua ciia ngudi Kinh bi
ran
niit
va hong nang, trong khi dd nha san cua ngudi Thai chi bi xd ngdi
hoac
liin
cot. Cd le, se cdn ra't nhieu nhirng yeu td van hoa do con ngudi
sang tao lam nen ban sac van hoa rieng
ciia
mdi tgc ngudi, nhung ro
rang ngdi nha san hay dia ban cu
trii la
nhung dac trung mang tinh van
hoa cua ngudi Thai. Va dieu kien tu nhien nai ngudi Thai sinh sdng la
yeu td anh hudng den sac thai rieng cua van hoa Thai.
20

ciia
minh: Bien doi van hoa la qua trinh trai qua su phat
inin phire
tap va cac bien doi quan trgng [59, 94].
1.2.1 Lich su tgc
ngu&i
1.2.1.1 Vdi net
vengu&i
Thdi
aViet
Nam
Ngudi Thai d Viet Nam la mot bg phan thugc khdi cu dan ndi
ngdn ngir Tay - Thai [16, 12]. Tinh den nam 1989 ngudi Thai cd
1.040.549 ngudi (517.619 nam, 522.903 nir) [11, 305], den nam 1998
tang len 1.200.000 ngudi [46,
10].
Ngudi Thai cu trii d khu
\arc
Tay Bac
Viet Nam va mien Tay hai tinh Thanh Hoa, Nghe An. Nganh Thai Den
(Jay Dam) cu
trii
d tinh Son La, Lai Chau (Huyen Tuan Giao, Dien Bien,
mot phan huyen Phong Tho), mien Tay hai tinh Thanh Hoa va Nghe An.
Nganh Thai Trang (Jay Khao) cu
trii
d cac huyen Quynh Nhai, Phu Yen,
Mgc Chau, tinh San La; Mudng Lay, Phong Tho, Mudng Te, tinh Lai
Chau; Mai Chau, Da Bac, tinh Hoa Binh va mien Tay Thanh Hoa, Nghe
An.

Mudn,
Tdy Khdng (ngudi Thai d viing Thanh Hoa, Nghe An)
[37,
12].
Theo nhirng ket qua nghien
ciiu
trudc day thi vimg nam Van Nam
Trung Qudc, mien thugng Myanma, Thugng Lao va tay bac Viet Nam la
nai cu tni cua to tien ngudi Thai, hg sdng xen ke vdi cac dan tgc thugc
ngir he Mdn- Kha me va nhdm ngdn ngir Tang- Mien khoang thien nien
ky
thii
I sau cong nguyen [24]. Vao khoang the ky
thii
VII
thii
VIII
ngudi Thai Trang da cd mat d Mudng Lay (thugc
tinh
Lai Chau ngay
nay) va den the ky
thii
VIII ngudi Thai Den bat dau phat trien vao Son
La, tir dd cho den khoang the ky
thii
XI-
XH
ngudi Thai Den trd thanh
cu dan chiem da sd d khu vuc San La, Dien Bien, sau dd den the ky
thii

(xem phu luc 1). Vao dau the ky
thii
XII.
tii
trudng
Lang Chucng da to chiic mot cugc thien di Idn lien tdi Mudng Thanh va
mudn bien Mudng Thanh thanh mudng trung tam thu
hiil
ngudi Thai
22
khap miin.
Tii
trudng Lang Chuong dua ngudi Thai di
tir*
Mudng Ld
sang Thuans Lao rdi tir Thuong Lao dd xudne vims
Idne
chao rone
Idn
Mudng Thanh, (40, 52-53). Tac gia Cam Trgng cung gia thuyet rang can
cii
vao ngudn van hgc dan gian nhat
la
ngudn
truyeri
thuyet
vh.
than thoai
TTiai
cung cd

each
Dien Bien khoang 30 km tren dudng ve Tuan Giao cd ban
Tdu
Pung
(tiic
ban qua bau). Tuang truyen sau tran hdng thuy, Then (Trdi)
sai danh rai qua bau xudng dd va tir qua bau chui ra ngudi Xa, Thai O
Mudng Thanh cdn cd nhieu dia diem
lien
quan den truyen thuyet ve Ai
Lac cac, la ngudi khong Id do Then phai xudng xay dung
lai
tran gian
sau nan hdng thuy. Cho den nay, d viing Dien Bien cdn lai nhieu vet tfch
lien quan den Ai Lac Cac. Cd
leu
cua Ai (d xa Doan Ket hien nay), cd
nai Ai danh vai Than
(niii Phii
Than a xa Mudng Phang), cd nai Ai cay
ma (canh ddng Mudng Thanh), cd nai Ai
la'y
xdi nem
Irau (niii Pii
Khau
Chf
tiic niii
xdi nudng d xa Sam
Miin),
cd nai Ai de cdi gia trau d Pom

vg d dd [8, 280-281].
Nhu vay, theo mdt sd nghien
ciiu
trudc day, Thanh Luong nam
trong dia
ph4n
cua Mudng Thanh (Mudng Then, Mudng Theng) trudc
kia va la nai cu
trii lau
ddi
ciia
ngudi Thai Den.
Ve nguon gdc
ciia
ngudi Thai d Thanh Luong, nhirng ngudi gia d
ban Pe Luong, mot ban thuan Thai nam d trung tam xa da ke cho chiing
tdi nghe ve Pan Pit
(tiic la
to tien)
ciia
hg nai day. Cac cu ke rang ngudi
Thai d day da
lau
lam rdi, trudc day d ban Pe Luong (Pe Luong theo
tieng Thai
tiic
la
\aing
sinh sdi
Idn)

chiem Mudng Thanh (dau nhirng nam 1950) ngudi Thai phai di chuyen
24
tdi ban Pe Ludng do
va\'
cu dan
n^i
ddng dan len. Cho den bay gid
thi
dan sd ngudi Thai d day da tang len rat
nhi6u,
ngudi Thai
\'a
cat nhdm
tgc ngudi khac nhu
Khamii,
Hmdng, Kinh, Tay d Thanh Ludng da tao
nen mot
biic
tranh phan bd tgc ngudi kha phong
phii.
7.2.2 Su phan bo dan cu a Thanh Luong
Cu dan
ciia
xa Thanh Ludng hien nay cd khoang gan 8000 ngudi,
gdm 5 thanh phan dan tgc: trong dd ngudi Thai (Thai Den) chiem
khoang 40%, ngudi Kinh khoang 35%, cdn
lai
khoang 25% la ngudi
Tay, Hmdng, Khamii. Ve dia gidi hanh chinh xa cd 41 thdn ban (trong
dd 21 ban Thai). Thuc ra trudc day, ngoai mot ban ngudi Khamii

xen ke vd'n la dac diem
ciia
cu dan Viet Nam, phan bd dan
cu d Thanh Ludng ciing khdng nam ngoai dac
die'm
nay, dieu ma chiing
tdi quan tam d day
la
viec sinh sdng xen ke nay da anh hudng nhu
i\\€
nao den ban sac van hoa cua timg tgc ngudi, va anh hudng qua lai vi mat
van hoa giira cac
Idc
ngudi
dxhn
ra nhu
Ihe
nao. Cu
lh6
d Thanh Ludng,
ban sac van hoa Thai da dugc bao ton nhu the nao trong mdi cone cu
giiia ngudi Thai vdi ngudi Kinh, ngudi Khamii. Van hoa Thai se nhu the
nao trong su hg nhap cua van hoa Thai vdi cac yeu td hien dai
ciia
qua
trinh dd thi hoa d thung
lung
long chao Mudng Thanh. Va xa ban nua,
khi san bay Mudng Thanh (nam trong dia ban cua Thanh Ludng) (xem
phu luc 3) trd thanh san bay Qudc te, khi thung Iting Mudng Thanh trd

chii
truang doi mdi
ciia
Dang CSVN noi len 3 xu hudng
chu yeu:
Deri song
xd hoi
dugc
dan
chii
hod, nen kinh
tehdng
hod nhieu
thdnh phan theo dinh hudng XHC, chu truang ma cua thu
hiit
von dau tu
nuac ngoai [32, 6]. Cdng cugc ddi mdi cua Viet Nam dugc phat
trie'n
manh me tir nam 1989 va ket qua
ciia
cdng cugc ddi mdi dd tuang ddi
loan dien
\'a
dugc Nha nude cdng nhan. Giai doan
1986-
1991
idc
do
26