TRACH NHIEM CUA THANH NIEN TRONG
VIEC XAY DLJNG DAT NUCfC T R 6 T H A N H
MOT NUOC CONG NGHIEP
THEO HUONG HIEN DAI
TS. Vu Ngpc \M

Trudng phdng Phong Tdm ly hpc ndng ddn, Vien Tdm ly hpc.

T6M TAT

Khdo sat thuc tiin tqi 4 tinh thdnh Hi Ndi, thinh phi' Hd Chi Minh, Tien
Giang va Thai Nguyen tren 900 thanh niin cho thdy, phdn Idn thanh niin hien nay
nhan rd trich nhiim ciia minh ddi vm viic phdt triin ddt nudc theo hudng cong
nghiip hod, hien dai hod Tuy nhien, trong thanh niin vin edn cd nhttng ngirdi khi
thd a vdi su phit trien chung. Cd 14,5% so' thanh niin cho rang, cdng viic ciia ho
chdng lien quan gi den su phdt trien chung ciia ddt nudc; 9,2% - khdng nd life trong
hpc tip, cdng viic, 8,5% - khdng mong mud'n tham gia nhiing hoat dpng deed ca hpi
dong gdp sUe minh nhieu htm cho su phdt trien chung vd co de'n 19,6% sd thanh nie
chua luc ndo trdn tra, suy nghi xem cdn lim gi de gdp phdn phit trien nen kinh te cita
Ml nude. Day la nhiing bieu hien eiia thai dd thieu trach nhiem doi vdi su phit trien
ciia ddi nudc, thieu su gan kit bdn thin vdi tip thi, cdng ddng, din toe.
Ttt khda: Trich nhiem; trach nhiim xd hiii; trich nhiim xd hdi ciia thanh
niin vdi su nghiip cdng nghiep hoi, hiin dqi hoi.
Ngay nhan bii: 19/7/2012; Ngay duyet dang bai: 2019,11012.
1. Dat van de
Thanh men li luc lupng xa hpi hung hiu, cd sttc khoe, ed trinh dp hpc
van, cd tiim nang sing tao, ed kha ning liip cin va lam chu khoa hpc hien dai.
Vi viy, hp cd vai trd to Idn trong viec gdp phin dua Viet Nam vi co ban trd
thanh mpt nudc cdng nghiep theo hudng hidn dai vao nam 2020.
Di phat triin nudc ta thanh mpt nudc cdng nghiep theo hudng hien dai
thi ngudn nhan luc la yiu Id then chd't. Vi viy, trong bai vie't nay, chung tdi

each trong viec thuc hien nghia vu do xa hdi di ra. Do viy, bai viit nay nghien
cun trach nhidm cia thanh nien thdng qua nhin thttc va hinh ddng cia hp di
lim hieu xem cd sir thdng nhil gitta nhin thttc vi hinh ddng 6 thanh nidn khi
the hien trich nhipm cia minh trong sir nghiep cdng nghiep hoa, ht6n dai hoa
dit nttdc.
2. Khach the va phutmg phap nghien cijru
Khao sil thuc liin dttpc liin hanh tai cic dia bin thanh phd (Hi Ndi,
thanh phd H6 Chi Minh); ndng thdn (Tiin Giang), miin nil (Thii Nguydn)
trong nam 2011. Miu bao gdm 900 thanh nidn trong dp tudi ttt 18 - 30, khac
nhau chu yiu theo cac tidu chi sau: dja ban sinh sd'ng (ndng thdn, thanh thj);
nghi nghiep; trinh dp hpc vi'n; gidi tfnh; hpc sinh, sinh vien hoic da di lam; nOi
lim viec (trong co quan nha nudc hoac ngoii co quan nha nudc), Iham gia cac
id chttc Doan hoic eae id chttc thanh mdn...

TAP CH( TAM LY HOC, Sd 9 (162), 9 - 2012


Cic phuong phip chi yiu Irong nghien cttu niy li nghien cttn vin bin,
khao sat bing bang hdi, phdng vin siu. Cic kit qua khao sat dupc x i 1^ bing
phin mim thdng kd SPSS danh cho cic nghien cttu khoa hpc xa hibi di dim bao
linh khach quan.
3. Kit qua nghidn curu
Bdng I: Nhdn thdc cda thanh niin vevai trd quan trpng
cda life luang thanh niin trong viic phdt trien ddt nudc
trd thdnh mdt nudc cdng nghiip hod, hiin dqi hod
Cic ndi dung Irich nhiem

Cic mttc dd quan trong (%)

DTB DLC

viec lien tie'n, hidu qua, phii
hop vdi cdng nghiip hoa, hidn
dai hoa

1,0

4,2

20,7

36,7

37,4

4,05

0,91

3. Nang cao chit lucfng nguin
nhan luc cua dit nudc

1,2

2,4

8,5

32,5

55,4

Bdng 2: Nhin nhdn cda ihanh niin vi hai nhdm xd hdi cd Irdch nhiim
chinh nhdt trong viic phdt triin ddt nudc trd thdnh
mdt nudc cdng nghiip hod, hiin dqi hod
Luc luong cd trich nhidm chfnh

(%)

Cic noi dung
1

2

3

4

5

1. Phil triin nin kinh tc giiu manh trong so
sinh vdi cic nudc khac

84,6

21,6

29,7

8,2

50,1

3 Cac tSchitc pin chinh phi, cac nhom .xa hit
4 Cic the lie cha anh
5. Thanh nien

Nhtt bit ctt ngttdi lao dpng nao, thanh nidn hpc lip, lim Mec U^dc hit di
thoa man nhttng nhu ciu cupc sd'ng cia chinh ban thin vi gia dinh hp. Song,
nhiiu ngudi trong sd hp hiiu ring, cdng vide cia hp khdng chi lidn quan din
rieng hp, ma cdn lidn quan din loan bd nin kinh t i dil nudc (65,4% sd thanh
nien) cho ring, di di't nudc cd thi phit triin manh thi mdi ngudi lao ddng, bao
gdm ca thanh nidn phai nd lire khdng ngimg ('75,6%). VI viy, phin Idn thanh
nidn da nd luc lim vide dc dat duoc kit qua cao nhi't cd thi va mong mudn
dupc tham gia cic boat dpng da dang nhim gdp sttc nhidu hon ntta cho sir phit
triin chung cua di't nudc. Dd li nhung biiu hidn tfch cue trong nhin thttc va
hanh ddng cua thanh nidn, thi hien trich nhiem cia ho ddi vdi vide phit triin
Viet Nam thinh mdt nudc giau, manh, dudi kjp cic nudc lien tien tr6n thi gidi.
Tuy nhidn, trong thanh ni6n khdng phai khdng cd nhttng ngudi cdn kha
thd o vdi su phit triin chung. Trong miu nghidn cttn cia chung tdi, theo tu
dinh gii cia ban thin thanh nidn, 14,5% sd thanh nidn eho ring, cdng viec cua
hp ching lien quan gi de'n sir phat triin chung cua di't nudc; 9,2% - khdng nd

50

TAP CHl TAM LY HOC, Sd 9 (162), 9 - 2012


luc trong hpc tip, cdng viec, 8,5% - khdng mong mud'n tham gia nhttng hoal
dpng di cd CO hdi ddng gdp sttc minh nhiiu hon cho su phit triin chung vi cd
din 19,6% sd_ thanh ni6n ehua Ittc nio trin trd, suy nghT xem cin lim gi di gdp
phin phit triin nin kinh ti cia di't nudc. Diy li nhttng biiu hidn cia thii dp
thie'u trich nhiem dd'i vdi su phit triin cua dil nudc, thiiu su gin kit bin thin

1.7

7.5

16,0

46.0

28.8

3,92

0.95

2 Cd nhiing lut ban Iran no,
suy nghT xem ban cd thi lam gi
d i gdp phan phat triin kinh t i
da't nuisc

6.8

12,8

37.8

29,6

12.9

3.29


29.9

20.1

10,3

4,2

3,82

1,14

2.2

6.3

23.9

37.2

30.4

3,87

0.99

3,80

0,66

nghi trin trd xem cd thi lim gl di gdp phin phit triin kinh t i cia dil nude,
quan tim nhiiu hon din vi6c cia nhttng ngudi xung quanh, ludn n6 lire phin
diu v.v... Kit qui niy cho thiy, tim quan trpng cia id chttc ddi vdi cdng lie
thanh nidn, sir tham gia vio cic td chttc doin thi giip thanh nidn ning cao ^
thttc vi tfch cue hon trong cdng viec, qua dd gdp phin nhd bi cia minh vao si|
nghidp cdng nghiip hda, hidn dai hda dil nudc.
Trdn Ihuc l i 6 nudc ta hiin nay, ngudn nhin lire Ihanh nien cdn gip
nhicu khd khin di cd Ihi ddng gdp sttc minh cho sir phat triin chung. Khi bin
vi ngudn nhin luc thanh nidn hien nay, cd ba vin di dupc nhiiu ngudi die biet
quan lim, dd li: lao dpng ludi thanh nidn cd chi'l lupng ngudn nhin luc thip,
khdng dip ttng dupc ydu ciu khich quan cia thj irudng lao ddng trong nudc vi
qudc li; ly 16 thanh nien thJl nghiip khi cao; thu nhip hinh quin cia ngttdi lao
ddng trong dp lu6i thanh nidn rit thip.
Su nghiep cdng nghiep hoa, hiin dai hoi dit nudc ngiy cing dit ra y6u
ciu phai ning cao chit lupng ngudn nhin luc. Dang vi Nhi nUiSc cung da cd
nhthig chu truong, chinh sich, bi6n phip nhim da dang hoi cac hinh thttc, md
rpng quy md dio lao di ning cao ning luc chuydn mdn cho ngudi lao ddng,
die biet la ngudn lao ddng tre. Bdn canh he thdng cic trudng dai hex cdng lip,
Nha nudc edn quan tim khuyin khi'ch md rdng thdm cac loai hinh dai hpc din
lip, da dang hoa cic loai hinh dio tao chfnh quy vi khdng chfnh quy. Vi viy,
trinh dp chuydn mdn cua thanh nidn ling Idn. Theo kit qua tdng diiu tra din sd
nhi d, nim 1999 cd 94,1% sd thanh nien khdng cd trinh do chuyen mdn ki
thuat, nghidp vu tham gia boat ddng kinh 16', den nim 2006, giam xudng cdn
64,4%. Sd thanh nidn cd Innli dp ki thuit CO ban ttt 1,8% nam 1999 Idn 4,3%
nam 2006. Sd ngttdi cd trinh dp cao ding, dai hpc ting ttt l,Fo nim 1999 Idn
4,5% nam 2003 va 6,1% nim 2006. Tuy nhien, vi'n de su dung thanh nien co
trinh dp hpc vi'n cdn nhiiu bii cip. Phin Idn thanh nidn sau khi td't nghiep dai
hpc, cao ding mud'n d lai thanh phd chpn cic cdng viec eo thu nhip eao di lip
nghiep. Nhiiu noi, nhiiu nganh cin lao ddng co trinh dp chuyen mdn cao lai
khdng thu hut dupc ngudn nhin lire (1).

nghj hd trp hpc nghi; d Ddng Nai, sd ngudi xin hd trp hpc nghi li 10 ngudi
trong tdng sd 53.098 ngudi dupc hudng trp ci'p hing thing. Tai thanh phd Hd
Chi Minh, nim 2010 cd 51.952 ngudi dupc hudng trp ci'p thi'l nghidp, nhung
chi cd 4 ngudi di nghj dupc hpc nghi; nim 2011, ly 16 Ii 32 xin hpc
nghi/89.701 ngudi duoc hudng tro ci'p thi'l nghidp. Tai Ha Npi, nam 2011,
18.431 ngudi dupc quyit djnh hudng trp cip Ihit nghiep thi ehi cd 351 ngudi
hpc nghi; Quy 1/2012, ly 16 dang ky thil nghidp cao nhi't roi vio dp tudi 25 40, trong 3.452 ngudi npp hd so xin hudng trp ci'p thi'l nghiep, chi cd 177
ngudi dang ky hpc nghi; 'Thang 4/2012, trong 2.657 ngudi nop hd so hudng trp
cip thi'l nghiep thi chi cd 60 ngudi dang ky hpc nghi. Mpt trong nhimg nguydn
nhin cia thuc trang nay la nhimg ngudi thii nghiep hiu hit la lao dpng phd
thdng ma nhu ciu lao dpng phd thong lai Idn ndn hp di lim dupc vide lam mdi
sau khi thil nghiep. Bdn canh dd, hien nay mttc trp ci'p hpc nghi thi'p (khong
qui 300.000 ddng /I thing), trong khi di hoin thinh 1 khoa dio tao nghi phai
ttt 6 thing trd I6n vi tiin dio lao nhiiu nghi lai kha cao. Vi viy, ngudi lao dpng
khPng d i liin chi "tra cho hpc nghi cung nhu trang trai cupc sd'ng hang ngay
(5). Nhu viy, vdng luin quin: thu nhip thi'p - chi'l luong ngudn nhin lire thi'p
(khdng qua dio tad) ctt liip diin.
Cd thi thi'y ring, ngudn lire thanh nien nhiiu nhung khdng chi chii
lucmg ngudn nhin luc chtta dip ung ydu ciu cia cdng cudc cdng nghiep hda,
hien dai hda di't nudc, m i nhttng khd khin trong cupc sdng va vide lim cttng se
ban che sttc ddng gdp eua thanh nien cho sir phit trien chung cua da't nudc. Tai
Hpi nghj lin thtt 7 Ban Chip hanh Trung uong Dang khoa X vi Tdng cudng su
Idnh dqo cua Ddng ddi vdi cdng Idc thanh niin thcri ky ddy mqnh cdng nghiep
hod, hien dqi hod da xac djnh: "Thanh nidn dupc dal d vi tri trung tim trong
chie'n lupc bdi dudng, phat huy nhan id va ngudn lire con ngudi". Chinh phi da
cd chi'nh sich dpi pha trong dao lao nghi nghiep cho lao dpng Ire vdi chat
TAP CHI'TAM LY HOC, Sd 9 (162), 9 - 2012

53


57,8

35,8

6,4

77,4

11,3

11,3

2. Hoc chinh quy hoac lai chttc
di nang cao trinh dd chuyin
mdn

63,1

28,9

8,0

71,0

16,0

13,0

3. Hoc them ngoai ngd



57,2

13.6

72,0

18,3

9,7

6. Hoc them nghi mdi

17,7

66,2

16,0

-i7.5

33,2

9,3

7. Tham gia cic khoa tin luyin
ky nang sdng

39,9


trpng dd'i vdi ngudi lao ddng trong giai doan hidn nay thi thanh nien da bit diu
quan tim nhiiu din ky ning sd'ng nhu nhttng diiu kidn hay phuong lien cin
thiit ning cao hieu qui hoat dpng lao ddng, sin xuit.
Tren thue 16', luc lupng lao ddng tri d nttdc la rit yd'u hoic thiiu vi ky
nang sdng, hay cdn gpi li "ky ning min". Tai hpi thao "Ky ning min - nhu
ciu va giai phip" do Tap chf Thi gidi trong ta td chttc ngiy 24/4/2012 lai Ha
Npi, nhiiu chuydn gia, nha giio due di xui't cin cd chuong trinh qudc gia vi
giao due ky ning sd'ng cho gidi Ire. Tai hpi thao niy, ba Hi Thj Dung, Phd Vu
Irudng V^ Cdng lac hpc sinh, sinh vidn (Bd Giio due & Dio tao) chia se, qua
nhiiu budi hpi thao, cac nhi luyin dung cd chung nhin djnh, hiu hit sinh vi6n
chua dip ttng dupc yeu ciu cia hp. Nhi luyin dung dinh gii cao ky nang mim
cia ung vien thdng qua cich chuin bj hd so xin vide, su tu lin, each lip luin
bao ve quan diim, kha ning giai quyit cac linh hudng... hon la chu trpng din
bing ci'p. Tuy nhidn, sd dPng sinh vien lai yiu hoic thiiu cac ky nang trdn.
Thing ke cia Vidn Khoa hpc Giao due Viet Nam cho thi'y, cd 73% sinh vidn ra
trudng khdng xin dupc viec lam do yiu va thiiu ky nang thuc hanh xa bdi, 83%
sd ttng vien di tim vi6c bj cic nha luyin dung dinh gia thieu ky ning sd'ng (6).
Cd mdt thuc l i la rat nhiiu thanh nidn hien nay dau tu vio viec tham gia'
cac Idp chinh quy hoac tai chttc di ning eao trinh dp chuydn mdn (cd bing ci'p
- ly 16 eao nhi't trong so sinh vdi viec tham gia cac dang dao lao, bdi dudng
khac), nhiiu nhi't la thanh nidn da cd trinh dp dao tao cao ding vi dai hoc
(78,3%). Trong luong lai, nhdm thanh nidn cd trinh dd hpc van trung cap, cao
ding - dai hpc cttng li nhdm cd ly 16 sd ngudi mud'n ning cao trinh dp chuyen
mPn (cd bing cap) cao nhi't (v6i cac sd lieu luong ttng la 96,7%; 86,9%). Viec
thanh ni6n nd luc hpc tip khPng ngimg di ning eao trinh dp chuydn mdn, mpt
mat la nhimg bieu hidn tich cue, song mil khac, trong tinh hinh ngudn nhin luc
nudc la bien nay dupc dinh gii li mil can dd'i ve eo ci'u trinh dp dao lao, thi
bidn trong thuc l i li ludn tdn lai linh trang thtta thiy thiiu thp thi nhimg so lieu
neu tren chic chin khdng hoan loan thi hidn xu hudng tfch cue, ma dd cd the la
mpt xu hudng ung phd vdi linh trang ua chuong bing ci'p cua xa hpi va cua

cdng viec mdi sau thdi kj iham chiiu hoac nhttng ngudi trong luin nghien cttu ludn san sang
lam viec, nhung khdng tun kiim viic lam do 6m dau lam thdi. do ban viec riing, do ttidi nil
xa'u...
3. Ngudn: Tdng cue Thdng ki, Tdng diiu Ira din sS va nha ft nam 2009: Cac kit qua chi yi'u,
NXB Thdng ki. Ha Ndi, 2010.
4. L. Ha, D. Hanh, Killing hoang viec lam cho thanh niin, Thdi bao kinh t i Viei Nam sd 130,
ngay 31/5/2012
5. Ly Ha. Lao tting thii nghiip khing mudn hoe nghi, I'hdi bao kinh td Viet Nam sd 129.
ngay 30/5/2012.
6. Luu Trinh, Can chimig trinh qudc gia vi ky nang siing. hlIp://w\vw.tienphong.vnAjioiTre/574976/fin-chuong-lrinh-quoc-gia-ve-ky-nang-song-lpp.hnnl/ngay 26/4/2012.

56

TAP CHI'TAM LY HOC, Sd 9 (162), 9 - 2012