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Các loại mệnh ñề (Phần 1)

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* ðỊNH NGHĨA:
Mệnh ñề có 3 ñịnh nghĩa như sau:
1. A clause is a sentence that is part of a larger sentence: Mệnh ñề là một câu mà nó là thành phần của

- I don't know why he came here ( mệnh ñề danh từ : why he came here cũng làm túc từ )
- This is my motherland (danh từ motherland làm compliment )
- This is where I was born (mệnh ñề danh từ where I was born cũng làm complement )

II. MỆNH ðỀ TÍNH NGỮ (Các em xem lại Tài liệu bài giảng của bài 1 chuyên ñề 4: Mệnh ñề quan hệ
và cách kết hợp câu có cùng chủ ngữ)
CÁC LOẠI MỆNH ðỀ (PHẦN 1)
(TÀI LIỆU BÀI GIẢNG)
Giáo viên: VŨ THỊ MAI PHƯƠNG

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Các loại mệnh ñề (Phần 1)


immediately,the moment (that),now (that),once,since,until/ till,whenever,và while. Chúng ta thường sử
dụng dấu phẩy khi mệnh ñề trạng từ ñi trước.
Ex: I ran away when I saw the dog.
When I saw the dog,I ran away.
Lưu ý: Không sử dụng will sau những liên từ chỉ thời gian
Trong trường hợp này ta phải dùng thì hiện tại ñơn thế cho thì tương lai ñơn, và thì hiện tại hoàn thành thế
cho thì tương lai hoàn thành
Ex: - When I will meet him, I will tell him about that. (sai)

When I meet him ,I will tell him about that. (ñúng) - meet là thì hiện tại ñơn thế cho: will meet là thì
tương lai ñơn
- Once we will have decorated the house ,we can move in. (sai) - do dùng will sau once.
 Once we have decorated the house, we can move in.(ñúng) - do dùng have decorated là thì hiện tại
hoàn thành thế cho thì tương lai hoàn thành

- Tuy nhiên một số người vẫn còn nhầm lẫn giữa 2 khái niệm: "không dùng will trong mệnh ñề trạng từ
chỉ thời gian" và “không dùng will trong mệnh ñề có when".
Ex: 1. I will give him the book when he will come back. (sai)
2. I want to know when he will come back. (ñúng)
Tại sao câu 1 dùng will sau when lại sai mà câu 2 dùng will sau when lại ñúng ?
Vì câu 1 mệnh ñề: when he will come back là mệnh ñề trạng từ chỉ thời gian nên dùng will là sai
Còn câu 2: when he will come back là mệnh ñề danh từ nên dùng will không sai
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mà); for fear that (e rằng, sợ rằng)
Ex: She is studing hard
main clause
so that she can pass the next exam
sub clause

We left the house early
lest we would muss the first train
We tiptoed
in order that we wouldn't make the baby up (Chúng tôi ñi rón rén/ñi nhón gót ñể mà không làm
ñứa trẻ thức giấc)
toe(n): ngón chân, tip (n): ñầu mút

Lưu ý:
ðể diễn tả chỉ mục ñích chúng ta còn có thể sử dụng các từ hoặc cụm từ sau:
a. in order for SO/ST to do ST: ñể cho ai/ cái gì làm gì
Ex: In order for
a film to be interesting, it must have a good plot
(ðể cho 1 bộ phim hay thì bộ phim ñó phải có cốt truyện hay)
In order for
your child to be respectful, you must educate him very early
be respectful: lễ phép

b. for + N/Ving
Ex: She went to market for
some eggs
- Go to market/school/church/pagoda ~ có nghĩa ñi với mục ñích chính của danh từ ñó, tức là ñến trường
ñể học, ñi thắp hương ở chùa chiền, ñến nhà thờ ñể làm lễ
Nếu "Go to the
school / the church / the pagoda " thì không có nghĩa với mục ñích chính "ñến trường


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Các loại mệnh ñề (Phần 1)

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-3. Mệnh ñề trạng ngữ chỉ kết quả
Mệnh ñề chỉ kết quả là những mệnh ñề bổ nghĩa cho mệnh ñề chính bằng cách xác ñịnh kết quả.
Mệnh ñề trạng ngữ chỉ kết quả ñược bắt ñầu bằng so (vì vậy), so that, such that (quá ñến nổi)
Ex: She had studied hard so
she pass the exam successfully.
They practised regularly so
they won the match easily.

* Các cấu trúc của “so that” và “such that”
a. Sub + verb + so
+ adj/adv + that + clause quá ñến nổi
Ex: She is so
kind that everyone loves her.
He swam so
strongly that he won the first prize.

e. Sub + Verb + so
+ much/little + uncountable noun + that + clause
Ex: - My mother has so
little free time that she never watches TV at night
- They spent so
much money that they got broke (Be/ get broke: túng quẫn, khánh kiệt)

f. Sub + verb + such
+ adj + plural noun/uncountable noun + that + clause (quá ñến nổi)
Ex: They had such
nice memories that they decided to come back there. (memory (n): kỷ niệm, trí nhớ)
- It was such
good news that she jumped with joy

- Lưu ý:

1. Ta có thể bỏ “that” ở cả 6 cấu trúc trên mà không ảnh hưởng ñến nghĩa và cấu trúc của chúng
2. Hình thức ñảo ngữ ñể nhấn mạnh nghĩa của cấu trúc a.
“Sub + verb + so + adj/adv + that + clause” là:
So + adj/adv
+ be + sub + X + that + clause
Such auxiliary verb bare inf
Ex: - She is so
kind that everyone loves her

So kind is she that everyone loves her.
Such

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Các loại mệnh ñề (Phần 2
)

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-
- Since he work hard, he earns much money
- Due to the snow, the train couldn't run

- Lưu ý 2: “IMPORTANT”
BA HÌNH THỨC CHUYỂN MỆNH ðỀ THÀNH DANH TỪ/ DANH ðỘNG TỪ
a. Nếu 2 mệnh ñề cùng chủ ngữ, ta lấy ñộng từ chính của mệnh ñề ñó thêm –ing
Ex: Because she is old, she retires
- Because of being old, she retires
- Because of her old age, she retires CÁC LOẠI MỆNH ðỀ (PHẦN 2)
(TÀI LIỆU BÀI GIẢNG)
Giáo viên: VŨ THỊ MAI PHƯƠNG

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Because of the fact that+ Clause
 Because of her father's wealth, he wants to marry her
* Khi ta thêm “the fact that” vào sau các giới từ: because of, on account of, by dint of, due to, owing
to, by wirtue of…thì chúng có thể ñược sử dụng giống như các liên từ, tức là theo sau nó là mệnh ñề.

- Lưu ý 3:
HÌNH THỨC ðẢO NGỮ ðỂ NHẤN MẠNH NGHĨA CỦA MỆNH ðỀ TRẠNG NGỮ CHỈ LÝ DO
Adj/Adv + as + sub + verb + main clause
Ex: 1. Because she is old, she retires

Old as she is, she retires
2. They cancelled the match for it rained heavily

They cancelled the match heavily as it rained
3. Because she is a careful driver, she never cause accidents
Because she drives carefully, she never cause accidents

Carrefully as she drives, she never cause accidents

5. Mệnh ñề trạng ngữ chỉ sự nhượng bộ
Mệnh ñề trạng ngữ chỉ quan hệ tương phản/nhượng bộ là mệnh ñề ñể bổ nghĩa cho mệnh ñề chính bằng
cách xác ñịnh quan hệ tương phản/nhượng bộ ñối với mệnh ñề chính.
Những mệnh ñề này ñược bắt ñầu bằng:
Nhóm 1: Although; Though; Even though (mặc dù)
Nhóm 2: While (trong khi); Meanwhile; Whereas (trong khi ñó)
Nhóm 3: However; Whatever; Whoever; Wherever (cho dù như thế nào, cho dù cái gì, cho dù ai, cho
dù ñâu )
Lưu ý: Trong ngữ pháp truyền thống thì liên từ “Though” thường không ñừng ñầu câu, “Even
though” có nghĩa mạnh nhất.



- Lưu ý
a. ðể diễn tả quan hệ tương phản, ta còn có thể sử dụng các trạng từ sau ñây: However, Nevertheless,
Nonetheless
Ex: - He is old. However, he is very active.
- He is old. He is, however very active.
- He is old. He is very active, however.

b. Câu có chứa mệnh ñề trạng ngữ chỉ quan hệ tương phản ñược bắt ñầu bằng: “Although, Though,
Even though”sẽ không thay ñổi về mặt ngữ nghĩa khi ta bỏ các liên từ ñó và thêm “but” vào trước mệnh
ñề kia.
Ex: He is old but he is very active.

c. ðể diễn tả quan hệ tương phản ta còn có thể sử dụng các giới từ sau ñây:
Despite
In spite of + Noun/V-ing bất chấp/mặc dù
Regardless of
Ex: 1. Although he is old, he is very active

Despite being old, he is very active
his old age, he is very active
2. Although she is kind, he doesn't like to work with her

In spite of her kindness, he doesn't like to work with her
3. They are playing football though it rains heavily

Despite the heavy rain, they are playing football

* Khi ta thêm "the fact that" vào sau các giới từ trên thì chúng ñược sử dụng như các liên từ
Ex: Although her little son is going to school for the first time tomorrow she is very calm

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Các loại mệnh ñề (Phần 2
)

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-Ex: Although/though he worked hard, he didn't earn enough for his living
He worked hard. He didn't earn enough for his living, though (adv)
however (adv)

* Nhóm 2: While (trong khi), Meanwhile và Whereas (trong khi ñó)
Ex: - While yesterday was sunny, today is rainy
- While my mother loves Korean film, my father hates them
- Yesterday was sunny whereas today is rainy
- The price of vegetables goes up whereas that of fruit goes down.

* Nhóm 3: However; Whatever; Whoever; Wherever; Even if (cho dù)
Ex: He can't solve the problem even if it is not very difficult

No matter how
However + adv/adj + S + verb + main clause


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Các loại mệnh ñề (Phần 2
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-2. Cách dùng “As if/As though” (dường như)
a. Khi mệnh ñề sau “As if” diễn tả một giả thiết có thể xảy ra trong thực tế, thì của mệnh ñề ñó sẽ ñược


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Các loại mệnh ñề (Phần 3)

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-

7. Mệnh ñề trạng ngữ chỉ ñiều kiện
Là mệnh ñề bổ nghĩa cho mệnh ñề chính bằng cách xác ñịnh ñiều kiện mà hành ñộng của mệnh ñề chính
ñược thực hiện.
Mệnh ñề trạng ngữ chỉ ñiều kiện thường ñược bắt ñầu bằng một trong những liên từ hoặc cụm từ sau:
if
unless
or/ otherwise
supposed (that)/ supposing (that) giả sử, nếu
provided (that)/ providing (that) với ñiều kiện là, miễn là
as/ so long as miễn là
on condition that với ñiều kiện rằng

Câu có chứa mệnh ñề trạng ngữ chỉ ñiều kiện thường ñược gọi là câu ñiều kiện (conditional sentence).

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Các loại mệnh ñề (Phần 3)

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-Ex: Translate into Vietnamese
1. Nếu cô ấy nặng thêm một ít nữa, cô ấy có thể làm cảnh sát.

If she were a little heavier, she could be a policewoman.

Ex:
- She doesn’t ride the bus to work every day because it is crowded.
=> If …(giả thiết trái với hiện tại)

If the bus were not crowded, she would ride it to work every day.
- They didn’t take raincoats so they got wet.

If they had taken raincoats, they couldn’t have got wet.

TYPE

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF CONDITION MAIN CLAUSE
I.

Simple present

Simple future

II.

Past subjunctive

(Simple past – “be” for “were” for all persons)

would/ should/ could/ might + bare inf

III.

Past perfect



- Because she typed the report carelessly, there were many mistakes.

If they hadn’t typed the report carefully, there couldn’t have been many mistakes.

c. Khi 2 mệnh ñề của cùng 1 câu ñiều kiện diễn tả 2 giả thiết ở 2 thời ñiểm khác nhau
(hiện tại và quá khứ) thì 2 mệnh ñề ñó thuộc về 2 loại câu ñiều kiện khác nhau (Loại 2 và Loại 3).
Ex:
- She is tired now
hiện tại
because she stayed up late last night
quá khứ
.

If she hadn’t stayed up late last night, she couldn’t be tired.
- Because the police recognized his car, the thief is in prison now.

If the police hadn’t recognized his car, the thief wouldn’t be in prison now.
- Because they lost their passports last week, they are having trouble now.

If they hadn’t lost their passports last week, they wouldn’t be having trouble now.
- The man was wearing his seatbelt when the accident happened, so he is not in hospital now.

If the man hadn’t been wearing his seatbelt when the accident happened, he would be in hospital now.

d. Các hình thức ñảo ngữ ñể nhấn mạnh nghĩa của 3 loại câu ñiều kiện
* Loại 1
Ex:
- If you go on a picnic next week, I will join you.


=> Had…

If she hadn’t read the books, she couldn’t have finished the test.

Had she not read the books, she couldn’t have finished the test.
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Các loại mệnh ñề (Phần 3)

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-



If he hadn’t worn the raincoat, he would have got wet.

Had not he (he not) worn the raincoat, he would have got wet.
- They swam very fast. Or they couldn’t have won the prize.

They won the prize because they swam very fast.

* As/ so long as = provided/ providing + (that) (Miễn là)
Ex: As/ So long as you tell us the truth, we will help you.

* Supposed/ supposing (that) + clause (Giả sử rằng)
Ex: Supposed (supposing) (that) you had been in her shoes, what…
a. would you have done c. would you have be doing
b. would you do d. you would have done

* On condition that + clause (Với ñiều kiện rằng)
Ex: On codition that you fill the car up with petrol, I will lend you it.

f. ðể diễn tả quan hệ ta còn có thể sử dụng các giới từ quan hệ sau ñây
But for + Noun (Nếu không vì, nếu không nhờ)
Without
(Thường ñược dùng trong câu ñiều kiện loại 2 hoặc loại 3)
It be for + noun (“Nhờ” hoặc “Vì”)
If it be not for + noun # But for (Nếu không vì)

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
Had not it (it not) been for his help, we could never have finished the project.
- Without her money, they could not have bought the house.

If it had not been her money, they couldn’t have bought the house.
- But for TV, we would not know what to do at nights.
=> If…

If it weren’t for TV, we would not know what to do at nights.

Thank to TV, we know what to do at nights.
- But for the teacher’s encouragement, he would not have taken part in the contest.

Had it not (not it) been for the teacher’s encouragement, he would not have taken part in the contest.

If the teacher had not encouraged him, he would not have taken part in the contest.

Had the teacher not (not teacher) him, he would not have taken part in the contest.

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4. He you’re not going abroad.
a. surprised that b. is surprised that
c. is surprised whether d. surprised at
5. I wonder how much .
a. cost the coat b. does the coat cost
c. the coat costs d. the coat is cost
6. I have will be yours soon or later.
a. No matter what b. Whatever c. Whether d. That
7. in the news that the Japanese Minister will arrive in Bejing next Friday.
a. It says b. He is said c. It has said d. It is said
8. we go swimming every day us a lot of good.
a. If/do b. That/do c. If/does d. That/does
9. Is this we met them last night ?
a. where b. place c. place in which d. place which
10. We all know the truth there are air, water and the sunlight there are living things
a. where b. wherever c. that d. that wherever
11. I think it is you’re eating so much.
a. that b. because of c. the reason d. for
12. It is said has been translated into French.
a. that b. which c. that that d. that which
13. It’s still a question we’ll have our sports meet.
a. why b. that c. when d. which
14. It’s not yet clear of those will be chosen to go abroad.
a. that b. which c. whom d. who
15. These pictures show you .
a. what does our village look like b. what our village looks like
c. how does our village look like d. how our village looks like
16. Can you make sure the gold necklace ?
a. where Alice had put b. where did Alice put
c. where has Alice put d. where Alice has put


17. Go and get your glasses. It’s you left them.
a. there b. where c. there where d. where there
18. Do you remember he came? – Yes, I do. He came by train.
a. how b. when c. where d. that
19. we can’t get seems better than we have.
a. What/what b. What/that c. That/that d. That/what
20. Mother asked .
a. what was wrong with me b. what’s wrong with me
c. what wrong was with me d. what wrong is with me
21. they had won the game made us excited.
a. What b. That c. Where d. –
22. I accept award or refuse it is none of your business.
a. If b. When c. Whether d. Even though
23. he says in his report is a very interesting question.
a. What b. What all c. What that d. All what
24. When they will start not been decided.
a. does b. has c. have d. is
25. certain that his invention will lead to the development of production.
a. It has b. It is c. That is d. This is
26. it is unknown to us all .
a. Where did she put b. Where she put
c. That where she put d. In where she put
27. nothing to do with us.
a. What did she have b. What she did is
c. What did she do has d. What she has done has
28. The trouble is we’re short of hands.
a. how b. that c. what d. which
29. Energy is makes things work.
a. everything b. something c. that d. what

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Các loại mệnh ñề (Phần 3
)

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-37. He often thinks of he can do more for his country.
a. what b. how c. that d. which
38. He made quite clear that he wouldn’t change his mind.
a. this b. that c. it d. what
39. He got angry with was against his opinion.
a. who b. whom c. whoever d. anyone
40. I don’t know .
a. what was the matter outside b. what the matter outside was
c. what was outside the matter d. what was happened outside
41. He has come, but I didn’t know that until yesterday.
a. is coming b. will come c. was coming d. wasn’t coming
42. He ran back to the room to see if he anything behind.
a. has forgotten b. had forgotten c. has left d. had left
43. The news he died in the battle has got round the village.
a. that b. which c. what d. this
44. you say, I wouldn’t allow you to do that.
a. What b. Which c. Whatever d. Although

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-56. All the books are here. You may borrow you like.
a. that b. what c. which d. whichever
57. We could hardly understand .
a. what the man is talking about
b. what the man is talking

a. that can the reason b. what will the reason
c. what the reason can d. for what reason can
70. He always thinks of he can work better for the people.
a. what b. which c. why d. how
71. he will attend the meeting is certain.
a. What b. That c. Which d. Whether
72. Can you point out two radios are the best ?
a. which b. what c. that d. whether
73. I asked her in English she was, and she told me she was an actress.
a. who/that b. who/- c. what/- d. what/what
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85. We all know the truth the earth goes round the sun.
a. that b. what c. whether d. if
86. he is a rich man is known to all in the city.
a. Because b. That c. Who d. –
87. we need is a different matter.
a. If b. Whether c. What d. Why
88. Everybody in the class works hard except Tom sometimes sleeps in class.
a. for b. that c. - d. the fact
89. It is certain he will come sooner or later.
a. how b. when c. where d. that
90. maths is the base of all other sciences.
a. It’s true b. It’s true that c. What’s true d. It’s the truth

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c. is surprised whether d. surprised at
5. I wonder how much .
a. cost the coat b. does the coat cost
c. the coat costs d. the coat is cost
6. I have will be yours soon or later.
a. No matter what
b. Whatever c. Whether d. That
7. in the news that the Japanese Minister will arrive in Bejing next Friday.
a. It says b. He is said c. It has said
d. It is said
8. we go swimming every day us a lot of good.
a. If/do b. That/do c. If/does
d. That/does
9. Is this we met them last night ?
a. where b. place c. place in which d. place which
10. We all know the truth there are air, water and the sunlight there are living things
a. where b. wherever c. that
d. that wherever
11. I think it is you’re eating so much.
a. that b. because of c. the reason d. for
12. It is said has been translated into French.
a. that b. which
c. that that d. that which
13. It’s still a question we’ll have our sports meet.
a. why b. that
c. when d. which
14. It’s not yet clear of those will be chosen to go abroad.
a. that b. which c. whom
d. who
15. These pictures show you .

)

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-17. Go and get your glasses. It’s you left them.
a. there
b. where c. there where d. where there
18. Do you remember he came? – Yes, I do. He came by train.
a. how b. when c. where d. that
19. we can’t get seems better than we have.
a. What/what b. What/that c. That/that d. That/what
20. Mother asked .
a. what was wrong with me b. what’s wrong with me
c. what wrong was with me d. what wrong is with me
21. they had won the game made us excited.
a. What
b. That c. Where d. –
22. I accept award or refuse it is none of your business.
a. If b. When
c. Whether d. Even though
23. he says in his report is a very interesting question.
a. What b. What all c. What that d. All what
24. When they will start not been decided.
a. does
b. has c. have d. is
25. certain that his invention will lead to the development of production.

c. how soon light goes
d. how fast light goes
35. His suggestion to see the art exhibition interested every on of us.
a. that we go b. which we should go
c. that we would go c. we would go
36. He was interested in he had seen at the exhibition.
a. which b. that
c. all that d. all what
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d. whether
46. he’s been getting on well with his studies makes all of us happy.
a. Which b. How c. What
d. That
47. That is he failed to arrive on time.
a. where b. whether
c. why d. when
48. We finally found out to him.
a. what had happened b. what has happened
c. that took place d. why it has happened
49. No one knows when and where .
a. was she going b. did she come from
c. she work
d. she was born
50. The the factory would break down made all the workers shocked.
a. truth b. fact c. the fact of
d. the fact that
51. I wonder how much .
a. cost these shoes b. do these shoes cost
c. these shoes cost d. these shoes are cost
52. Excuse me, would you please tell me when ?
a. the sports meet will be taken place
b. was the sports meet going to be held
c. is the sports meet to begin
d. the sports meet is to take place
53. He got angry with she said.
a. that
b. what c. who d. all what
54. Can you find out wrong with the TV set ?
a. which is b. that’s

56. All the books are here. You may borrow you like.
a. that b. what c. which
d. whichever
57. We could hardly understand .
a. what the man is talking about
b. what the man is talking
c. what was the man talking about.
d. the man is talking about what
58. is that I’ve promised to make friend with the dishonest girl.
a. The only thing what I regret
b. What I regret most
c. All what I really regret most d. What that I regret most
59. she is living now is not known to anybody.
a. If b. When
c. Where d. Why
60. This is the river has been polluted.
a. what
b. why c. whether d. that
61. That is he was born.
a. what b. that
c. where d. whether
62. They are just I shall have.
a. that b. which c. how
d. what
63. Computers can only give out has been stored in them.
a. that b. which
c. what d. anything
64. She wanted to know .
a. whether I knew her and where did she work
b. if I knew her and the factory she worked there

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Các loại mệnh ñề (Phần 3
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Tổng ñài tư vấn: 1900 58-58-12
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-74. She took it for granted I’ll agree with her.
a. if b. whether
c. that d. when
75. a good thing that didn’t catch you.
a. It’s b. That’s c. There’s d. What’s
76. surprised me most to see some of the village people seated on the benches at the end of the

87. we need is a different matter.
a. If b. Whether
c. What d. Why
88. Everybody in the class works hard except Tom sometimes sleeps in class.
a. for
b. that c. - d. the fact
89. It is certain he will come sooner or later.
a. how b. when c. where
d. that
90. maths is the base of all other sciences.
a. It’s true
b. It’s true that c. What’s true d. It’s the truth

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Nguồn :
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