PGS,TS.
Lfi
QUY
Dirc
(chii bien)
VAI
TRO CUA VAN HOA TRONG
SI/
NGHIEP
CONG NGHIEP HOA - HIEN DAI HOA NONG THON,
NONG NGHIEP VUNG DONG
BANG
SONG HONG
THl/VIEN
Tl'iVHBiNMTHUAN
NXB VAN HOA
-
THONG TIN
&
VIEN VAN HOA
HA
Npl
-
2005
up
lr.c
Loi noi dau
Day manh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat
ntfdc,
xay
dtfng
song
vat
chat
va
tinh
thdn
cua nhan dan,
thuc hien tien bo va cong bang xa h6i; bao ve va cai
thien
moi
trudng;
ket hdp phat trien
kinh
te v6i
quoc
phong
va an
ninh.
'
Tren day la dudng loi doi m6i, cong nghiep hoa,
hien
dai hoa dat nude cua Dang Cong san Viet Nam
hay
CO
the quan niem la hoc thuyet ve phat trien cua
Dang Cong san Viet Nam
theo
dinh
hudng xa hoi chu
nghra. Trong hoc thuyet phat trien ay. Dang Cong san
hdn
la tim ra cac giai phap de phat huy vai tro "nen
tang
tinh
than cua xa hoi", "vua la muc tieu, vua la
dong luc thuc day su phat trien
kinh
te - xa hoi" cua
van hoa d vung nong thon, nong nghiep nhu the
nao?
De giai dap van de nay, cuon
sach
da dudc
nghien cuu
vt'^i
hai muc tieu sau:
- Nghien cuu vai tro cua v3n hoa trong qua
trinh
cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa d nong thon vung dong
bang B3c Bo (dong
bSng
song
Hong).
- De xuat
iihifng
giai phap de phat huy vai tro
cua van hoa trong su nghiep cong nghiep hoa, hien dai
hoa d vung dong bang
song
Hong.
bSng
Bac Bo. Cho nen,
khi
noi dong bang BSc Bo thi cai goi la "dong
bSng"
cua BSc Bo chinh la vung
chau
thd
song
Hong.
- Gin day Van kien cua Dang va Nha nudc
(dudng
loi, chinh
sach,
van ban thong ke,
sach
giao
khoa nha tru-dng) deu tach rieng vung dong
bang
song
Hong
thanh mot khu vuc rieng. Ching han trong
"Chien lu-dc phat trien
kinh
te' - xa hoi 2001 -
2020"
dUdc Dai hoi Dang lln thu IX thong qua c6
dinh
hudng
phat trien "dong
ky day
manh
c6ng
nghiep hoa, hi§n dai hoa dat nu-dc.
3. Cac giai phap phat huy vai tro cua van hoa
trong
qua
trinh
cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa ndng
thdn,
nong nghiep vung dong
bSng
s6ng
H6ng.
Mac du tap the tac gia da c6 nhieu cd'
gSng,
tuy
vay cong
trinh
cung khong tranh khoi nhiing han che,
thieu
sot nhat
dinh,
chung toi mong nhan dtfdc sxx
dong
gop cua dong dao ban doc.
"-• '• •••• '
•nil
Chuongl
Nong
nicdc
Hoi
nghi giQa nhiem ky khoa VII cua Dang da neu
van de
cong
nghiep
hoa, hien dai hoa
trong
qua trinh doi
m6i
"dita
dat
niidc
chuyen
sang
mot
thdi
ky
phdt
trim
mdi,
thdi
ky day tdi mot
hiidc
siC
nghiep
cong
nghiep
hoa,
hien
9
Dai
hoi Ian
thijt
VIII
cua Dang
(6/1996)
da khang
dinh
muc
tieu,
nhiem vu "trung
tarn"
cua dat nxidc ta
trong
giai
doan
tdi la day manh
cong
nghiep hoa, hien
dai
hoa dat
nxidc.
Dai hoi Ian
thii
IX khang dinh lai va
nhan manh quyet
tarn
cua toan Dang, toan dan thvfc
hien
thien
mdi trUdng; ket hap phdt trien kinh te vdi qudc
phbng vd an
ninh"^^\
Muc tieu cua chien lifdc phat
trien
kinh
te - xa hoi
trong
giai
doan
triJdc mat la: Diia niidc ta ra khoi
tinh
trang
kem phat
trien,
nang cao ro ret ddi
song
vat chat
tinh
than cua nhan dan, tao nen tang de den nam
2020
nu6c
ta cd ban trd thanh nifdc
cong
nghiep
theo
hu6ng
'"Van
kien
te difdc nang cao.
Den nam 2010, tong san pham trong nxidc GDP
tarig
it
nhat
gap doi so v6i nam
2000;
chuyen dich cd cau
kinh
te
va cd cau lao
dong,
giam ty le lao
dong
nong nghiep
xuong con khoang 50%.
1.2. Nhitng dac trUng cua cong nghiep hoa,
hien
dai hoa d nildc ta trong giai doan hien nay
Cong
nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa hien nay la
cong
nghiep hoa hien dai hoa hii6ng t6i xay diing thanh
cong
chu
nghia
xa hoi d nxidc ta vi muc tieu "ddn gidu, niCdc
manh,
xd hoi cong bang, ddn chu vd van minh".
Chung
day chuyen dich cd cdu kinh te nhdm huy dong vd
sic dung CO hieu qud cdc nguon lUc, khong
ngiing
tang
ndng
sudt lao dong, lam cho nen kinh te tang triCOng
nhanh
vd ben
viing,
ndng cao dai song vat chat vd van
ii
hoa cua nhdn dan, thiCc hien cong bang vd tien bo xd hoi,
bdo ue vd cdi thien moi triCdng sinh thdi"^''\
Cong
nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa
nxidc
ta trong dieu
kien
mot nii6c nong nghiep lac hau, phan 16n dan cxi
song
d vung nong thon (gan 80%), binh quan ruong dat
thap va thu nhap til. nong nghiep rat thap. Nghi quyet
Hoi
nghi trung
xiOng
Ian
thii
7 khoa VII da chi ra: "Doi
vdi nildc ta, do Id qud
trinh
hoa nong nghiep nong thon, ra
srJtc
phdt trien ngdnh che
bien nong - Idm - thuy sdn, cong nghiep tieu dicng vd
xudt nhap khdu, cdc ngdnh du
lich,
dich vu cd thdnh
thi
vd nong thon.
Khoi
phuc, phdt trien, tiCng biidc hien
dai
hoa cdc ngdnh
nghi
thu cong truyen thong cd thi
trubng
tieu thu Idn trong vd ngodi
nitdc"^^\
"'"""Van
kien
Hoi nghi TW 7 khoa VII. Sdd.
12
Nhu
vay,
cong
nghiep hoa hien dai hoa nong nghiep,
nong thon viia la muc
tieu,
viia la nhiem vu tnidc mat
ciia qua
trien
eho thay neu khong giai
quyet tot van de nong thon, nong nghiep thi khong the c6
svf tang
trifdng
va phat
trien
ben viing
kinh
te - xa hoi.
Bai
hoc nhi3ng nam gan day d nifdc ta dien ra tai mot so
tinh
dong
bang
song
Hong (Thai Binh, Nam Dinh )
cang
chi
ro van de nong thon, nong nghiep c6 y nghia
nhii
the
nao doi v6i qua
trinh
cong
nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat
nifdc
vi muc tieu "dan gidu, nUdc manh, xd hoi cdng
bang, dan chu vd van minh" ma
chung
dUa
tren
nhuEng thanh
tiiu
cua cuoc each mang khoa hoc cong
nghe, nhat la cong nghe sinh hoc, cong nghe che bien
bao quan nong san de chuyen dich cd cau
kinh
te nong
nghiep, nong thon theo
dinh
hifdng cong nghiep hoa,
hien
dai hoa, tao ra
khoi
liidng
nong san hang hoa Idn c6
gia tri xuat khau cao.
- Day manh xay diing ke't cau ha tang
kinh
te - ky
thuat
va
kinh
te xa hoi cho
viec
phat
trien
nong nghiep,
nong thon theo hudng cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa,
thai
va tao nen bo mat nong
thon
mdi, "do thi hoa" ngay d vung nong thon
- Cac giai phap cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa vung
nong
thon,
nong nghiep d nxidc ta:
Dvfdng loi va chien lifdc phat
trien
kinh
te- xa hoi
cua
dat
n\idc,
diidc Dai hoi dai bieu toan quoc cua Dang
Ian thil
IX chi ro: "Tang ciidng sU chi dao va phat huy
cac
nguon lUc cau thanh de day nhanh cong nghiep hoa,
Men
dai hoa nong nghiep va nong thon. Tiep tuc phat
trien
dUa nong nghiep, Idm nghiep, ngU nghiep len mot
trinh
do mdi bang iCng dung tien bo khoa hoc va cong
nghe, nhat la cong nghe
sinh
hoc; day manh thuy lai
hoa, ccf gidi hoa, hien dai hoa, qui hoach sit dung dat
thdi
ky
2000
-
2010",
vdi cac noi dung
va quan diem cd ban sau:
a. Ngi dung tong qudt cua cong nghiep hoa, hien
dai
hoa nong nghiep nong thon.
1) .
"Cong
nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nong nghiep la
qua
trinh
chuyen dich cd cau
kinh
te nong nghiep theo
hifdng
san xuat hang hoa 16n, gan vdi
cong
nghiep che
bien va thi
trifdng,
thiic
hien cd khi hoa, thuy Idi hoa,
ling
dung cac thanh
ttfu
khoa hoc,
va lao dong nong nghiep, xay dUng ket cau ha tang
kinh
te - xa hoi, quy
hoach
phat
trien
nong thon, bao ve moi
trifdng
sinh
thai,
to chiic lai san xuat va xay dUng quan
he san xuat
phii
hdp, xay dvfng nong thon dan chu,
cong
bang, van
minh,
khong ngifng nang cao ddi
song
vat chat
va van hoa ciia nhan dan d nong thon".
16
* 6. NhQng quan diem chinh day nhanh cong nghiep
hoa, hien dai hoa nong nghiep, nong thon trong giai
doan tdi. ^ono
Mot
la,
"Cong
nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nong nghiep
nong thon la mot trong nhiJng nhiem vu quan trong
thanh
t\iu khoa hoc
cong
nghe,
thiic
day chuyen dich cd
cau
kinh
te theo hudng phat huy Idi the cua tCfng vung,
gAn vdi thi
triidng
de san xuat hang hoa quy mo Idn vdi
chat
liidng
va hieu qua
cao ".
Ba la,
"Diia
vao noi Ivfc la chinh, dong
thdi
tranh
thu
toi da cac nguon luc tH ben ngoai, phat huy tiem
nang cua cac thanh phan
kinh
te, trong do
kinh
te nha
nifdc gia vai tro
chii
THU.AN
17
giam
ngheo,
on dinh xa hoi va phat
trien
kinh
te, nang
cao ddi
song
vat chat va van hoa cua ngUdi dan nong
thon,
nhat la vung dong bao cac dan toe thieu so', vung
sau, vung xa ".
Cac nguon
liic
can
thiet
de day nhanh
cong
nghiep
hoa, hien dai hoa nong thon, nong nghiep deu g&n vdi
van hoa: txi khoa hoc
cong
nghe, chuyen doi cd cau san
xuat,
cay trong vat nuoi, phat huy nganh
nghe
truyen
thong, md mang nganh
vt(c dong blng
song
Hong c6 dien
tich
tU nhien
la
16.654
km^ dan so la:
14.748000
ngifdi. Trong do nong
thon
dong b^ng
song
Hong chiem khoang
56,12%
dien
tich
toan vung, dan
so'xap
xi 78,5% dan
so'toan
vung.
Mat
do dan so cua khu vUc dong bang
song
Hong
cao nhat, gap nhieu Ian so vdi cac vung trong ca nif6c,
(du ty le tang dan so' hang nam khong cao, chi vao
18
khoang 1/ 2 so v6i ty le tang chung). Mat do dan so' dong
ho nong nghiep nao c6 dien
tich
dat
tren
3 ha; chiem
mot ty le 16n la
so'ho
c6 dien
tich
dat dudi 0,5 ha. Trong
khi
dan so' tiep tuc tang thi dien
tich
dat lai khong
tang.
Them vao do, mot dien
tich
dat nong nghiep
chuyen doi muc
tieu
s\l dung,
dUdc
dUa sang
phuc
vu
cong
nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa, do thi hoa. Dieu nay din
t6i
mot he qua la dien
tich
cua khu vUc khoang
3000
km, de
bien khoang 1.500 km.
Cuoi nhiJng nam 80, dau nhQng nam 90 cua the ky
XX, Dang va Nha nU6c da
tien
hanh xay dvfng mot loat
19
cac the che trong nong nghiep. Vdi muc
tieu
la thuc hien
khoan san pham cuoi cCing den nhom va ngUdi lao dong.
Chi
thi 100 da tao nen mot dong lUc manh me
thiic
day
san xuat nong nghiep phat
trien,
san
liidng
lUdng thtfc
tang
dang ke, gop phan cai
thien
miic
song
cua dai bo
phan
ngifdi
san xuat hang hoa la
hoan toan m6i me. Nen san xuat nho mang
tinh
tieu
nong, t\i cung tu cap khep kin trong khong gian lang xa
da an sau vao cung
each
lam an cua moi c\i dan
viing
dat
nay. Chinh vi vay, cac cai
each
the che trong nong
nghiep noi
tren
da mang den cho
ngiidi
nong dan mot
sinh
khi m6i, tao nhi3ng dieu kien thuan Idi de phat
trien
san xuat nong nghiep. Ket qua la san
lifdng
liidng
thiic
khong ngiing tang len, tii mot nifdc
thieu
lifdng
thUc,
Viet Nam trd thanh mot nif6c xuat khau gao 16n
lam cho qui
tieu
dung binh quan d^u
ngifdi
tang
len, tao nguon vat chat de thvfc hien cac muc
tieu
ve xa hoi.
Chien liidc phat
trien
kinh
te xa hoi 2001- 2010 cua
nii6c ta difdc Dai hoi dai bieu toan
quoc
Ian
thii
IX thong
qua da xac
dinh
vi the cua
viing:
"D6ng bang song Hong Id
vung
kinh
te trong diem Bdc Bo: Chuyen dich manh cd cdu
kinh
tevd ca cau lao dong, dita nhieu lao dong nong nghiep
sang
cac ngdnh cong nghiep, dich vu vd di lap nghiep ncfi
khdc.
quoc
16, cdc cdng khu viCc Hdi Phong, Cdi
Ldn,
cdc sdn
bay"^^\
Phat
trien
kinh
te - xa hoi vung trong diem
kinh
te
dong
bang
song
Hong dat van de coi van hoa
nhii
la mot
nguon
\\ic
quan trong. Do vay, nghien
cvLu
cac giai phap
phat huy vai tro cua van hoa "la nen tang
tinh
than xa
hoi,
vijfa la muc
tieu,
vijfa la
dong
san Viet Nam da chu
trifdng
xay dvfng va phat
trien
nen van hoa Viet Nam
tien
tien,
dam da ban sac dan toe v6i muc tieu "Zdm
cho vdn hoa thdm sdu vdo todn bo ddi song vd
hoat
dong xa hoi, vdo tiing ngi/di, tilng gia dinh, tiCng tap
the vd
cong
dong, titng dia bdn dan cU, vdo moi
linh
vUc quan he con ngi/di, tao ra tren dat niCdc ta ddi song
tinh
than cao dep, trinh do dan tri cao, khoa hoc phdt
trien,
phuc vu ddc lUc cho sU nghiep cdng nghiep hoa,
hien dai hoa vi muc tieu ddn gidu, nitdc manh, xd hoi
'"Van
kien
Dai hoi Dai bieiu loan quoc cua Dang l^n
thii
IX. Sdd. tr
182-183.
22
cong
bang vd vdn minh, tien biCdc vUng chac ten chu
nghiep hoa, hien
dai
hoa nong thon, nong nghiep
nhif
the
nao?
Chfic ch^n
khong phai la qua
trinh
lam bien mat nong nghiep de c6
cong
nghiep, lam bien mat nong thon de thay vao do la
thanh
thi,
lam mat nong dan de chi con thi dan. Bai hoc
ve sii thanh
cong
va that bai cua nhieu
quoc
gia dan toe
bao gom nhieu nU6c tii ban va nhQng nutdc dang phat
trien
da phu nhan nhfing ly thuyet, nhflng con diidng
phat
trien
khong dung d^n khi giai quyet van de nong
thon,
nong nghiep:
Thii
nhat: Ly thuyet nhan manh den sil can thiet
vu cho
linh
v\ic
dudc
"cUng
chieu" la
cong
nghiep va do
thi.
Dieu nay dan den sU boc
lot
cua do thi doi v6i nong thon lam suy kiet ddi
song
nong thon trong qua
trinh
cong
nghiep hoa, hien dai
hoa. Tat yeu dan den sii roi loan
kinh
te - xa hoi, phat
trien
khong ben vQng nhu nhieu nxidc tren the gidi ma
chung ta da biet. Ngay nay ly thuyet do v^n con
dUdc
duy tri va c6 ngUdi da du bao rang:
"Cach
mang
cong
nghiep tat yeu di lien vdi do thi hoa tong the va din den
cai
phUdng dien
kinh
te va xa hoi. Ve
kinh
te, no bien cac
nu6c
dang phat
trien
thanh con nd cua cac nUdc phat
trien,
cac
cong
ty xuyen
quo'c
gia. Ve van hoa, no xoa bo
cac dac
trUng
van hoa dan toe lam
dijft
gly truyen thong,
suy thoai moi trUdng tU nhien va roi loan xa hoi.
24
Gan day, sU thanh
cong
cua mot so nUdc Dong A
nhu
Han
Quoc,
Dai Loan, Malaixia da chi ra r^ng can
CO
lUc, c6 nghia
la
phat buy tiem nang
sang
tao cua con ngUdi va nang
cao ddi
song
cung nhU chat lUdng con ngUdi ve moi mat.
De dat
dUdc
muc tieu do qua
trinh
cong
nghiep hoa, hien
dai
hoa nong thon, nong nghiep phai
dUdc
tien hanh tren
nen tang vQng chic la van hoa, nhOng gia tri
tinh
than
cua dan toe, nhQng gia tri mang
sfic
thai
vung, mien ket
hdp vdi
viee
tie'p thu cac thanh tUu van hoa, van minh
cua nhan loai. Chung ta c6 the xem xet vai tro cua van
hoa d mot so van de cd ban sau day:
nghe
thu cong truyen thong (mot
yeu to' van hoa lang xa) c6 vai tro dac biet to 16n.
- Van hoa hien dai vdi tii
each
la
trinh
do dan tri,
khoa hoc va cong
nghe
giiJ vai tro nguon lUc eua qua
trinh
cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nong thon, nong
nghiep dong bang
song
Hong.
Tom lai: Vai tro ciia van hoa (van hoa truyen thong,
van hoa vdi tif
each
la
trinh
do dan tri khoa hoc, cong
nghe, thong tin, dao diic,
tinh
cong dong ) doi vdi qua
trinh
cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nong thon, nong
nghiep nufdc ta la het
siic
to 16n. Dang Cong san Viet
song
xa hoi.
26
.ao'il
^fforr
^nnv 'Hid
Chuongll
Khao sat mot so Unh vac
trong
ddi song
van
hoa - xa hoi nong
thon
dong bang
song
Hong
Nong
thon dong
hkng
song
Hong la mot khu viic dia
-
kinh
te - van hoa - xa hoi quan trong. Chinh vi vay, no
khong chi la doi tifdng tac dong cua nhieu chu
trifdng,
difdng
loi, chinh
sach
cua Dang va Nha nifdc ma con la
viec
tim ra nhiing giai
phap phat huy vai tro cua van hoa trong qua
trinh
cong
27
nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa vung nong thon, nong nghiep
quan trong nay.
I.
Tinh
hinh
dan tri - giao due va
sinh
boat van hoa
tinh
than
1.1. Thuc trang giao due - ddo tao trong cU dan
vung nong thon dong bang song Hong
Nong dan vung
dong
bang
song
Hong c6 truyen
thong hieu hoc, dudi che do mdi truyen thong do
dUdc
khuyen khich,
trinh
do hoc van cao hdn nhieu vung
khac: 88% biet chQ, 100% cac
tinh,
trifdng,
16p,
giao
vien va hoe sinh d khu vUe
dong
hkng
song
Hong ehiem mot ty le kha cao.
Khong chi diifng lai d mat so
liidng,
neu nhin mot
each
khai quat he thong
giao
due hien nay so vdi he thong
giao
due da
tifng
ton tai trong lich sii thi da c6 nhieu cai bien
ro ret ve ca chat lUdng: he thong cd sd vat chat trUdng 16p
dudc
nang cap, Idp hoc kien eo' da thay the cho cac Idp hoc
28
tranh
tre
niia
la, noi dung
giao
due, ehUdng
trinh
Thai Binh la mot vi du*''.
Vu
Hoi chi
each
thi xa Thai Binh khoang 3 km. Xa
CO
10.316
nhan khau, trong do tre em trong do tuoi 6-14
la
1.600 ngiidi (chiem 15, 51% dan so). Toan xa c6
2465
ho, trong do tren 73,5% ho lam nganh
nghe
tieu thu
cong
nghiep va dich vu. Xa c6 nhieu nganh
nghe
tieu thu
cong
nghiep truyen thong nhu che bien nong san (bun, banh
da, mien, dau phu ), go due nhom - d6ng,lam tham He
thong
giao
due pho thong d Vu Hoi gom 2 cap: tieu hoc
va trung hoc ed sd.
Theo
bao cao cua ban giam hieu cac
trUdng
thi t\i nam hoc
1996-1997
Nhin vao
so'
heu tren c6 the thay r&ng nguyen nhan
dan den tinh trang hoc sinh bo hoc chu yeu lai la do giup
gia dinh lam kinh te. NhQng Idi ich kinh te triidc mat da
lam gia tang ty le tre em bo hoc. Chi phi cho mot tre di
hoc mat 14% thu nhap ciia gia dinh ngheo nhat va 7%
thu nhap cua gia dinh giau. Doi vdi cac gia dinh nong
thon, viec trang trai kinh phi cho con cai di hoc qua la
mot ganh nang Idn. Va cang hoc cao thi cac khoan chi
phi cang nhieu (hoc phi, xay dilng triidng Idp, cac loai
quy, tien hoc them ). Trong khi do, mot diia tre nghi
hoc d nha viia bdt dUdc mot khoan chi cho viec hoc tap,
vxia
CO
the tang them thu nhap cho ho gia dinh nhd lad
dong ciia diia tre. Nhijtng dia phutdng ma lang nghe phat
trien nhii Ninh Hiep ( Gia Lam - Ha Noi), Da Hoi (Tien
Sdn - Bkc Ninh) ty le tre bo hoc d nha giup gia dinh lam
kinh te cad. Miic thu nhap hang thang ciia cac em
khdang 300-400.000 dong. Vi Idi ich kinh te thu dUdc khi
tot nghiep them m6t cap hoc nho hdn Idi ich kinh te thu difdc
triicic mat do diia tre mang lai neu nghi hoc, nen nhieu gia
dinh da dat van de Idi ich kinh te len trifdc, buoc tre phai
nghi hoc giup gia dinh.
Ngoai ra, ty le hoc sinh thi do dai hoc d nong thon
so v6i thanh thi thap hdn rat nhieu. Ben canh nguyen
30
nhan chat lutdng giao due d nong thon con thap thi tai
chinh
la dUdc hoc ky thuat cd ban. Khong chi ngUdi lao dong
trUc tiep
CO
trinh
do hoc van han che ma
trinh
do nang
liic
ciaa
ngUdi quan ly cung con nhieu bat cap: 20% cac
giam doc cong ty, doanh nghiep, chu nhiem HTX, to hdp
tac, chu ho gia
dinh
c6 hoc van chifa het cap 3, phan 16n
chiJa
qua dao tao chuyen mon,
chUa
dUdc trang bi
nhi2ng kien thufc can thiet trong
linh
vUc quan tri
kinh
doanh, thieu hieu biet ve phap luat va cac chinh
sach
c6
lien
quan den
linh
vUc
kinh
cong nghiep nay. Ddn cii nhu khu Lien hiep the thao
My
Dinh,
cac nha tuyen dung chi tuyen diidc 2 ngUdi
dia phUdng vao lam
viec
va lam d vi tri bao ve. Gan day,
tai
nong thon dong
bSng
song
Hong,
viec
xuat khau lao
dong kha pho bien. NhUng cung do han che ve
trinh
do,
tay nghe, nen lao dong Viet Nam ra
nU6c
ngoai chu yeu
lam nhQng cong
viec
chan
tay gian ddn.
1.2.
Thuc
trqng
hudng
thu van hoa
tinh
neu
CO
md rong ra khong gian lang xa thi la sxi chon
tham gia nhutng loai hinh sinh
boat
van hoa truyen
thong: hoi le. Cac hinh thilc sinh
boat
van hoa hien dai:
xem
phim,
ca
nbac,
chdi the thao, di du
lich
cung cac
san pham van hoa:
sach,
bao, tap chi, bang dia con chifa
phd
bien d khu vUc nong thon. Vi
gidi
han trong pham vi gia
dinh
nen cac hinh thiic hifdng thu van hoa chu yeu la thong
qua cac phUdng tien truyen thong dai chung.
NhiJng
viec
ngifofi dan thif6?ng lam khi
ranh
then
van
luki
nong
thon.
Nxb Van hoa Thong tin.
H.2000
tr 179.
33
Doc
sach
bao
16,1
23,0
60,9
Chdi ban be, hang xom
41,7
44,3
13,9
Uo'ng
rxiau
13,0
19,6
67,0
Lam vxibn
2,6
2,6 94,8
Tap TDTT
20,0
9,1
nhac,
san khau ndi
cong
cong
4,6
33,6
61,8
Doc
sach,bao
16,3
41,5 42,1
Tham gia doi
Thanh ca
5,7
1,7
92,6
Tham gia doi
ken
dong
6,1
1,0
92,9
Khac
81,8
18,2
0,0
34
Cac ket qua dieu tra tren cho thay, xem
tivi
la
mua
sach
cho ngifdi 16n va tre em nhin
chung
la
thap. Nhom thu
nhap
thap nhat cua Hai HUng (cu) chi
la
2,5%.
Sach
la mot nhu cau qua xa xi doi v6i
cuoc
song
con nhieu gian truan. Phai d mot mijfc thu
nhap
to'i thieu
nao do, ngiidi ta m6i c6 the dap iing mot nhu cau van
hoa cho du nhu cau do tiem an trong tufng ngifdi.
Khii
dang
con qua vat va de lo toan mieng cdm manh ao, cho
nhQng nhu cau cap
bach
ve ddi
song
vat chat: an, d, di
lai,
thuoc
men khi dau 6'm,
Tham
gia cac hoat dong giai tri
theo nhom chi tieu
(So'lieu dieu tra tai huyen Hai Hau)"
Rat
ngheo
Ngheo
Trung
binh
Kha
gia
Giau
Xem v6 tuyen
ThUdng xuyen
63.8
80.0
79.0
82.4
82.6
Thinh
thoang
27.6
19.0
18.5
15.6 15.9
Khong
8.5
1.0
2.5
2.0
thdang
28.1
29.5
29.0
36.7
29.4
Khong
14.1
10.0
7.0
8.5
5.5
Luong
Hong Quang (chu bien): Van luki nhom
ngheo
a Viel Nam. Thifc
trong va gicii phap. Vien van hoa va Nxb Van hoa nghe thuat. H, 2001. Tr.226.
36
Xem phim
ThUdng xuyen 3.0
7.0
4.0
5.5 3.5
Thinh
thdang 31.2
36.0 36.0
26.1
38.8
Khong
65.8
la
hinh
thiic sii dung
thdi
gian rdi pho bien nhat cua cif dan
dong
bang
song
Hong. Cac hinh thiic sinh
boat
va hUdng
thu van
hda
khac
Cd
nhiing miic dd phd bien khdng cad.
Nguyen nhan chu yeu cua
tinh
trang nay la dd miic
sd'ng
cua ngifdi dan ndng thdn cdn thap, cac tien nghi
sdng
thieu
thdn, dd vay hdat dcing hUdng thu van hda bi ban
che rat
nhieu.
Mac du d mdt sd' vung que, dac biet la cac
thi
tran,
thi
cua
van hoa c6 truyen Viet Nam ma cac nha nghien ciiu
thUOng de cap khi nghien ciiu ve van hoa lang - tiep tuc
ton
tai va phat huy gia tri trong ddi
song
difdng dai:
Quan he gia dinh, gia toe difdc
cung
co"; Quan he lang xa
dUdc
phuc
hoi v6i svf trd lai ciia cac hoi he, dinh dam
Phong
trao toan dan xay diJng lang, thon van hoa
ngay
nay cling nham phat huy
tinh
cong
dong
de xay dtlng
mot
nong
thon m6i van minh va phat
trien.
Va khong
gian ma nhQng
ling
xvi the hien mot
each
vay it nhieu difdc chinh sxia thi
nhiem vu san xuat,
chong
doi,
chohg
ngoai xam
dUdc
dat
len hang dau, ngUdi ta
cung
it quan tam den nhufng van
de khac. Chien tranh, thien tai la nhutng tac nhan tiep
tuc huy hoai nhi2ng kien true van hoa nay. Hau het cac
ngoi dinh, chvia, cac bijfc hoanh phi, cau doi ma chung
ta
thay hom nay m6i
diJdc
tao diing lai. Nhu vay, c6 the
38
thay r&ng
trai
qua nhieu thang tram, nhiJng hinh anh
nhCtng ngoi dinh, ngoi
chua
luon g&n chat v6i cac lang
que, la mot phan khong the thieu
dufdc
cua khong gian
van hoa lang xa. Bdi vay, khi ddi
song
Nhieu khi can bo di ho hao nhan dan
dong
gop de lam
cac
cong
trinh
phuc
Idi chung nhxi dien, dUdng thi rat
kho. Nhifng doi vdi
viec
tu bo dinh
chua
thi nhan dan lai
sin
sang
dong
gop. Tijfng lang, xa, nhan dan tii lap ra cac
hoi quyen gop, di quyen tien cua
cong
dilc xay dUng, ton
tao dinh
chua.
Dieu do cho thay trong tam thilc ngifdi
nong
dan, cac thiet che van hoa truyen thong chiem mot
vi
tri het siic quan trong. NhQng sinh hoat van hoa mang
tinh
CO
truyen nhxi le hoi, dinh dam, rxidc
de ra 6 hoat
dong,
trd thanh mo tip chung cho hoat
dong
dua van hoa ve xa:
phong
trao doc
sach,
giao
due truyen
thong,
phong trao van nghe quan chiing, nep song mdi,
gia
dinh
van hoa m6i va
cong
tac thong tin co dong.
Muo'n
trien
khai
diidc cac hoat dong do can
phai
c6
nhflng
cd sd vat chat,
triidc
het la tru sd, nha
cvLa,
phong
6c. Cac xa da c6' g&ng xay diJng phong doc sach,
dUdc nQa.
Ke ta sau
Nghi
quyet
Trung
ifdng
5 khoa
VIII
chu
trifdng
"Ve xay
diing
nen van hoa Viet Nam
tien
tien,
dam da ban sic dan toe", phong trao xay dvfng ddi song
van
hoa d nong thon lai difdc quan
tarn,
chu
trong.
Phong trao "Toan dan doan ket xay dUng ddi song van
hoa", xay
dxing
"Lang van hoa", "Gia
dinh
van hoa" da
CO
nhQng tac dong nhat
dinh
ngildi
tham d\i
diia
tren
sd
thich,
lila
tudi,
nang
khieu
40
Tuy
nhien, viec dau
t\i
cd sd vat chat can va du cho
cac
thiet
che van hoa nay duy
tri
hoat dong con la van de
nan
giai.
Da phan cac xa chi c6 mot san bai de chdi the
thao
hoac
to chile cac hoat dong chung. Can bo van hoa
xa la can bo kiem chile.
Kinh
phi danh cho hoat dong
van
hinh
van hoa cua xa hoi
cong'
nghiep vao xa hoi nong nghiep, van hoa thi dan vao nong
dan.
Hdn
nila,
nhilng
sinh
hoat van hoa cua
ngifdi
dan
nong thon con
tuan
theo
tinh
chat
miia
vu, ma nhQng
hoat dong van hoa cua cac
loai
hinh
thiet
che van hoa
mdi
lai mang
tinh
chat sil dung
thdi
gian roi cua nhip
cho nong thon dong
hkng
song
41
Hong
tim ra hiJOng di phu hop
tren
nguyen tac phat
trien
on
dinh
va ben vufng. Nhieu dia
phiidng
tif cho doc
canh cay lua da chuyen sang tham canh, xen canh, tang
nang
suat cay
trong,
vat
nuoi,
manh dan dau tu von va
ap dung cac
tien
bo ky
thuat
mdi. Vi vay, the
thuan
nong
dan
bi pha v6. Cd cau
dong chung la ty
trong
nong nghiep ngay mot giam,
tieu
thu
cong
nghiep va dich vu ngay mot tang
trong
tong gia
tri
tao ra d nong
thon.
Cd
cau ho trong
lang
nghe,
khao
sat
thang
11/2001<»'
STT
Danh
muc
Ddn
vi
1995
2000
So sanh
2000/
1995
- Ho san xuat,
CN-TT
cong
nghiep va dich
vu
chuyen
Ho
2964
5833
+So v6i tong so'
%
13,814,3
+0,5
4
- Ho san xuat
nong nghiep
kiem
tieu
thu
cong
nghiep
Ho
10523
21341
+So vdi tong so'
%
49,4
51
+
1,6
thUc cua
ngifdi
dan,
chifa mang lai nhuEng Idi ich
kinh
te khac. Vi vay,
cac ho
thuan
nong
thUdng
chi la cac ho du an, kho c6 cd
hoi
trd
thanh
ho giau.
NhQng
bien dong cua cd cau
kinh
te vCing nong
thon
dong bang
song
Hong cho thay
ngiidi
dan nhan
thiic
diidc kha nang phat
trien
cua cac nganh nghe.
Nhung
b6i thi
dvfdc cai
tao va tim ra giong cay trong thich hdp. Vi du nhii quat
Hifng Yen, hoa Me Linh (Vinh Phuc) da tim diidc cho
dijfng tren thi trUdng Ha Noi. Cay difdc lieu, cay cong
nghiep Cling diidc difa vao tham canh. Cd cau cay trong
vung nong thon dong bang song Hong nhiJng nam gan
day trd nen da dang hdn. Ben canh trong trot, nganh
chan nuoi cung da budc dau tim kiem nhQng hudng di
mdi. Viec ap dung khoa hoc ky thuat vao chan nuoi gop
phan lam tang nang suat vat nuoi tii nhiJng con dai tra
(Idn, ca ) tdi nhijfng con dac san (ba ba, ech, rua ). Dac
44
biet, mot dien tich 16n dat triing, ao ho da dUdc cac dia
phUdng dau tu tha ca, thu Idi nhuan cao, dung nhu dan
gian da tong ket "thii nhat canh tri, thd nhi canh vien".
Viec thay doi cd cau cay trong, vat nuoi cung v6i
viec tim kiem dau ra cho cac nong pham da gop phan
xoa doi giam ngheo cho ngUdi nong dan,
hvLa
hen nhiJng
tiem nang phat trien cua vung nong thon dong b^ng
song Hong. Khi san xuat nong nghiep hu6ng tdi muc
tieu san xuat hang hoa tiic la da tim ra Idi giai cho bai
toan phat trien nong thon. Neu nhin vao lich sii nganh
nong nghiep Viet Nam c6 the nhan thay ro trinh do tham
canh, tang nang suat cay trong vat nuoi cua ngUdi nong
dan dong bang song Hong ngay nay da c6 bu6c phat trig'n
hdn h^n. Neu nhU trUcic day, ngUdi nong dan chu yeu
dUa vao kinh nghiem de canh tac, chan nuoi thi gid day,
chu yeu mac du trong thUc te, thu nhap cua ho
phan Idn lai nhd vao dich vu buon ban
hoac
san xuat
hang
thii
cong
my
nghe.
Quan niem "di nong vi ban" van
tiep tuc con gia tri. Vi vay, c6 the noi rSng trong
thdi
gian tdi, nong nghiep vin la nganh phat
trien
trong
diem ciia khu vifc nong thon
dong
bang
song
Hong va
van hoa san xuat trong nong nghiep van la van de can
phai
diidc quan tam.
2.2. Nghe vd Idng nghe - Van hoa trong
san
xuat tieu thu cong nghiep
Nong thon
dong
bang
song
chi3ng lai va tim kiem nhiJng hifdng di mdi, hien nay
nghe
thu
cong
truyen thong vung nong thon
dong
bang
song
Hong lai tiep tuc phat
trien
manh. Day la hiidng di
dung din trong qua
trinh
chuyen dich cd cau
kinh
te
nong thon
dong
bang
song
Hong.
46
Viec
to chiic lai san xuat, tim kiem thi
triidng,
chu
trong
nang cao chat lifdng, da dang hoa mku ma san
pham da dem lai cho cac lang
nghe
song
cua ngiJdi dan diidc cai thien
ro ret. Mot so' ho giau len nhanh
chong.
Viec
phat
trien
lang
nghe
da giai quyet
cong
an
viec
lam cho luc
liidng
lao
dong
tai dia phifdng (tham chi ca ngUdi gia va tre em
Cling
tham gia san xuat hang thu
cong)
va thu hut nhan
cong
t\i cac vung Ian can.
Chinh
bdi thay ro tam quan trong
cCia
viec
phat
trien
la
diem dan cii diidc tap trung nhieu loai hinh san pham
47
vdi
quy mo viia va nho,
each
thiic
to
chijfc
cua no da
dang, phong phu.
Dieu
cot I6i cua lang
nghe
chinh la no
gan bo vdi nong thon,
svL
dung nguyen
lieu
tai ch6,
giai
quyet viec lam cho so'
liidng
Idn lao dong xa hoi, han che
tinh
trang di dan ra thanh thi. Lang
nghe
da va dang
gop phan lam chuyen dich cd cau
kinh
khoi
doi
ngheo
mot
each
nhanh
chong. Qua khao sat thue te, eo the thay nhiJng ich Idi
cua viec phat trien lang
nghe
mang lai:
Lang
Man De xa Nam Trung, Nam
Sach,
Hai
Difdng
lam
nghe
che bien hanh toi difdc du
nhap
t\i ben
ngoai.
Triidc
day la mot lang thuan nong, trong qua
trinh
giao iMu
kinh
te mot so ngUdi buon ban nhd
ciia
lang
Man De den huyen
san xuat tren dat vu dong cua gia dinh.
Den
nay,
nghe
che bien hanh, tdi trd thanh
nghe
chinh
cua lang, 100% dien
tich
dat vu dong cua lang da ehuyen
sang
trong hanh tdi.
Lang
nghe
trong hoa Tay
Tvfu:
trifde
day Tay
Tiiu
chuyen san xuat lua va rau xanh vu dong, thu
nhap
thap.
Khi
thi trUdng Ha Noi c6 nhu cau tieu thu hoa
tiidi
tang len. Dang uy, Uy ban nhan dan xa Tay
Tiiu
da chu
trddng
chuyen dien
ciia
lang
nghe
c6
trinh
do ky, my thuat cao, trd thanh nhu cau tieu
diing
cua nhieu ndi, nhieu nUdc, doi hoi phat trien lang
nghe
mdi, md rong quy mo lang nghe, tiep tuc nang cao
chat Iddng va cai tien mku ma san pham, hang hoa,
nhhm
dap iJfng thi
trifdng
tieu thu rong Idn hdn"\
"'
Van de phat huy vai tro cua
nghe
va lang nghd nhu mot yeu to van hoa
truyen
thong chiing toi se
trinh
bay sau han a chucmg IV.
49
III.
Mot so
linh
virc
van hoa - xa hoi khac
3.1. ThUc trqng siic khoe, sink sdn, moi tritbng
nhan dan", nhCfng nam gan
day, cd cau can bo y te tai tuyen xa diidc bo'
tri
can do'i
hdn,
so' lUdng can bo qua dao tao cd ban tang. Tai khu
viic
dong
bang
song
Hong, nhieu tram y te xa da c6 bac
SI
ve
cong
tac. Nhd he thong y te pho cap, tuoi tho trung
binh
cua nhan dan hien nay cao hdn khoang 11 tuoi so
vdi
cac nifdc c6 cung miic thu nhap
quo'c
dan.
Cong
tac ve
sinh,
phong dich diidc
trien
khai rong khap. Cac chiidng
trinh
y te
quo'c
khong
CO
sU tham gia ciia nhan vien y te. Ngay trong so'
nhiing
ngUdi den cac cd sd y te
cong
hoac
tii de chiJa benh
thi
chi
CO
50%
triidng
hdp la den kham
chQa
benh d tram
y te xa. Chinh vi he thd'ng y te xa chufa dap \ing diidc yeu
cau kham chufa benh cua nhan dan nen d
dong
bang
song
Hong, he tho'ng y te tu nhan kha phat
trien.
Dich vu y te'
tif
nhan gia ca hdp ly, chat lUdng kham chiia benh tifdng
doi kha quan nen thu hut
dUdc
nhieu ngiidi s\ dung.
(Dieu nay
viidn,
ho chiia benh bang
thuoc
nam, bac va
kinh
nghiem co truyen. Cac hieu ban
thuoc
tan diidc cung dang
md ra d khu vUc nSng thon.
Hien
nay, cac cd sd y te tai xa chi dap
ling
mot
phan nhu cau kham chiia benh cua ngiidi dan, tat nhien
chi
la nhiing benh thong thiidng.
Theo
ifdc
tinh
ciia cac
nha khoa hoc, 3/4 so' ngudi trong nhom 1/5 dan so'
ngheo
51
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